Sergio Fabbrini
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235612
- eISBN:
- 9780191715686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235612.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyzes the development of a market economy and welfare system in both America and Europe. America and European nation-states have followed radically different paths of market-building. ...
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This chapter analyzes the development of a market economy and welfare system in both America and Europe. America and European nation-states have followed radically different paths of market-building. The institutionalizations of these different paths have constrained the strategies for dealing with the negative effects of the operation of the market. Since the turn of the 19th century, America has built a regulatory state, that is, an institutional apparatus designed to pursue market-correcting strategies. At the same time, even after World War II, the single European nation-states have continued to pursue market-substituting strategies, that is, they created institutional apparatuses for implementing some form of public control of the economy. It was within this different structuring of the relations between the market and the state that different types of welfare systems have developed on the two shores of the Atlantic.Less
This chapter analyzes the development of a market economy and welfare system in both America and Europe. America and European nation-states have followed radically different paths of market-building. The institutionalizations of these different paths have constrained the strategies for dealing with the negative effects of the operation of the market. Since the turn of the 19th century, America has built a regulatory state, that is, an institutional apparatus designed to pursue market-correcting strategies. At the same time, even after World War II, the single European nation-states have continued to pursue market-substituting strategies, that is, they created institutional apparatuses for implementing some form of public control of the economy. It was within this different structuring of the relations between the market and the state that different types of welfare systems have developed on the two shores of the Atlantic.
Christel Lane and Jocelyn Probert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199214815
- eISBN:
- 9780191721779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214815.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter discusses (i) how and why a process of striking economic decline has occurred; (ii) the structure of the industry in each country, taking into account ownership, firm size, capabilities ...
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This chapter discusses (i) how and why a process of striking economic decline has occurred; (ii) the structure of the industry in each country, taking into account ownership, firm size, capabilities and skills, and the stance of the state towards the industry; and (iii) the production and market strategies of constituent firms. It further assesses the impact on the clothing industry of change in upstream industries, notably textiles and textile machinery, before finally drawing brief conclusions on the implications of the findings outlined in this chapter for firms' position in global and national networks. In each case, the chapter draws comparisons between the three countries in light of the different institutional contexts in which the industries operates.Less
This chapter discusses (i) how and why a process of striking economic decline has occurred; (ii) the structure of the industry in each country, taking into account ownership, firm size, capabilities and skills, and the stance of the state towards the industry; and (iii) the production and market strategies of constituent firms. It further assesses the impact on the clothing industry of change in upstream industries, notably textiles and textile machinery, before finally drawing brief conclusions on the implications of the findings outlined in this chapter for firms' position in global and national networks. In each case, the chapter draws comparisons between the three countries in light of the different institutional contexts in which the industries operates.
Jody Freeman and Charles D. Kolstad
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189650
- eISBN:
- 9780199783694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189650.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter begins with a discussion of the rationale for evaluating the performance of market instruments for environmental regulation. It then describes how the volume combined the disciplines of ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the rationale for evaluating the performance of market instruments for environmental regulation. It then describes how the volume combined the disciplines of economics and law to produce some important lessons and strong cross-cutting themes. An overview of the essays included in this volume is presented.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the rationale for evaluating the performance of market instruments for environmental regulation. It then describes how the volume combined the disciplines of economics and law to produce some important lessons and strong cross-cutting themes. An overview of the essays included in this volume is presented.
Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198742005
- eISBN:
- 9780191599163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198742002.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The introduction to this chapter discusses the question of why nations respond so differently to a set of social risks that are similar over various countries, and analyses three typical homines: ...
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The introduction to this chapter discusses the question of why nations respond so differently to a set of social risks that are similar over various countries, and analyses three typical homines: Homo liberalisimus, Homo familias, and Homo socialdemocraticus. When the instincts of these ideal typical homines are combined, moral conflicts result, although a sufficient mass manages to profile itself in collective expression and sways society towards its preferred welfare regime. Old risks may fade and new ones emerge, but the response of a welfare regime will be, more likely than not, normatively path dependent. It is argued that since core institutional traits appear to be so unyielding to change, it is unlikely that the contemporary welfare state crisis will produce revolutionary change: there may be a blueprint for an ideal post‐industrial regime, but unless it is compatible with existing welfare regime practice, it may not be practicable. The author argues that, nonetheless, optimizing welfare in a post‐industrial setting will require radical departures, and these are discussed under the following headings: What is to be Optimized; Rival Reform Strategies; The Market Strategy; A Third Way?; and Equality with Inequality?Less
The introduction to this chapter discusses the question of why nations respond so differently to a set of social risks that are similar over various countries, and analyses three typical homines: Homo liberalisimus, Homo familias, and Homo socialdemocraticus. When the instincts of these ideal typical homines are combined, moral conflicts result, although a sufficient mass manages to profile itself in collective expression and sways society towards its preferred welfare regime. Old risks may fade and new ones emerge, but the response of a welfare regime will be, more likely than not, normatively path dependent. It is argued that since core institutional traits appear to be so unyielding to change, it is unlikely that the contemporary welfare state crisis will produce revolutionary change: there may be a blueprint for an ideal post‐industrial regime, but unless it is compatible with existing welfare regime practice, it may not be practicable. The author argues that, nonetheless, optimizing welfare in a post‐industrial setting will require radical departures, and these are discussed under the following headings: What is to be Optimized; Rival Reform Strategies; The Market Strategy; A Third Way?; and Equality with Inequality?
Dominic Wilson, Dale Littler, and Margaret Bruce
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289395
- eISBN:
- 9780191684692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289395.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter discusses research by the authors into the development of marketing strategies within organizations competing in fast-moving information and communication technology sectors. It ...
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This chapter discusses research by the authors into the development of marketing strategies within organizations competing in fast-moving information and communication technology sectors. It discusses the observed processes of marketing strategy development in terms of paradigm thinking and argues that the problems of developing marketing strategy in fast-moving environments require a greater emphasis on collaborative relationships and ‘relationship marketing’.Less
This chapter discusses research by the authors into the development of marketing strategies within organizations competing in fast-moving information and communication technology sectors. It discusses the observed processes of marketing strategy development in terms of paradigm thinking and argues that the problems of developing marketing strategy in fast-moving environments require a greater emphasis on collaborative relationships and ‘relationship marketing’.
Timothy R. Whisler
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290742
- eISBN:
- 9780191684838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290742.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the sale of Rover to the German car maker, BMW. The disappearance of Austin, Morris, and Triumph badges reflected Rover's market strategy aim of moving upmarket. BL's wide ...
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This chapter discusses the sale of Rover to the German car maker, BMW. The disappearance of Austin, Morris, and Triumph badges reflected Rover's market strategy aim of moving upmarket. BL's wide model range had been narrowed considerably. Accordingly, the firm's traditional objective of high market share and annual volume to achieve economies of scale gave way to a strategy of profitable unit pricing and high capacity utilization and productivity rates.Less
This chapter discusses the sale of Rover to the German car maker, BMW. The disappearance of Austin, Morris, and Triumph badges reflected Rover's market strategy aim of moving upmarket. BL's wide model range had been narrowed considerably. Accordingly, the firm's traditional objective of high market share and annual volume to achieve economies of scale gave way to a strategy of profitable unit pricing and high capacity utilization and productivity rates.
BOB HANCKÉ
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199252053
- eISBN:
- 9780191719097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252053.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter extends the argument by comparing different companies in the same sector, and maps their adjustment paths, paying particular attention to the shifts in ownership, industrial and work ...
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This chapter extends the argument by comparing different companies in the same sector, and maps their adjustment paths, paying particular attention to the shifts in ownership, industrial and work reorganization, and product market strategies. Industries examined are: automotive, utilities, household appliances, steel, food, and computers.Less
This chapter extends the argument by comparing different companies in the same sector, and maps their adjustment paths, paying particular attention to the shifts in ownership, industrial and work reorganization, and product market strategies. Industries examined are: automotive, utilities, household appliances, steel, food, and computers.
Jane A. Bernstein
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195141085
- eISBN:
- 9780199871421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141085.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The musical repertories Antonio Gardano and Girolamo Scotto published suggest a spirit of cooperative enterprise among 16th-century Venetian music printers. Using specific case studies, this chapter ...
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The musical repertories Antonio Gardano and Girolamo Scotto published suggest a spirit of cooperative enterprise among 16th-century Venetian music printers. Using specific case studies, this chapter explores the various business strategies the two dynastic presses observed from the refashioning of reprinted editions and the creation of multi-volume series to the sub-specialization of musical genres and acquisition of clients and music from different locations. Gardano looked to Ferrara, Rome, and transalpine centers, while Scotto cultivated links with Lombardy, Mantua, and Trent, as well as Naples and Sicily. Later printing firms of Claudio Merulo and Francesco Rampazetto also demonstrate connections with the two dynastic presses.Less
The musical repertories Antonio Gardano and Girolamo Scotto published suggest a spirit of cooperative enterprise among 16th-century Venetian music printers. Using specific case studies, this chapter explores the various business strategies the two dynastic presses observed from the refashioning of reprinted editions and the creation of multi-volume series to the sub-specialization of musical genres and acquisition of clients and music from different locations. Gardano looked to Ferrara, Rome, and transalpine centers, while Scotto cultivated links with Lombardy, Mantua, and Trent, as well as Naples and Sicily. Later printing firms of Claudio Merulo and Francesco Rampazetto also demonstrate connections with the two dynastic presses.
Cheris Shun-ching Chan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195394078
- eISBN:
- 9780199951154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394078.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
Chapters 4 and 5 focus on the dynamics of market exchange. Chapter 4 addresses how sales agents prompt people to buy life insurance. It narrates and explains the strategies, the dramaturgical ...
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Chapters 4 and 5 focus on the dynamics of market exchange. Chapter 4 addresses how sales agents prompt people to buy life insurance. It narrates and explains the strategies, the dramaturgical performances, and the sales discourses of insurance agents that lead to transactions. It describes how the Chinese insurance agents facilitated their sales by mobilizing the local practices of guanxi (interpersonal relationships) and renqing (interpersonal obligation), and by capitalizing on the norm of reciprocity, the Chinese guanxi hierarchy, and stereotypical gender roles. It further investigates how agents from transnational and domestic insurance firms adopted subtly different sales talks in broaching the need for life insurance. It ends with an analysis of how culture of different forms, together with institutions, affects the adoption and the effectiveness of various sales discourses.Less
Chapters 4 and 5 focus on the dynamics of market exchange. Chapter 4 addresses how sales agents prompt people to buy life insurance. It narrates and explains the strategies, the dramaturgical performances, and the sales discourses of insurance agents that lead to transactions. It describes how the Chinese insurance agents facilitated their sales by mobilizing the local practices of guanxi (interpersonal relationships) and renqing (interpersonal obligation), and by capitalizing on the norm of reciprocity, the Chinese guanxi hierarchy, and stereotypical gender roles. It further investigates how agents from transnational and domestic insurance firms adopted subtly different sales talks in broaching the need for life insurance. It ends with an analysis of how culture of different forms, together with institutions, affects the adoption and the effectiveness of various sales discourses.
Usha C. V. Haley and George T. Haley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199773749
- eISBN:
- 9780199332571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199773749.003.0163
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Subsidies to Chinese industry have affected and are affected by business strategy and trade policy. Implications of industrial subsidies are explored for firms, the global economy and future ...
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Subsidies to Chinese industry have affected and are affected by business strategy and trade policy. Implications of industrial subsidies are explored for firms, the global economy and future research. Business strategies include lobbying for subsidies, advocating for protection from subsidized foreign competitors and managing supply chains to guard against uncoordinated subsidies’ whiplash effects. Free trade may lead to sub-optimal outcomes and protectionism can increase national income by raising firms' profitability in imperfect market. Once foreign firms fall behind, strategic trade policy should become top priority. Business strategies in response to production and consumption subsidies include market or competitive and non-market or political strategies; the solar industry is examined. Trade-policy instruments regarding subsidies focus on domestic consumption (antidumping and countervailing duties) or domestic production (indigenous innovation). Implications for firms including manufacturing location and technology development. For the global economy, regular boom and bust cycles from subsidies may become normal.Less
Subsidies to Chinese industry have affected and are affected by business strategy and trade policy. Implications of industrial subsidies are explored for firms, the global economy and future research. Business strategies include lobbying for subsidies, advocating for protection from subsidized foreign competitors and managing supply chains to guard against uncoordinated subsidies’ whiplash effects. Free trade may lead to sub-optimal outcomes and protectionism can increase national income by raising firms' profitability in imperfect market. Once foreign firms fall behind, strategic trade policy should become top priority. Business strategies in response to production and consumption subsidies include market or competitive and non-market or political strategies; the solar industry is examined. Trade-policy instruments regarding subsidies focus on domestic consumption (antidumping and countervailing duties) or domestic production (indigenous innovation). Implications for firms including manufacturing location and technology development. For the global economy, regular boom and bust cycles from subsidies may become normal.
Alejandro L. Madrid
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195326376
- eISBN:
- 9780199851652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326376.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter explores the different distribution strategies adopted by members of the Nortec Collective. It shows the development of a Nor-tec scene which did not necessarily take place in specific ...
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This chapter explores the different distribution strategies adopted by members of the Nortec Collective. It shows the development of a Nor-tec scene which did not necessarily take place in specific places or sites, but rather through the unlocalized consumption of cultural artifacts, products, and ideas by exploring the translocal and virtual characteristics of these distribution strategies and their articulation of underground as well as mainstream networks. It also discusses the use of Nor-tec in the marketing strategies of transnational companies that illustrates the complex ways in which regulation and distribution intersect with issues of race and ethnicity among Latinos in the United States.Less
This chapter explores the different distribution strategies adopted by members of the Nortec Collective. It shows the development of a Nor-tec scene which did not necessarily take place in specific places or sites, but rather through the unlocalized consumption of cultural artifacts, products, and ideas by exploring the translocal and virtual characteristics of these distribution strategies and their articulation of underground as well as mainstream networks. It also discusses the use of Nor-tec in the marketing strategies of transnational companies that illustrates the complex ways in which regulation and distribution intersect with issues of race and ethnicity among Latinos in the United States.
Michael Tyler, Janice Hughes, and Helena Renfrew
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195102017
- eISBN:
- 9780199854936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195102017.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter first provides a background of the telecommunications industry of Kenya, and describes the main policy concerns involved in this sector during the 1990s using a broader perspective of ...
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This chapter first provides a background of the telecommunications industry of Kenya, and describes the main policy concerns involved in this sector during the 1990s using a broader perspective of developmental procedures. Included in this discussion is the dimensions of the encounter with communication technology as seen in Kenya, which might be comparable to other nations with similar economic structures that promote and employ market-based strategies. These procedures are devised so as to address the problems inherent to Kenya and other similar countries. The consequences of high population growth rates, migration, social distress, and massive unemployment are considered. Here, the basic claim is that economic necessities will only be fulfilled in the presence of network expansion, service quality and components improvement, and enhancement in operational production and efficiency. Studies conducted recently about the economic importance of telecommunications provision, regulation, and investment are also re-examined.Less
This chapter first provides a background of the telecommunications industry of Kenya, and describes the main policy concerns involved in this sector during the 1990s using a broader perspective of developmental procedures. Included in this discussion is the dimensions of the encounter with communication technology as seen in Kenya, which might be comparable to other nations with similar economic structures that promote and employ market-based strategies. These procedures are devised so as to address the problems inherent to Kenya and other similar countries. The consequences of high population growth rates, migration, social distress, and massive unemployment are considered. Here, the basic claim is that economic necessities will only be fulfilled in the presence of network expansion, service quality and components improvement, and enhancement in operational production and efficiency. Studies conducted recently about the economic importance of telecommunications provision, regulation, and investment are also re-examined.
William D. Romanowski
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387841
- eISBN:
- 9780199950188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387841.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter treats the activities of Protestant fundamentalists and evangelicals who opened a Hollywood front in the late twentieth-century “culture wars.” To reform the entertainment industry, ...
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This chapter treats the activities of Protestant fundamentalists and evangelicals who opened a Hollywood front in the late twentieth-century “culture wars.” To reform the entertainment industry, evangelical leaders recycled the rationales, strategies, and tactics pursued by the old Legion of Decency and the Broadcasting and Film Commission’s West Coast Office. Efforts were made to get the entertainment industry to voluntarily adopt an updated morality code and return to the conditions of prior censorship that existed during the heyday of the Production Code Administration and Legion of Decency. More important, evangelicals approached the entertainment industry as lobbyists on behalf of a potentially lucrative market of God-fearing Americans, a market-based strategy that ran against the grain of the central Protestant route to substantial and lasting industry reform.Less
This chapter treats the activities of Protestant fundamentalists and evangelicals who opened a Hollywood front in the late twentieth-century “culture wars.” To reform the entertainment industry, evangelical leaders recycled the rationales, strategies, and tactics pursued by the old Legion of Decency and the Broadcasting and Film Commission’s West Coast Office. Efforts were made to get the entertainment industry to voluntarily adopt an updated morality code and return to the conditions of prior censorship that existed during the heyday of the Production Code Administration and Legion of Decency. More important, evangelicals approached the entertainment industry as lobbyists on behalf of a potentially lucrative market of God-fearing Americans, a market-based strategy that ran against the grain of the central Protestant route to substantial and lasting industry reform.
Douglas Cumming, Na Dai, and Sofia A. Johan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199862566
- eISBN:
- 9780199332762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199862566.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Chapter 1 explains what hedge funds do, and differentiates hedge funds from other asset classes such as venture capital, private equity, and mutual funds. This chapter also provides some descriptive ...
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Chapter 1 explains what hedge funds do, and differentiates hedge funds from other asset classes such as venture capital, private equity, and mutual funds. This chapter also provides some descriptive statistics of the size of the hedge fund market over time, makes some size comparisons with other assets classes and outlines some of the main issues relevant to the analysis of hedge funds. Chapter 1 provides an outline for the scope of material that comprises the subsequent chapters of this book.Less
Chapter 1 explains what hedge funds do, and differentiates hedge funds from other asset classes such as venture capital, private equity, and mutual funds. This chapter also provides some descriptive statistics of the size of the hedge fund market over time, makes some size comparisons with other assets classes and outlines some of the main issues relevant to the analysis of hedge funds. Chapter 1 provides an outline for the scope of material that comprises the subsequent chapters of this book.
Aren Z. Aizura
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888083046
- eISBN:
- 9789882207325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083046.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter argues that Thai gender-reassignment surgery (GRS) must be theorized as a market, embedded in the historical and economic context of its local development. It investigates how Thai ...
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This chapter argues that Thai gender-reassignment surgery (GRS) must be theorized as a market, embedded in the historical and economic context of its local development. It investigates how Thai tourist-marketing strategies are always already inflected by a Euro-American, orientalist discourse, wherein Thailand is imagined as the ultimate space of exotic transformation and the fulfilment of desire across multiple sites. The chapter also presents non-Thai trans women's accounts of GRS in Thailand to highlight the pervasive sense that being present in Thailand somehow facilitates the experience of psychic transformation towards femininity for non-Thai trans women.Less
This chapter argues that Thai gender-reassignment surgery (GRS) must be theorized as a market, embedded in the historical and economic context of its local development. It investigates how Thai tourist-marketing strategies are always already inflected by a Euro-American, orientalist discourse, wherein Thailand is imagined as the ultimate space of exotic transformation and the fulfilment of desire across multiple sites. The chapter also presents non-Thai trans women's accounts of GRS in Thailand to highlight the pervasive sense that being present in Thailand somehow facilitates the experience of psychic transformation towards femininity for non-Thai trans women.
Russell W. Belk
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195327953
- eISBN:
- 9780199301485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327953.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter focuses on ways in which marketers promote or use envy to sell products. Marketing strategies often take advantage of envy in order to create desires in consumers to obtain products ...
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This chapter focuses on ways in which marketers promote or use envy to sell products. Marketing strategies often take advantage of envy in order to create desires in consumers to obtain products associated with admired or envied sources. Sometimes the strategies are explicit through the use of celebrity models linked to a product; the resulting envy or the imagined self as the owner of the product spurring purchasing desires. Other strategies rely on a generalized other represented by what “most people” do. There are interesting shifts between envy avoidance to envy provocation, both historically and with increasing contemporary urbanization. The chapter reviews theory and research related to such topics as well as interesting cultural variations in marketing practices that make use of envy. The analysis addresses a number of conceptual issues important to understanding envy. Many instances of envy in marketing seem to argue for preserving the notion of benign envy as a legitimate category of envy, for example. In this benign sense, envy seems more something to be provoked rather than avoided.Less
This chapter focuses on ways in which marketers promote or use envy to sell products. Marketing strategies often take advantage of envy in order to create desires in consumers to obtain products associated with admired or envied sources. Sometimes the strategies are explicit through the use of celebrity models linked to a product; the resulting envy or the imagined self as the owner of the product spurring purchasing desires. Other strategies rely on a generalized other represented by what “most people” do. There are interesting shifts between envy avoidance to envy provocation, both historically and with increasing contemporary urbanization. The chapter reviews theory and research related to such topics as well as interesting cultural variations in marketing practices that make use of envy. The analysis addresses a number of conceptual issues important to understanding envy. Many instances of envy in marketing seem to argue for preserving the notion of benign envy as a legitimate category of envy, for example. In this benign sense, envy seems more something to be provoked rather than avoided.
Lois K. Geller
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195158694
- eISBN:
- 9780199849420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158694.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter defines ways to increase your bottom line consequently serve as a determinant of the methods applicable to a particular type of business. It also details the pre-operation costing of ...
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This chapter defines ways to increase your bottom line consequently serve as a determinant of the methods applicable to a particular type of business. It also details the pre-operation costing of fixed and variable expenditures and break-even analysis of the marketing strategy to be employed prior to engaging in any type of business.Less
This chapter defines ways to increase your bottom line consequently serve as a determinant of the methods applicable to a particular type of business. It also details the pre-operation costing of fixed and variable expenditures and break-even analysis of the marketing strategy to be employed prior to engaging in any type of business.
Peter F. Cowhey, Jonathan D. Aronson, and Donald Abelson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262012850
- eISBN:
- 9780262255066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012850.003.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Communications
This book describes how and why a combination of technological innovation, market strategies, and political entrepreneurship motivated developments, first in the United States, Europe, and Japan, and ...
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This book describes how and why a combination of technological innovation, market strategies, and political entrepreneurship motivated developments, first in the United States, Europe, and Japan, and then in the rest of the world. Part I explains the political economy of domestic information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure policy. Part II investigates the political economy of global ICT evolution since the 1950s. Part III consists of three case studies that take a finer-grained look at global market governance. Finally, an overview of the chapters included in the book is presented.Less
This book describes how and why a combination of technological innovation, market strategies, and political entrepreneurship motivated developments, first in the United States, Europe, and Japan, and then in the rest of the world. Part I explains the political economy of domestic information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure policy. Part II investigates the political economy of global ICT evolution since the 1950s. Part III consists of three case studies that take a finer-grained look at global market governance. Finally, an overview of the chapters included in the book is presented.
Rik van Berkel and Maurice Roche
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861342805
- eISBN:
- 9781447301400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861342805.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter evaluates the research results from an active social policy perspective. Since the development of social policies increasingly takes place in a context of EU policy making, this chapter ...
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This chapter evaluates the research results from an active social policy perspective. Since the development of social policies increasingly takes place in a context of EU policy making, this chapter explains this broader political context. It then applies the theme of reflexivity and expounds on it in the context of debates on the future of active social policies. Based on the results of INPART, it also determines several core issues of activation — heterogeneity and policy differentiation, objectives of activation, matching resources of work and people's needs, the relation between participation and income and the recognition of non-labour-market inclusion strategies. It argues that two approaches to these issues can be distinguished — orthodox consensus of activation and reflexive activation. It reasons in favour of treating activation as a process that involves activation not only of policy clients but also of the institutions involved in designing, implementing and delivering social policies.Less
This chapter evaluates the research results from an active social policy perspective. Since the development of social policies increasingly takes place in a context of EU policy making, this chapter explains this broader political context. It then applies the theme of reflexivity and expounds on it in the context of debates on the future of active social policies. Based on the results of INPART, it also determines several core issues of activation — heterogeneity and policy differentiation, objectives of activation, matching resources of work and people's needs, the relation between participation and income and the recognition of non-labour-market inclusion strategies. It argues that two approaches to these issues can be distinguished — orthodox consensus of activation and reflexive activation. It reasons in favour of treating activation as a process that involves activation not only of policy clients but also of the institutions involved in designing, implementing and delivering social policies.
Mukti Khaire
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780804792219
- eISBN:
- 9781503603080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804792219.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter describes pioneer entrepreneurs and their cultural impact. Because market creation is influenced by commentary as well as commerce, pioneer entrepreneurs may be new or established ...
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This chapter describes pioneer entrepreneurs and their cultural impact. Because market creation is influenced by commentary as well as commerce, pioneer entrepreneurs may be new or established producers or intermediaries in the value chain of their industries. This is a unique conception of the entrepreneur. Consumption of cultural goods (more than other kinds of goods) is influenced by cultural norms that define individuals’ core beliefs about appropriateness and value, as well as their sense of identity. Therefore, pioneer entrepreneurs in creative industries face a formidable challenge when introducing new cultural goods; often, such new goods may not align with prevailing cultural norms, making it difficult to create a market for them. The same challenge also gives pioneers a significant opportunity to influence and change culture by creating a market for new goods through generating discourse that changes cultural norms, optimal framing, and generating consensus about the value of the good.Less
This chapter describes pioneer entrepreneurs and their cultural impact. Because market creation is influenced by commentary as well as commerce, pioneer entrepreneurs may be new or established producers or intermediaries in the value chain of their industries. This is a unique conception of the entrepreneur. Consumption of cultural goods (more than other kinds of goods) is influenced by cultural norms that define individuals’ core beliefs about appropriateness and value, as well as their sense of identity. Therefore, pioneer entrepreneurs in creative industries face a formidable challenge when introducing new cultural goods; often, such new goods may not align with prevailing cultural norms, making it difficult to create a market for them. The same challenge also gives pioneers a significant opportunity to influence and change culture by creating a market for new goods through generating discourse that changes cultural norms, optimal framing, and generating consensus about the value of the good.
