Grahame R. Dowling
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199269617
- eISBN:
- 9780191699429
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269617.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter examines market segmentation, one the basic ideas on which much of modern marketing is built. For most organizations, market segmentation is a primary way to search for and exploit ...
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This chapter examines market segmentation, one the basic ideas on which much of modern marketing is built. For most organizations, market segmentation is a primary way to search for and exploit market opportunities. Part A of this chapter describes three broad types of segmentation — corporate, product-market, and tactical. Part B examines product-market segmentation and strategic market selection. One of the key issues here is the issue of how many segments should organizations compete in. Part C examines tactical segmentation and targeting. The emphasis is to ‘get close to customers’ by developing an understanding of their needs, wants, and how they go about buying products and services.Less
This chapter examines market segmentation, one the basic ideas on which much of modern marketing is built. For most organizations, market segmentation is a primary way to search for and exploit market opportunities. Part A of this chapter describes three broad types of segmentation — corporate, product-market, and tactical. Part B examines product-market segmentation and strategic market selection. One of the key issues here is the issue of how many segments should organizations compete in. Part C examines tactical segmentation and targeting. The emphasis is to ‘get close to customers’ by developing an understanding of their needs, wants, and how they go about buying products and services.
Joseph E. Stiglitz, José Antonio Ocampo, Shari Spiegel, Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, and Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288144
- eISBN:
- 9780191603884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288143.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Although there is now a general recognition that capital market liberalization failed to help developing countries achieve economic growth and stability, there are still a number of unresolved ...
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Although there is now a general recognition that capital market liberalization failed to help developing countries achieve economic growth and stability, there are still a number of unresolved controversies, including the fundamental issue of what types of capital market interventions governments should undertake, and more centrally, whether there exist any interventions for which the benefits exceed the costs. Given the importance that capital account interventions can play in macroeconomic policy-making, this chapter analyzes alternative modes of regulations, including case studies of Chile, Colombia, and Malaysia. Though economists have a strong proclivity for price-based interventions (taxes and subsidies) over quantity-based interventions (administrative restrictions and controls), theoretical work in economics has shown that sometimes quantity-based restrictions can reduce risk more effectively than price interventions. In addition to direct forms of interventions, such as taxes and restrictions on inflows and outflows, interventions in capital markets can also take on a variety of indirect forms such as limiting banks’ short-term foreign borrowing or applying adverse tax or bankruptcy treatment to foreign-denominated borrowing. Though the regulations vary in their methods, they generally serve to segment (or separate) the domestic and foreign exchange markets. The chapter concludes with a number of arguments for and against the various modes of capital market intervention.Less
Although there is now a general recognition that capital market liberalization failed to help developing countries achieve economic growth and stability, there are still a number of unresolved controversies, including the fundamental issue of what types of capital market interventions governments should undertake, and more centrally, whether there exist any interventions for which the benefits exceed the costs. Given the importance that capital account interventions can play in macroeconomic policy-making, this chapter analyzes alternative modes of regulations, including case studies of Chile, Colombia, and Malaysia. Though economists have a strong proclivity for price-based interventions (taxes and subsidies) over quantity-based interventions (administrative restrictions and controls), theoretical work in economics has shown that sometimes quantity-based restrictions can reduce risk more effectively than price interventions. In addition to direct forms of interventions, such as taxes and restrictions on inflows and outflows, interventions in capital markets can also take on a variety of indirect forms such as limiting banks’ short-term foreign borrowing or applying adverse tax or bankruptcy treatment to foreign-denominated borrowing. Though the regulations vary in their methods, they generally serve to segment (or separate) the domestic and foreign exchange markets. The chapter concludes with a number of arguments for and against the various modes of capital market intervention.
Marc H. Meyer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195180862
- eISBN:
- 9780199851270
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195180862.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
For growth-seeking companies with sound technologies and executives who aim to create new streams of revenue within two or three years, strategy need not be so complicated. Market segmentation is the ...
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For growth-seeking companies with sound technologies and executives who aim to create new streams of revenue within two or three years, strategy need not be so complicated. Market segmentation is the first step in new market applications development. The best way to understand market segmentation is, like most things, to understand its fundamental principles and observe those principles at work in different examples. The examples offered in this chapter run the gamut from physical assembled products, to software and systems, to biotechnology, and to services. Marketing specialists correctly suggest that the differences between segments must be measurable and meaningful. That means that you must have concrete data for the different regions on your grid. These data might include: current sales by segment, annual growth rates, market share, competitors and their market shares. Putting all these together on a single page provides a rich picture of the market and the competitive landscape.Less
For growth-seeking companies with sound technologies and executives who aim to create new streams of revenue within two or three years, strategy need not be so complicated. Market segmentation is the first step in new market applications development. The best way to understand market segmentation is, like most things, to understand its fundamental principles and observe those principles at work in different examples. The examples offered in this chapter run the gamut from physical assembled products, to software and systems, to biotechnology, and to services. Marketing specialists correctly suggest that the differences between segments must be measurable and meaningful. That means that you must have concrete data for the different regions on your grid. These data might include: current sales by segment, annual growth rates, market share, competitors and their market shares. Putting all these together on a single page provides a rich picture of the market and the competitive landscape.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter characterizes the contemporary heroin market in terms of its major producers, traffickers, and consumers. It presents an overview of the contemporary world opiate market and ...
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This chapter characterizes the contemporary heroin market in terms of its major producers, traffickers, and consumers. It presents an overview of the contemporary world opiate market and supply-control programs and provides both a static portrait of the market and insight into its dynamics. Despite the apparent asymmetry of supply and demand there is little evidence of market control or power except possibly in the past actions of the Taliban and, to a much lesser extent, among some present-day traffickers. The evidence is more supportive of market segmentation, which has important implications for market adjustments and outcomes.Less
This chapter characterizes the contemporary heroin market in terms of its major producers, traffickers, and consumers. It presents an overview of the contemporary world opiate market and supply-control programs and provides both a static portrait of the market and insight into its dynamics. Despite the apparent asymmetry of supply and demand there is little evidence of market control or power except possibly in the past actions of the Taliban and, to a much lesser extent, among some present-day traffickers. The evidence is more supportive of market segmentation, which has important implications for market adjustments and outcomes.
John Knight and Lina Song
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199245277
- eISBN:
- 9780191602207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245274.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the immobility and segmentation in the Chinese labour market. It argues that the hampering of market-equilibrating wage movements has delayed the progress towards a fully ...
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This chapter examines the immobility and segmentation in the Chinese labour market. It argues that the hampering of market-equilibrating wage movements has delayed the progress towards a fully functioning labour market. When there is excess labour supply, undercutting of wages does not occur and enterprises support their long-standing employees. When there is excess demand, there is too little voluntary mobility of labour for employees to use wage policy as a recruitment device.Less
This chapter examines the immobility and segmentation in the Chinese labour market. It argues that the hampering of market-equilibrating wage movements has delayed the progress towards a fully functioning labour market. When there is excess labour supply, undercutting of wages does not occur and enterprises support their long-standing employees. When there is excess demand, there is too little voluntary mobility of labour for employees to use wage policy as a recruitment device.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for understanding Fusion for Profit. This chapter shows how different ownership structures (i.e., whether the firm is publicly or privately held) ...
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This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for understanding Fusion for Profit. This chapter shows how different ownership structures (i.e., whether the firm is publicly or privately held) affect the firm's tradeoff between risk and return. It also distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions; in particular, it shows how privately and publicly held firms should coordinate their marketing and financial decisions under uncertainty.Less
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for understanding Fusion for Profit. This chapter shows how different ownership structures (i.e., whether the firm is publicly or privately held) affect the firm's tradeoff between risk and return. It also distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions; in particular, it shows how privately and publicly held firms should coordinate their marketing and financial decisions under uncertainty.
John Kay
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289883
- eISBN:
- 9780191718205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828988X.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The type of the competitive market in which firms operate will depend on the implicit rules that govern the behaviour of the companies. When there are long‐term relational contracts, there is the ...
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The type of the competitive market in which firms operate will depend on the implicit rules that govern the behaviour of the companies. When there are long‐term relational contracts, there is the opportunity for prices to reflect the value of products to the customers as well as the cost of the product. Accordingly, the less stable the competitive environment, the greater the degree to which prices will be determined by cost rather than value.Less
The type of the competitive market in which firms operate will depend on the implicit rules that govern the behaviour of the companies. When there are long‐term relational contracts, there is the opportunity for prices to reflect the value of products to the customers as well as the cost of the product. Accordingly, the less stable the competitive environment, the greater the degree to which prices will be determined by cost rather than value.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter explores the dynamics of the heroin market, as evident in its response to the Taliban opium cutback. It discusses the observed changes in the price and purity of opiates throughout the ...
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This chapter explores the dynamics of the heroin market, as evident in its response to the Taliban opium cutback. It discusses the observed changes in the price and purity of opiates throughout the market as outcomes of interactions between supply and demand. It analyses the issues of market power and segmentation, specifically in relation to the apparent effect of the Taliban ban. It provides evidence for short-run supply rigidity and consequent price increases, the potential for expansion in other regions and the cushioning effects of inventory.Less
This chapter explores the dynamics of the heroin market, as evident in its response to the Taliban opium cutback. It discusses the observed changes in the price and purity of opiates throughout the market as outcomes of interactions between supply and demand. It analyses the issues of market power and segmentation, specifically in relation to the apparent effect of the Taliban ban. It provides evidence for short-run supply rigidity and consequent price increases, the potential for expansion in other regions and the cushioning effects of inventory.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0017
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the multiproduct/multiagent firm should design compensation plans for its sales force. It distinguishes between the differential effects of experience (productivity), ...
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This chapter shows how the multiproduct/multiagent firm should design compensation plans for its sales force. It distinguishes between the differential effects of experience (productivity), heterogeneous risk attitudes among salespersons, and the firm's market segmentation policies. In addition, it shows how marketing-finance fusion allows multiproduct and multiagent firms to measure changes in sales force productivity using an objective metric (not sales revenue).Less
This chapter shows how the multiproduct/multiagent firm should design compensation plans for its sales force. It distinguishes between the differential effects of experience (productivity), heterogeneous risk attitudes among salespersons, and the firm's market segmentation policies. In addition, it shows how marketing-finance fusion allows multiproduct and multiagent firms to measure changes in sales force productivity using an objective metric (not sales revenue).
Silja Häusermann and Hanna Schwander
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199797899
- eISBN:
- 9780199933488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199797899.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter demonstrates that the extent to which labor market segmentation leads to economic, social and political insider-outsider divides depends on the institutional context. Based on survey and ...
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This chapter demonstrates that the extent to which labor market segmentation leads to economic, social and political insider-outsider divides depends on the institutional context. Based on survey and income data, it shows that both the composition, as well as the economic and social situation of insiders and outsiders varies across countries and welfare regimes. The share of outsiders is highest in liberal and continental countries, followed by the Nordic and Southern European countries. In a comparative perspective, insider-outsider divides appear to be strongest in continental Europe, with regard to all three dimensions examined: labor market inequalities, welfare inequalities and political integration. The upshot of the chapter is that policies matter: they can compensate, reproduce or even deepen insider-outsider divides.Less
This chapter demonstrates that the extent to which labor market segmentation leads to economic, social and political insider-outsider divides depends on the institutional context. Based on survey and income data, it shows that both the composition, as well as the economic and social situation of insiders and outsiders varies across countries and welfare regimes. The share of outsiders is highest in liberal and continental countries, followed by the Nordic and Southern European countries. In a comparative perspective, insider-outsider divides appear to be strongest in continental Europe, with regard to all three dimensions examined: labor market inequalities, welfare inequalities and political integration. The upshot of the chapter is that policies matter: they can compensate, reproduce or even deepen insider-outsider divides.
Mark Tomlinson and Robert Walker
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199797899
- eISBN:
- 9780199933488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199797899.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
People occupy different segments of the labor market. Those on the inside often have permanent contracts with training and personal development opportunities with their employers, while those in the ...
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People occupy different segments of the labor market. Those on the inside often have permanent contracts with training and personal development opportunities with their employers, while those in the periphery often have temporary or unstable contracts and less opportunity for advancement. These peripheral workers are often excluded from social arrangements taken for granted by other employees and are not only marginalized within the labor market, but in other areas as well. This paper analyses longitudinal individual data from Great Britain (the British Household Panel Survey) and Germany (The Socio-Economic Panel) from 1999 to 2005 and explores the relationship between segmentation in the labor market and its longer term implications for recurrent poverty experience. Statistical modelling is employed to show how being an outsider in the job market affects poverty in future years and how the effects differ between Germany and Great Britain.Less
People occupy different segments of the labor market. Those on the inside often have permanent contracts with training and personal development opportunities with their employers, while those in the periphery often have temporary or unstable contracts and less opportunity for advancement. These peripheral workers are often excluded from social arrangements taken for granted by other employees and are not only marginalized within the labor market, but in other areas as well. This paper analyses longitudinal individual data from Great Britain (the British Household Panel Survey) and Germany (The Socio-Economic Panel) from 1999 to 2005 and explores the relationship between segmentation in the labor market and its longer term implications for recurrent poverty experience. Statistical modelling is employed to show how being an outsider in the job market affects poverty in future years and how the effects differ between Germany and Great Britain.
Grahame R. Dowling
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199269617
- eISBN:
- 9780191699429
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269617.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter discusses market opportunities, outlining how to identify market opportunities and to create new products and services to respond to customer needs. Part A reviews the main factor that ...
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This chapter discusses market opportunities, outlining how to identify market opportunities and to create new products and services to respond to customer needs. Part A reviews the main factor that triggers this search, namely, the need to grow. It explores various possibilities for growth. Two key growth-related issues bedevil marketing managers. One is that growth often leads to a blurring of focus. The second issue is the organization's capability to create new products or services. Part B discusses new product development (NPD), a proven way to drive markets and respond to the increasing expectations of customers. Part C provides a brief review of how consumers adopt new products and services. This discussion provides the first detailed look at one of the foundation concepts of marketing — market segmentation.Less
This chapter discusses market opportunities, outlining how to identify market opportunities and to create new products and services to respond to customer needs. Part A reviews the main factor that triggers this search, namely, the need to grow. It explores various possibilities for growth. Two key growth-related issues bedevil marketing managers. One is that growth often leads to a blurring of focus. The second issue is the organization's capability to create new products or services. Part B discusses new product development (NPD), a proven way to drive markets and respond to the increasing expectations of customers. Part C provides a brief review of how consumers adopt new products and services. This discussion provides the first detailed look at one of the foundation concepts of marketing — market segmentation.
Marisol García and Neovi Karakatsanis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199202812
- eISBN:
- 9780191708008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202812.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Democratization
Despite aggregate-level increases in social welfare spending over the three decades following democratization, Southern European countries still do not provide universal coverage for citizens. ...
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Despite aggregate-level increases in social welfare spending over the three decades following democratization, Southern European countries still do not provide universal coverage for citizens. Southern European welfare regimes remain fragmented, corporatist, and familistic, excluding from coverage of those who cannot secure permanent employment in the formal sector of the economy, especially women and young people who are hired under short-term contracts. The absence of universalistic “social citizenship” is a product of corporatist authoritarianism and repression of workers' demands under the previous political regimes, labor-market rigidities, clientelism, and the protection of the privileged status of long-term workers by trade unions. In response to this fragmented and incomplete welfare system, informal, family-based strategies of welfare provision have developed and become widespread in all four countries, with unpaid work in family businesses and an extraordinarily late average age for leaving the parents' home as distinguishing characteristics.Less
Despite aggregate-level increases in social welfare spending over the three decades following democratization, Southern European countries still do not provide universal coverage for citizens. Southern European welfare regimes remain fragmented, corporatist, and familistic, excluding from coverage of those who cannot secure permanent employment in the formal sector of the economy, especially women and young people who are hired under short-term contracts. The absence of universalistic “social citizenship” is a product of corporatist authoritarianism and repression of workers' demands under the previous political regimes, labor-market rigidities, clientelism, and the protection of the privileged status of long-term workers by trade unions. In response to this fragmented and incomplete welfare system, informal, family-based strategies of welfare provision have developed and become widespread in all four countries, with unpaid work in family businesses and an extraordinarily late average age for leaving the parents' home as distinguishing characteristics.
Sara Hsu
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380644
- eISBN:
- 9780199869329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380644.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International, South and East Asia
This chapter compares informal and formal finance in terms of the costliness of obtaining and keeping loans, finding that formal finance should be preferred by firms that are better credit risks. ...
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This chapter compares informal and formal finance in terms of the costliness of obtaining and keeping loans, finding that formal finance should be preferred by firms that are better credit risks. Informal, or non-bank, finance, is used frequently by most small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This is not necessarily because it is better than formal, or bank, finance, but often because it is the only means of financing available, since the formal sector remains plagued by lending constraints. The chapter compares informal and formal finance in terms of transaction, financial, and physical costs, based upon a study performed in the cities of Shanghai and Nanjing. It is found that informal finance is not necessarily faster, cheaper, and better than formal finance. In fact, for firms that are good credit risks, it is less attractive than formal finance due to its higher interest rates.Less
This chapter compares informal and formal finance in terms of the costliness of obtaining and keeping loans, finding that formal finance should be preferred by firms that are better credit risks. Informal, or non-bank, finance, is used frequently by most small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This is not necessarily because it is better than formal, or bank, finance, but often because it is the only means of financing available, since the formal sector remains plagued by lending constraints. The chapter compares informal and formal finance in terms of transaction, financial, and physical costs, based upon a study performed in the cities of Shanghai and Nanjing. It is found that informal finance is not necessarily faster, cheaper, and better than formal finance. In fact, for firms that are good credit risks, it is less attractive than formal finance due to its higher interest rates.
Jean Drèze, Peter Lanjouw, and Naresh Sharma
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288329
- eISBN:
- 9780191596599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288328.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter studies the credit market in Palanpur. Credit sources in the village are analysed and it is shown that the market in Palanpur is highly segmented. Both public and private sources of ...
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This chapter studies the credit market in Palanpur. Credit sources in the village are analysed and it is shown that the market in Palanpur is highly segmented. Both public and private sources of credit are studied, and it is shown that even within these broad categories, segmentation exists. Each segment of the credit market is studied in detail. The evolution and determination of interest rates are discussed. Access to credit by the poor is analysed and their dependence on moneylenders is documented. Findings are compared with those from other village studies in India.Less
This chapter studies the credit market in Palanpur. Credit sources in the village are analysed and it is shown that the market in Palanpur is highly segmented. Both public and private sources of credit are studied, and it is shown that even within these broad categories, segmentation exists. Each segment of the credit market is studied in detail. The evolution and determination of interest rates are discussed. Access to credit by the poor is analysed and their dependence on moneylenders is documented. Findings are compared with those from other village studies in India.
Timothy D. Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226791159
- eISBN:
- 9780226791142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226791142.003.0126
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
Market segmentation in the 1980s was assisted by the advent of cable television. One of the earliest and most successful of all the early cable channels was Music Television (MTV), a cable television ...
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Market segmentation in the 1980s was assisted by the advent of cable television. One of the earliest and most successful of all the early cable channels was Music Television (MTV), a cable television station that plays videos of popular songs. This chapter explores the rise of market segmentation and the use of music to target specific groups of consumers. It focuses on the rise of MTV and its influence on advertising in the early 1980s.Less
Market segmentation in the 1980s was assisted by the advent of cable television. One of the earliest and most successful of all the early cable channels was Music Television (MTV), a cable television station that plays videos of popular songs. This chapter explores the rise of market segmentation and the use of music to target specific groups of consumers. It focuses on the rise of MTV and its influence on advertising in the early 1980s.
John Weber
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625232
- eISBN:
- 9781469625256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625232.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the birth of commercial agriculture in South Texas during the 1910s and 1920s as improved transportation and irrigation facilities combined with the massive numbers of ...
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This chapter focuses on the birth of commercial agriculture in South Texas during the 1910s and 1920s as improved transportation and irrigation facilities combined with the massive numbers of migrants leaving the violence and disorder of revolutionary Mexico to create an agricultural boom in the previously desolate ranching region. It also examines the massive growth of the interstate migrant stream that began and ended each year in South Texas, sending thousands of workers across the nation by the 1920s.Less
This chapter focuses on the birth of commercial agriculture in South Texas during the 1910s and 1920s as improved transportation and irrigation facilities combined with the massive numbers of migrants leaving the violence and disorder of revolutionary Mexico to create an agricultural boom in the previously desolate ranching region. It also examines the massive growth of the interstate migrant stream that began and ended each year in South Texas, sending thousands of workers across the nation by the 1920s.
George C. Davis and Elena L. Serrano
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199379118
- eISBN:
- 9780190876609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
Chapter 13 first looks at how changes at one level in the food supply chain may affect prices and quantities at another level via profit maximization. The chapter then considers firms that are closer ...
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Chapter 13 first looks at how changes at one level in the food supply chain may affect prices and quantities at another level via profit maximization. The chapter then considers firms that are closer to the consumer (e.g., restaurants) who will often be able to set their own prices and consider the analytics of profit maximization under this scenario. Utilizing this framework, the chapter considers the question: Are healthier foods more or less profitable than unhealthy foods? This leads naturally to a discussion of market segmentation, the limit of the market, and the distribution of healthy and unhealthy foods in the food system. As there are many calls for food firms to be more socially responsible and offer healthier foods, the chapter utilizes the framework to explore the implications of corporate social responsibility and how compatible that idea is with profit maximization.Less
Chapter 13 first looks at how changes at one level in the food supply chain may affect prices and quantities at another level via profit maximization. The chapter then considers firms that are closer to the consumer (e.g., restaurants) who will often be able to set their own prices and consider the analytics of profit maximization under this scenario. Utilizing this framework, the chapter considers the question: Are healthier foods more or less profitable than unhealthy foods? This leads naturally to a discussion of market segmentation, the limit of the market, and the distribution of healthy and unhealthy foods in the food system. As there are many calls for food firms to be more socially responsible and offer healthier foods, the chapter utilizes the framework to explore the implications of corporate social responsibility and how compatible that idea is with profit maximization.
Grant Ian Thrall
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195076363
- eISBN:
- 9780197560334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195076363.003.0012
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Urban Geography
The key concepts, proceeding top-down, for market analysis for the hospitality industry are market segmentation, demand, and supply. Location or trade area ...
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The key concepts, proceeding top-down, for market analysis for the hospitality industry are market segmentation, demand, and supply. Location or trade area comes into the analysis as an umbrella over these three concepts. Market niche and segmentation, demand, and supply are primary determinants to establishing the criteria for locating hospitality facilities. Whenever there have been sufficient numbers of travelers in search of food and shelter, some form of hostelry industry has arisen.1 The Code of Hammurabi (1800 B.C.E) referred to innkeeping (Winfree 1996). In the western countries, as the Romans established an extensive roadway system, taverns and inns followed at strategically spaced locations. The Roman roads were used for military travel, trade and commerce, and pilgrimage and tourism. These are the primary reasons we use roads today. The early inns were largely run by religious orders. However, in Europe, as commerce grew in the fifteenth century, lodging as a commercial activity began to replace innkeeping as a charitable activity. In the American colonial period during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, inns and taverns were an important part of commerce and cultural exchange. These facilities were designed after the inns and taverns of England, which were closely integrated into their communities. Inns and taverns did not intrude or disrupt the neighborhood; instead, they were thought of as being an integral part of the culture and activities of the neighborhood. Architecturally, early inns and taverns conformed to the look and feel of the surrounding neighborhood environment. Survivors of these early inns are the contemporary bed-and-breakfasts (B&Bs). The term hotel arose early in the nineteenth century and was used to distinguish a greater level of commercial activity than an inn. Hotels offered food, drink, retail shopping, and lodging. Hotels were also more intrusive in their neighborhoods. Instead of less than 10 rooms that typified many inns of the era, early hotels contained as many as 200 rooms, and rose to 6 floors in height. Many nineteenth-century hotels were the tallest buildings in town. Thus, the hospitality industry began its first cautious attempts at market segmentation and diversification. Inns remained, but hotels offered an alternative experience via amenity differentiation.
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The key concepts, proceeding top-down, for market analysis for the hospitality industry are market segmentation, demand, and supply. Location or trade area comes into the analysis as an umbrella over these three concepts. Market niche and segmentation, demand, and supply are primary determinants to establishing the criteria for locating hospitality facilities. Whenever there have been sufficient numbers of travelers in search of food and shelter, some form of hostelry industry has arisen.1 The Code of Hammurabi (1800 B.C.E) referred to innkeeping (Winfree 1996). In the western countries, as the Romans established an extensive roadway system, taverns and inns followed at strategically spaced locations. The Roman roads were used for military travel, trade and commerce, and pilgrimage and tourism. These are the primary reasons we use roads today. The early inns were largely run by religious orders. However, in Europe, as commerce grew in the fifteenth century, lodging as a commercial activity began to replace innkeeping as a charitable activity. In the American colonial period during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, inns and taverns were an important part of commerce and cultural exchange. These facilities were designed after the inns and taverns of England, which were closely integrated into their communities. Inns and taverns did not intrude or disrupt the neighborhood; instead, they were thought of as being an integral part of the culture and activities of the neighborhood. Architecturally, early inns and taverns conformed to the look and feel of the surrounding neighborhood environment. Survivors of these early inns are the contemporary bed-and-breakfasts (B&Bs). The term hotel arose early in the nineteenth century and was used to distinguish a greater level of commercial activity than an inn. Hotels offered food, drink, retail shopping, and lodging. Hotels were also more intrusive in their neighborhoods. Instead of less than 10 rooms that typified many inns of the era, early hotels contained as many as 200 rooms, and rose to 6 floors in height. Many nineteenth-century hotels were the tallest buildings in town. Thus, the hospitality industry began its first cautious attempts at market segmentation and diversification. Inns remained, but hotels offered an alternative experience via amenity differentiation.
Hélène Caune and Sotiria Theodoropoulou
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447335863
- eISBN:
- 9781447335900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447335863.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
In this chapter explores whether the direction of labour market reforms in France has changed since 2010 by comparison with the previous two decades. It looks into broad labour market policy areas, ...
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In this chapter explores whether the direction of labour market reforms in France has changed since 2010 by comparison with the previous two decades. It looks into broad labour market policy areas, namely, income support for the unemployed, active labour market policies and employment protection legislation before and after 2009 and asks the following questions. What form has retrenchment taken under the recent fiscal pressures and how has it been distributed across these policy domains? Has the emphasis of active labour market policy instruments changed? How have policy changes affected insiders and outsiders in the labour market?
It is shown that during economic crisis and the subsequent fiscal austerity period there were no paradigmatic changes in French labour market policies, which continued to develop along a path pursued since the early 2000s. Successive governments, both centre-right and centre-left, have implemented flexicurity à la française, with a focus on flexibility at the expense of security. External flexibility – firms’ ability to hire and dismiss workers – has been developed for both core workers and more precarious forms of employment (temporary work). Furthermore, new measures also introduced important changes in the field of internal flexibility (working-time organisation, wages).Less
In this chapter explores whether the direction of labour market reforms in France has changed since 2010 by comparison with the previous two decades. It looks into broad labour market policy areas, namely, income support for the unemployed, active labour market policies and employment protection legislation before and after 2009 and asks the following questions. What form has retrenchment taken under the recent fiscal pressures and how has it been distributed across these policy domains? Has the emphasis of active labour market policy instruments changed? How have policy changes affected insiders and outsiders in the labour market?
It is shown that during economic crisis and the subsequent fiscal austerity period there were no paradigmatic changes in French labour market policies, which continued to develop along a path pursued since the early 2000s. Successive governments, both centre-right and centre-left, have implemented flexicurity à la française, with a focus on flexibility at the expense of security. External flexibility – firms’ ability to hire and dismiss workers – has been developed for both core workers and more precarious forms of employment (temporary work). Furthermore, new measures also introduced important changes in the field of internal flexibility (working-time organisation, wages).