Stewart Wood
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297567
- eISBN:
- 9780191600104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297564.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In this third of three chapters on the distinctive policy dynamics of particular areas of social provision, Wood looks at labour market regimes in Germany, Britain, and Sweden. The theoretical ...
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In this third of three chapters on the distinctive policy dynamics of particular areas of social provision, Wood looks at labour market regimes in Germany, Britain, and Sweden. The theoretical starting point of the chapter is an examination of path dependence, perhaps the most popular contemporary approach to explaining the persistence of institutions and policies over time. In principle, this offers an enticing explanation of the resilience of national policy trajectories, although the outcomes it explains have a tendency to be overdetermined, and not all mechanisms generating a bias towards the status quo are path‐dependent ones. The theoretical work of this chapter, therefore, lies in deriving alternative (though not mutually exclusive) micro‐level sources of policy continuity over time, and evaluating their relative contributions to the evolution of labour market policy in Germany, Britain, and Sweden. Divided into four substantive sections: Section 1 discusses the theory of path‐dependent institutional and policy trajectories in politics; Sect. 2 presents three distinct sources of policy continuity (employer‐centred, constitutional, and electoral) that are often bundled together as ‘lock‐in mechanisms’ in path‐dependent accounts; Sect. 3 sketches the changing context of labour market policy in Western Europe by looking at national responses to unemployment from 1980 onwards in each of the three country case studies, and providing accounts of labour market policies, employers’ preferences in relation to labour market policies, and constitutional factors and electoral constraints in relation to labour market reform; Sect. 4 is a conclusion and discusses the thesis offered by the chapter — that the trajectory of labour market policy can be accounted for by an employer‐centred theory of preferences.Less
In this third of three chapters on the distinctive policy dynamics of particular areas of social provision, Wood looks at labour market regimes in Germany, Britain, and Sweden. The theoretical starting point of the chapter is an examination of path dependence, perhaps the most popular contemporary approach to explaining the persistence of institutions and policies over time. In principle, this offers an enticing explanation of the resilience of national policy trajectories, although the outcomes it explains have a tendency to be overdetermined, and not all mechanisms generating a bias towards the status quo are path‐dependent ones. The theoretical work of this chapter, therefore, lies in deriving alternative (though not mutually exclusive) micro‐level sources of policy continuity over time, and evaluating their relative contributions to the evolution of labour market policy in Germany, Britain, and Sweden. Divided into four substantive sections: Section 1 discusses the theory of path‐dependent institutional and policy trajectories in politics; Sect. 2 presents three distinct sources of policy continuity (employer‐centred, constitutional, and electoral) that are often bundled together as ‘lock‐in mechanisms’ in path‐dependent accounts; Sect. 3 sketches the changing context of labour market policy in Western Europe by looking at national responses to unemployment from 1980 onwards in each of the three country case studies, and providing accounts of labour market policies, employers’ preferences in relation to labour market policies, and constitutional factors and electoral constraints in relation to labour market reform; Sect. 4 is a conclusion and discusses the thesis offered by the chapter — that the trajectory of labour market policy can be accounted for by an employer‐centred theory of preferences.
Georgina Waylen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199248032
- eISBN:
- 9780191714894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248032.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The final part of the book deals with the relationship between transitions to democracy, women's substantive representation, and policy outcomes. It completes the analysis of the circumstances under ...
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The final part of the book deals with the relationship between transitions to democracy, women's substantive representation, and policy outcomes. It completes the analysis of the circumstances under which a transition to democracy can alter different women's access to policymaking and with what results. After examining women's access to policymaking and gender policies under state socialist and authoritarian regimes, it moves on to look at post-transition outcomes. It focuses on the machinery of the state with regard to women, constitutional/legal frameworks, and codes, before turning to look at gender policy outcomes in three different areas: divorce and family law, domestic violence, and reproductive rights, particularly abortion. The final section examines how the social and economic transitions that have so often accompanied transition to democracy are gendered through an exploration of market reforms and welfare structuring.Less
The final part of the book deals with the relationship between transitions to democracy, women's substantive representation, and policy outcomes. It completes the analysis of the circumstances under which a transition to democracy can alter different women's access to policymaking and with what results. After examining women's access to policymaking and gender policies under state socialist and authoritarian regimes, it moves on to look at post-transition outcomes. It focuses on the machinery of the state with regard to women, constitutional/legal frameworks, and codes, before turning to look at gender policy outcomes in three different areas: divorce and family law, domestic violence, and reproductive rights, particularly abortion. The final section examines how the social and economic transitions that have so often accompanied transition to democracy are gendered through an exploration of market reforms and welfare structuring.
Manuela Samek Lodovici
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240524
- eISBN:
- 9780191599187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240523.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter compares the patterns of labour market regulation in European countries. The approach followed by most countries was the introduction of selective changes that did not completely ...
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This chapter compares the patterns of labour market regulation in European countries. The approach followed by most countries was the introduction of selective changes that did not completely overturn the existing social contract. In the 1990s, increasing external pressures and the need to improve the adjustment capacity of labour markets resulted in a regulatory framework with common features, most evident in industrial relations systems and wage-setting. The complete convergence of social policies, however, will be prevented by differences in national preferences, customs, and histories across member states.Less
This chapter compares the patterns of labour market regulation in European countries. The approach followed by most countries was the introduction of selective changes that did not completely overturn the existing social contract. In the 1990s, increasing external pressures and the need to improve the adjustment capacity of labour markets resulted in a regulatory framework with common features, most evident in industrial relations systems and wage-setting. The complete convergence of social policies, however, will be prevented by differences in national preferences, customs, and histories across member states.
Tito Boeri, Micael Castanheira, Riccardo Faini, Vincenzo Galasso, Giorgio Barba Navaretti, Carcillo Stéphane, Jonathan Haskel, Giuseppe Nicoletti, Enrico Perotti, Carlo Scarpa, Lidia Tsyganok, and Christian Wey
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199203628
- eISBN:
- 9780191708169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203628.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter introduces the first part of the book, which examines the question: do product market reforms contribute to Europe's poor growth and productivity record? The key finding is that although ...
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This chapter introduces the first part of the book, which examines the question: do product market reforms contribute to Europe's poor growth and productivity record? The key finding is that although reforms are difficult to implement and do not always deliver the expected gains, particularly in the short term, deregulation of services in all three countries analysed is found to be associated with faster productivity growth and competitiveness both in the service sector and in the rest of the economy. This latter result is largely due to the fact that services play a much more pervasive role in the overall economy than generally acknowledged as they have a significant input into non-service activities like manufacturing and agriculture. Consequently, changes in efficiency, quality, and costs of services delivered trickle down to large competitive gains in the overall economy. The bottom line is that liberalization in services has the potential to bring large welfare gains and governments need to persevere in their effort to reform the service sector.Less
This chapter introduces the first part of the book, which examines the question: do product market reforms contribute to Europe's poor growth and productivity record? The key finding is that although reforms are difficult to implement and do not always deliver the expected gains, particularly in the short term, deregulation of services in all three countries analysed is found to be associated with faster productivity growth and competitiveness both in the service sector and in the rest of the economy. This latter result is largely due to the fact that services play a much more pervasive role in the overall economy than generally acknowledged as they have a significant input into non-service activities like manufacturing and agriculture. Consequently, changes in efficiency, quality, and costs of services delivered trickle down to large competitive gains in the overall economy. The bottom line is that liberalization in services has the potential to bring large welfare gains and governments need to persevere in their effort to reform the service sector.
Anders Björklund
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240524
- eISBN:
- 9780191599187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240523.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines labour market reforms in Denmark and Sweden in the 1990s. It focuses on the changes in unemployment benefits, the wage bargaining system, employment protection legislation, ...
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This chapter examines labour market reforms in Denmark and Sweden in the 1990s. It focuses on the changes in unemployment benefits, the wage bargaining system, employment protection legislation, earnings, and working hours. It then discusses the impact of reform on unemployment, wage dispersion, and union membership.Less
This chapter examines labour market reforms in Denmark and Sweden in the 1990s. It focuses on the changes in unemployment benefits, the wage bargaining system, employment protection legislation, earnings, and working hours. It then discusses the impact of reform on unemployment, wage dispersion, and union membership.
Eric Hershberg
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198781837
- eISBN:
- 9780191598968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198781830.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Discusses Spain under the Socialist government of Felipe González and post‐Pinochet Chile under the Concertación as potential “social democratic” models, embodying what many view as a successful ...
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Discusses Spain under the Socialist government of Felipe González and post‐Pinochet Chile under the Concertación as potential “social democratic” models, embodying what many view as a successful combination of market reforms with social equity and societal participation worthy of emulation by Latin America as a whole. The author finds significant limitations in the degree of popular‐sector participation in decision‐making (as seen through governments’ distancing and combative postures towards allied unions) and in the extent of re‐distributive social reforms under post‐transition center–left governments in both countries. The predominance of logic of market‐oriented reforms, economic and political stability, and of insulation from pressures from below acted to undercut the reformist ethos of both national governments, leaving them well short of social democratic ideals. At the same time, the González and Concertación governments helped consolidate formal electoral democracies in their countries that continue to be marred by a major weakness on the participation and equity fronts.Less
Discusses Spain under the Socialist government of Felipe González and post‐Pinochet Chile under the Concertación as potential “social democratic” models, embodying what many view as a successful combination of market reforms with social equity and societal participation worthy of emulation by Latin America as a whole. The author finds significant limitations in the degree of popular‐sector participation in decision‐making (as seen through governments’ distancing and combative postures towards allied unions) and in the extent of re‐distributive social reforms under post‐transition center–left governments in both countries. The predominance of logic of market‐oriented reforms, economic and political stability, and of insulation from pressures from below acted to undercut the reformist ethos of both national governments, leaving them well short of social democratic ideals. At the same time, the González and Concertación governments helped consolidate formal electoral democracies in their countries that continue to be marred by a major weakness on the participation and equity fronts.
M. Victoria Murillo
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198781837
- eISBN:
- 9780191598968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198781830.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Market‐oriented reforms and the withdrawal of the Argentine state from important economic reforms under the government of President Carlos Menem posed major challenges for the Argentine union ...
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Market‐oriented reforms and the withdrawal of the Argentine state from important economic reforms under the government of President Carlos Menem posed major challenges for the Argentine union movement, traditionally allied to the Peronist party of Menem. The author identifies three distinct strategies pursued by segments of the union movement in response to market reforms—‘opposition’, ‘loyalty’, and ‘organizational autonomy’. The latter constituted the strongest departure from union traditions in Argentina, and entailed the development of new organizational resources adapted to the new environment of economic competition. Unions pursuing organizational autonomy moved from corporatist dependence on state regulation towards ownership and administration of productive and consumption activities. The author argues that organizational autonomy as a strategic response to market reform was shaped by the re‐distribution of union power resources (industrial, political, and organizational) as well as by organizational legacies.Less
Market‐oriented reforms and the withdrawal of the Argentine state from important economic reforms under the government of President Carlos Menem posed major challenges for the Argentine union movement, traditionally allied to the Peronist party of Menem. The author identifies three distinct strategies pursued by segments of the union movement in response to market reforms—‘opposition’, ‘loyalty’, and ‘organizational autonomy’. The latter constituted the strongest departure from union traditions in Argentina, and entailed the development of new organizational resources adapted to the new environment of economic competition. Unions pursuing organizational autonomy moved from corporatist dependence on state regulation towards ownership and administration of productive and consumption activities. The author argues that organizational autonomy as a strategic response to market reform was shaped by the re‐distribution of union power resources (industrial, political, and organizational) as well as by organizational legacies.
Vijay Joshi and I. M. D Little
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198290780
- eISBN:
- 9780191596506
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198290780.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book is a follow‐up study to an earlier work tracing India's economy up to 1991. Here the focus is on the economic reforms introduced after the financial crisis of 1991. The authors examine the ...
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This book is a follow‐up study to an earlier work tracing India's economy up to 1991. Here the focus is on the economic reforms introduced after the financial crisis of 1991. The authors examine the different areas of the economy and outline the successes and effects of reform measures. They utilize economic theory and knowledge to suggest ways to liberalize the economy and open up the market to revitalize the Indian economy alongside those reforms already implemented. They end with predictions of the future of economic reforms and what sectors should be seen as priorities for prospective development.Less
This book is a follow‐up study to an earlier work tracing India's economy up to 1991. Here the focus is on the economic reforms introduced after the financial crisis of 1991. The authors examine the different areas of the economy and outline the successes and effects of reform measures. They utilize economic theory and knowledge to suggest ways to liberalize the economy and open up the market to revitalize the Indian economy alongside those reforms already implemented. They end with predictions of the future of economic reforms and what sectors should be seen as priorities for prospective development.
Miguel A. Malo, Luis Toharia, and Jerôme Gautié
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240524
- eISBN:
- 9780191599187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240523.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Labour market reform in France has been very weak. Although measures such as the easing of fixed-term contracts and elimination of administrative authorisation for dismissals in 1986 were followed by ...
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Labour market reform in France has been very weak. Although measures such as the easing of fixed-term contracts and elimination of administrative authorisation for dismissals in 1986 were followed by a period of employment creation, it cannot be said that these were instrumental in employment recovery. Proponents of deregulation can use the French case to argue that more is required to solve unemployment. Critics can also use the French case to argue that institutional changes in the labour market do not improve employment and unemployment conditions.Less
Labour market reform in France has been very weak. Although measures such as the easing of fixed-term contracts and elimination of administrative authorisation for dismissals in 1986 were followed by a period of employment creation, it cannot be said that these were instrumental in employment recovery. Proponents of deregulation can use the French case to argue that more is required to solve unemployment. Critics can also use the French case to argue that institutional changes in the labour market do not improve employment and unemployment conditions.
Simon Deakin and Hannah Reed
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240524
- eISBN:
- 9780191599187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240523.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the impact of labour market reforms on the structure of employment and unemployment in Britain. It argues that although the British experience is one of growing employment, this ...
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This chapter examines the impact of labour market reforms on the structure of employment and unemployment in Britain. It argues that although the British experience is one of growing employment, this does not, in itself, solve the problem of social exclusion. The British labour market does not have a better record on employment or unemployment compared to other EU countries.Less
This chapter examines the impact of labour market reforms on the structure of employment and unemployment in Britain. It argues that although the British experience is one of growing employment, this does not, in itself, solve the problem of social exclusion. The British labour market does not have a better record on employment or unemployment compared to other EU countries.
Cees Gorter
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240524
- eISBN:
- 9780191599187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240523.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines labour market reforms in the Netherlands. Deregulation and flexibilisation measures since 1980 have not influenced the degree of employment protection or wage flexibility. ...
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This chapter examines labour market reforms in the Netherlands. Deregulation and flexibilisation measures since 1980 have not influenced the degree of employment protection or wage flexibility. However, these have promoted the extensive use of temporary and flexible work, and increased working hour flexibility. The ‘Dutch’ miracle is attributed to a continuous course of wage moderation based on an ‘organized-decentralized’ wage bargaining system in which social partners reach agreements, whereby wage restraint is exchanged for socio-economic goals such as employment creation and working time reduction.Less
This chapter examines labour market reforms in the Netherlands. Deregulation and flexibilisation measures since 1980 have not influenced the degree of employment protection or wage flexibility. However, these have promoted the extensive use of temporary and flexible work, and increased working hour flexibility. The ‘Dutch’ miracle is attributed to a continuous course of wage moderation based on an ‘organized-decentralized’ wage bargaining system in which social partners reach agreements, whereby wage restraint is exchanged for socio-economic goals such as employment creation and working time reduction.
Kimberly J. Morgan and Andrea Louise Campbell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199730346
- eISBN:
- 9780199918447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730346.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines the ideational and political movements advocating market-based forms of delegated governance since the 1970s. In part, the embrace of marketizing reforms reflected the ...
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This chapter examines the ideational and political movements advocating market-based forms of delegated governance since the 1970s. In part, the embrace of marketizing reforms reflected the refinement of ideas about the inefficient and oppressive nature of government as juxtaposed with the dynamism, efficiency, and liberating qualities of markets and individual choice. Some conservative and centrist policy-makers also believed the American state was inherently weak—a self-fulfilling prophecy given their longstanding resistance to building effective bureaucratic capacity at the federal level. In a context of rising health care costs, some policy-makers sought ways to make private insurers do the tough work of disciplining health care interests, delegating to these non-governmental authorities responsibility for meting out pain to medical providers. We trace this impulse through the push for allowing HMOs to administer Medicare benefits; the gathering enthusiasm for managed competition and the Clinton health care reform effort of 1993/94; proposals that emerged in the 1990s for complete Medicare voucherization; and the movement for Health Savings Accounts.Less
This chapter examines the ideational and political movements advocating market-based forms of delegated governance since the 1970s. In part, the embrace of marketizing reforms reflected the refinement of ideas about the inefficient and oppressive nature of government as juxtaposed with the dynamism, efficiency, and liberating qualities of markets and individual choice. Some conservative and centrist policy-makers also believed the American state was inherently weak—a self-fulfilling prophecy given their longstanding resistance to building effective bureaucratic capacity at the federal level. In a context of rising health care costs, some policy-makers sought ways to make private insurers do the tough work of disciplining health care interests, delegating to these non-governmental authorities responsibility for meting out pain to medical providers. We trace this impulse through the push for allowing HMOs to administer Medicare benefits; the gathering enthusiasm for managed competition and the Clinton health care reform effort of 1993/94; proposals that emerged in the 1990s for complete Medicare voucherization; and the movement for Health Savings Accounts.
Andrew Spicer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter is an overview of Yeltsin's economic reforms, with a focus on the financial markets and banks associated with privatization. The architects of Russian reform hoped that private activity ...
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This chapter is an overview of Yeltsin's economic reforms, with a focus on the financial markets and banks associated with privatization. The architects of Russian reform hoped that private activity could be rapidly and irreversibly severed from the polity such that a “depoliticized” market would quickly fill the void left by the rapid destruction of the state planning system. In contrast, the emergence of a new market system actually evolved through a gradual process of economic experimentation and political settlement where the domains of states and markets were inextricably intertwined. Market reform policies helped dismantle the economic and political structures of the Soviet regime, but they did not dictate what emerged in its place.Less
This chapter is an overview of Yeltsin's economic reforms, with a focus on the financial markets and banks associated with privatization. The architects of Russian reform hoped that private activity could be rapidly and irreversibly severed from the polity such that a “depoliticized” market would quickly fill the void left by the rapid destruction of the state planning system. In contrast, the emergence of a new market system actually evolved through a gradual process of economic experimentation and political settlement where the domains of states and markets were inextricably intertwined. Market reform policies helped dismantle the economic and political structures of the Soviet regime, but they did not dictate what emerged in its place.
John Knight and Lina Song
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199245277
- eISBN:
- 9780191602207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245274.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter presents a synthesis of the conclusions of the preceding chapters in this book. It explores how Chinese labour market reform has changed the allocation and renumeration of labour, and ...
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This chapter presents a synthesis of the conclusions of the preceding chapters in this book. It explores how Chinese labour market reform has changed the allocation and renumeration of labour, and contributed to the creation of a functioning labour market. It examines the various labour market characteristics which make this journey incomplete, and describes a vision of China with a functioning labour market.Less
This chapter presents a synthesis of the conclusions of the preceding chapters in this book. It explores how Chinese labour market reform has changed the allocation and renumeration of labour, and contributed to the creation of a functioning labour market. It examines the various labour market characteristics which make this journey incomplete, and describes a vision of China with a functioning labour market.
Mark Schlesinger
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195170665
- eISBN:
- 9780199850204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170665.003.0024
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines the emergence of market ideology and how it has reshaped understanding of the nature and import of inequality within the American health-care system. It describes four changes ...
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This chapter examines the emergence of market ideology and how it has reshaped understanding of the nature and import of inequality within the American health-care system. It describes four changes that have dramatically altered the politics of inequality in medical care. First, the introduction of markets to medical care exacerbates unequal health outcomes. Long-standing differences in health-care utilization and health outcomes are likely to grow under market reforms. Second, market arrangements promoted the growth of large health-care corporations. Their political power may circumscribe government policy making that could limit health inequalities. Third, market frames are associated with different standards of fairness for assessing the performance of the health-care system. This changes the outcomes seen as inequitable, and hence suitable, for government intervention. Fourth, market schemas have transformed prevailing discourse around important perspectives on health policy, including the rights of citizens and the responsibilities of local communities.Less
This chapter examines the emergence of market ideology and how it has reshaped understanding of the nature and import of inequality within the American health-care system. It describes four changes that have dramatically altered the politics of inequality in medical care. First, the introduction of markets to medical care exacerbates unequal health outcomes. Long-standing differences in health-care utilization and health outcomes are likely to grow under market reforms. Second, market arrangements promoted the growth of large health-care corporations. Their political power may circumscribe government policy making that could limit health inequalities. Third, market frames are associated with different standards of fairness for assessing the performance of the health-care system. This changes the outcomes seen as inequitable, and hence suitable, for government intervention. Fourth, market schemas have transformed prevailing discourse around important perspectives on health policy, including the rights of citizens and the responsibilities of local communities.
Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid and Jaime Ros
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195371161
- eISBN:
- 9780199870608
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371161.001.1
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book's basic premise is that a historical perspective may be helpful in illuminating current obstacles to economic development in Mexico. It thus looks at Mexico's present development policies ...
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This book's basic premise is that a historical perspective may be helpful in illuminating current obstacles to economic development in Mexico. It thus looks at Mexico's present development policies and problems from a historical perspective by reviewing long-term trends in the Mexican economy and examining in particular some past episodes of radical shifts in development strategy and in the role of markets and the state. The book provides an overview of Mexico's economic development since independence that examines and compares the successive periods of stagnation and growth that alternately have characterized Mexico's economic history. It gives special attention to developments since 1940 and presents a re-evaluation of Mexico's development policies during the state-led industrialization period from 1940 to 1982 and during the more recent market reform process. This re-evaluation is critical of the dominant trend in the economic literature and, indeed, revisionist by arguing in particular that the market reforms undertaken by successive Mexican governments since 1983 have not addressed the fundamental obstacles to economic growth.Less
This book's basic premise is that a historical perspective may be helpful in illuminating current obstacles to economic development in Mexico. It thus looks at Mexico's present development policies and problems from a historical perspective by reviewing long-term trends in the Mexican economy and examining in particular some past episodes of radical shifts in development strategy and in the role of markets and the state. The book provides an overview of Mexico's economic development since independence that examines and compares the successive periods of stagnation and growth that alternately have characterized Mexico's economic history. It gives special attention to developments since 1940 and presents a re-evaluation of Mexico's development policies during the state-led industrialization period from 1940 to 1982 and during the more recent market reform process. This re-evaluation is critical of the dominant trend in the economic literature and, indeed, revisionist by arguing in particular that the market reforms undertaken by successive Mexican governments since 1983 have not addressed the fundamental obstacles to economic growth.
Gustavo Flores-Macías
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199891658
- eISBN:
- 9780199933402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199891658.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Chapter 1 discusses the book’s relevance and novelty regarding its contributions to three main topics: the left, economic reforms, and party systems. It also provides an overview of the arrival of ...
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Chapter 1 discusses the book’s relevance and novelty regarding its contributions to three main topics: the left, economic reforms, and party systems. It also provides an overview of the arrival of the left to power in Latin America at the turn of the 21st century amid the dominance of market orthodoxy as the prevailing economic paradigm. It discusses the reasons why the rise of the left seemed extremely unlikely—from the threat of military intervention to the disrepute of import-substitution industrialization (ISI)—as well as the domestic and international changes—including people’s habituation to democracy, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the United States’ democracy promotion abroad—that allowed for a succession of electoral victories that seemed impossible only a decade earlier. Additionally, key concepts used throughout the book are defined, including the left, pro-market reforms, and statist reforms.Less
Chapter 1 discusses the book’s relevance and novelty regarding its contributions to three main topics: the left, economic reforms, and party systems. It also provides an overview of the arrival of the left to power in Latin America at the turn of the 21st century amid the dominance of market orthodoxy as the prevailing economic paradigm. It discusses the reasons why the rise of the left seemed extremely unlikely—from the threat of military intervention to the disrepute of import-substitution industrialization (ISI)—as well as the domestic and international changes—including people’s habituation to democracy, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the United States’ democracy promotion abroad—that allowed for a succession of electoral victories that seemed impossible only a decade earlier. Additionally, key concepts used throughout the book are defined, including the left, pro-market reforms, and statist reforms.
Gustavo Flores-Macías
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199891658
- eISBN:
- 9780199933402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199891658.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Chapter 2 conducts a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the left’s economic policies in Latin America. By way of defining the dependent variable of the study, this chapter first breaks down ...
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Chapter 2 conducts a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the left’s economic policies in Latin America. By way of defining the dependent variable of the study, this chapter first breaks down reforms into five main areas: privatizations/nationalizations; government spending; taxation; trade, financial, and monetary liberalization; and poverty alleviation. Second, it classifies countries based on the degree to which they carried out statist or pro-market policies. Third, it assesses the state of economic reforms in the region. Focusing on ten countries—eight governed by the left and two by the right as controls—Chapter 2 finds that, although remaining within the margins of a market economy, leftist governments were more likely to depart from market orthodoxy than their right-of-center counterparts, but that there is considerable variation among leftist governments’ policies. It also finds that nationalizations, taxation, and trade, financial, and monetary liberalization were the areas that experienced the most intervention in the economy.Less
Chapter 2 conducts a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the left’s economic policies in Latin America. By way of defining the dependent variable of the study, this chapter first breaks down reforms into five main areas: privatizations/nationalizations; government spending; taxation; trade, financial, and monetary liberalization; and poverty alleviation. Second, it classifies countries based on the degree to which they carried out statist or pro-market policies. Third, it assesses the state of economic reforms in the region. Focusing on ten countries—eight governed by the left and two by the right as controls—Chapter 2 finds that, although remaining within the margins of a market economy, leftist governments were more likely to depart from market orthodoxy than their right-of-center counterparts, but that there is considerable variation among leftist governments’ policies. It also finds that nationalizations, taxation, and trade, financial, and monetary liberalization were the areas that experienced the most intervention in the economy.
Luis Bértola and José Antonio Ocampo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199662135
- eISBN:
- 9780191748950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662135.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, International
Chapter 5 deals with the domestic and external causes of the debt crisis of the 1980s and the consequent “lost decade” of Latin American development. It then analyzes the shift toward and diversity ...
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Chapter 5 deals with the domestic and external causes of the debt crisis of the 1980s and the consequent “lost decade” of Latin American development. It then analyzes the shift toward and diversity of market reforms, including their recent rejection by some countries. The outcomes were a stronger integration into world trade and investment flows, as well as greater fiscal discipline and low inflation but, a few countries aside, slower economic and productivity growth and stronger business cycles. The steady rise in public social spending and expanded coverage of basic social services, which can be seen as “democratic dividends”, were accompanied by a deterioration in employment and income distribution from the 1980s to the early 2000s and a lost quarter century in poverty reduction, followed by a significant improvements in all of these variables during the economic boom that took place in the early XXI century.Less
Chapter 5 deals with the domestic and external causes of the debt crisis of the 1980s and the consequent “lost decade” of Latin American development. It then analyzes the shift toward and diversity of market reforms, including their recent rejection by some countries. The outcomes were a stronger integration into world trade and investment flows, as well as greater fiscal discipline and low inflation but, a few countries aside, slower economic and productivity growth and stronger business cycles. The steady rise in public social spending and expanded coverage of basic social services, which can be seen as “democratic dividends”, were accompanied by a deterioration in employment and income distribution from the 1980s to the early 2000s and a lost quarter century in poverty reduction, followed by a significant improvements in all of these variables during the economic boom that took place in the early XXI century.
John Knight and Lina Song
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199245277
- eISBN:
- 9780191602207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245274.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines wage inequality in urban China. Increased wage discrimination against women and minorities was observed in favour of Communist Party members. The market forces operating in the ...
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This chapter examines wage inequality in urban China. Increased wage discrimination against women and minorities was observed in favour of Communist Party members. The market forces operating in the growing private sector and the relative immunity of the state sector from those forces increased wage segmentation among types of ownership. Provincial differences in the pace of reform and economic growth created spatial segmentation in wages that could not be removed by the equilibrating movement of labour.Less
This chapter examines wage inequality in urban China. Increased wage discrimination against women and minorities was observed in favour of Communist Party members. The market forces operating in the growing private sector and the relative immunity of the state sector from those forces increased wage segmentation among types of ownership. Provincial differences in the pace of reform and economic growth created spatial segmentation in wages that could not be removed by the equilibrating movement of labour.
