Deborah Stone
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195170665
- eISBN:
- 9780199850204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170665.003.0022
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on racial disparities in health care. It shows how certain principles of political organization in culture in the United States perpetuate racial disparities. The chapter ...
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This chapter focuses on racial disparities in health care. It shows how certain principles of political organization in culture in the United States perpetuate racial disparities. The chapter suggests that market ideology is the biggest obstacle to health-care equity. The U.S. health-care system is designed to produce disparities, since it allocates medical care primarily by market criteria rather than by medical need. Market principles generate racial and ethnic disparities, and allow racism to continue under cover of economic justifications. The chapter argues that the nation will not be able to ameliorate racial and ethnic disparities until political leaders are willing to face up to the consequences of their devotion to the pluralistic ideals in medicine.Less
This chapter focuses on racial disparities in health care. It shows how certain principles of political organization in culture in the United States perpetuate racial disparities. The chapter suggests that market ideology is the biggest obstacle to health-care equity. The U.S. health-care system is designed to produce disparities, since it allocates medical care primarily by market criteria rather than by medical need. Market principles generate racial and ethnic disparities, and allow racism to continue under cover of economic justifications. The chapter argues that the nation will not be able to ameliorate racial and ethnic disparities until political leaders are willing to face up to the consequences of their devotion to the pluralistic ideals in medicine.
Mark Schlesinger
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195170665
- eISBN:
- 9780199850204
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170665.003.0024
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines the emergence of market ideology and how it has reshaped understanding of the nature and import of inequality within the American health-care system. It describes four changes ...
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This chapter examines the emergence of market ideology and how it has reshaped understanding of the nature and import of inequality within the American health-care system. It describes four changes that have dramatically altered the politics of inequality in medical care. First, the introduction of markets to medical care exacerbates unequal health outcomes. Long-standing differences in health-care utilization and health outcomes are likely to grow under market reforms. Second, market arrangements promoted the growth of large health-care corporations. Their political power may circumscribe government policy making that could limit health inequalities. Third, market frames are associated with different standards of fairness for assessing the performance of the health-care system. This changes the outcomes seen as inequitable, and hence suitable, for government intervention. Fourth, market schemas have transformed prevailing discourse around important perspectives on health policy, including the rights of citizens and the responsibilities of local communities.Less
This chapter examines the emergence of market ideology and how it has reshaped understanding of the nature and import of inequality within the American health-care system. It describes four changes that have dramatically altered the politics of inequality in medical care. First, the introduction of markets to medical care exacerbates unequal health outcomes. Long-standing differences in health-care utilization and health outcomes are likely to grow under market reforms. Second, market arrangements promoted the growth of large health-care corporations. Their political power may circumscribe government policy making that could limit health inequalities. Third, market frames are associated with different standards of fairness for assessing the performance of the health-care system. This changes the outcomes seen as inequitable, and hence suitable, for government intervention. Fourth, market schemas have transformed prevailing discourse around important perspectives on health policy, including the rights of citizens and the responsibilities of local communities.
James A. Morone and Lawrence R. Jacobs (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195170665
- eISBN:
- 9780199850204
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170665.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
America may be one of the wealthiest countries in the world, but its citizens rank near the bottom in health status. Americans have lower life expectancy, more infant mortalities, and higher ...
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America may be one of the wealthiest countries in the world, but its citizens rank near the bottom in health status. Americans have lower life expectancy, more infant mortalities, and higher adolescent death rates than most other advanced industrial nations—and even some developing countries. Though Americans are famous for tolerating great inequality in wealth, the gross inequities in the health system are less well recognized. In this book, a group of health policy experts chart the stark disparities in health and wealth in the United States. The authors explain how the inequities arise, why they persist, and what makes them worse. Growing income inequality, high poverty rates, and inadequate health-care coverage: all three trends help account for the U.S.'s health troubles. The corrosive effects of market ideology and government stalemate, the contributors argue, have also proved a powerful obstacle to effective and more egalitarian solutions. A call for a populist uprising to end the stalemate over health reform, the book outlines concrete policy proposals for reform—tapping bold new ideas as well as incremental changes to existing programs.Less
America may be one of the wealthiest countries in the world, but its citizens rank near the bottom in health status. Americans have lower life expectancy, more infant mortalities, and higher adolescent death rates than most other advanced industrial nations—and even some developing countries. Though Americans are famous for tolerating great inequality in wealth, the gross inequities in the health system are less well recognized. In this book, a group of health policy experts chart the stark disparities in health and wealth in the United States. The authors explain how the inequities arise, why they persist, and what makes them worse. Growing income inequality, high poverty rates, and inadequate health-care coverage: all three trends help account for the U.S.'s health troubles. The corrosive effects of market ideology and government stalemate, the contributors argue, have also proved a powerful obstacle to effective and more egalitarian solutions. A call for a populist uprising to end the stalemate over health reform, the book outlines concrete policy proposals for reform—tapping bold new ideas as well as incremental changes to existing programs.
Ruby C.M. Chau and Wai Kam Yu
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861345523
- eISBN:
- 9781447302162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861345523.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter tackles a question that lies at the heart of the debate about welfare in East Asian countries: is social welfare un-Asian? With reference to both the Hong Kong Special Administrative ...
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This chapter tackles a question that lies at the heart of the debate about welfare in East Asian countries: is social welfare un-Asian? With reference to both the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) and the rest of China, the discussion shows the connection between anti-welfarism and market ideologies. It demolishes the three core assumptions that underpin the claim that welfare is un-Asian: social welfare is underdeveloped in Asia, this underdevelopment is a key factor in the economic success of Asian countries and ‘Asian’ values are antithetical to social welfare. It also shows how the commitment to capitalism of both the Hong Kong SAR and Chinese government is reinforced by globalisation and the Asian economic crisis.Less
This chapter tackles a question that lies at the heart of the debate about welfare in East Asian countries: is social welfare un-Asian? With reference to both the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) and the rest of China, the discussion shows the connection between anti-welfarism and market ideologies. It demolishes the three core assumptions that underpin the claim that welfare is un-Asian: social welfare is underdeveloped in Asia, this underdevelopment is a key factor in the economic success of Asian countries and ‘Asian’ values are antithetical to social welfare. It also shows how the commitment to capitalism of both the Hong Kong SAR and Chinese government is reinforced by globalisation and the Asian economic crisis.
Evan Osborne
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780804796446
- eISBN:
- 9781503604247
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804796446.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Does humanity progress primarily through leaders organizing and directing followers, or through trial and error by individuals free to chart their own path? For most of human history ruling classes ...
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Does humanity progress primarily through leaders organizing and directing followers, or through trial and error by individuals free to chart their own path? For most of human history ruling classes had the capacity and the desire to tightly regiment society, to the general detriment of progress. But beginning in the 1500s, Europeans developed a series of arguments for simply leaving well enough alone. First in the form of the scientific method, then in the form of free expression, and finally in the form of the continuously, spontaneously reordered free market, people began to accept that progress is hard, and requires that an immense number of mistakes be tolerated so that we may learn from them. This book tells the story of the development of these three ideas, and for the first time tells of the mutual influence among them. It outlines the rise, and dramatic triumph, of each of these self-regulating systems, followed by a surprising rise in skepticism, especially in the economic context. Such skepticism in the 20th century was frequently costly and sometimes catastrophic. Under the right conditions, which are more frequent than generally believed, self-regulating systems in which participants organize themselves are superior. We should accept their turbulence in exchange for the immense progress they generate.Less
Does humanity progress primarily through leaders organizing and directing followers, or through trial and error by individuals free to chart their own path? For most of human history ruling classes had the capacity and the desire to tightly regiment society, to the general detriment of progress. But beginning in the 1500s, Europeans developed a series of arguments for simply leaving well enough alone. First in the form of the scientific method, then in the form of free expression, and finally in the form of the continuously, spontaneously reordered free market, people began to accept that progress is hard, and requires that an immense number of mistakes be tolerated so that we may learn from them. This book tells the story of the development of these three ideas, and for the first time tells of the mutual influence among them. It outlines the rise, and dramatic triumph, of each of these self-regulating systems, followed by a surprising rise in skepticism, especially in the economic context. Such skepticism in the 20th century was frequently costly and sometimes catastrophic. Under the right conditions, which are more frequent than generally believed, self-regulating systems in which participants organize themselves are superior. We should accept their turbulence in exchange for the immense progress they generate.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804776165
- eISBN:
- 9780804778916
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804776165.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter examines the postwar pursuit of professional status for business and business schools in North America. It highlights concerns about the vision of managers and management that should be ...
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This chapter examines the postwar pursuit of professional status for business and business schools in North America. It highlights concerns about the vision of managers and management that should be reflected in business schools and about whether management education should be driven by a logic of appropriateness or by a logic of consequences. This chapter explains that the ideas of professionalism were associated with a view of management that is inconsistent with free market ideology and as such efforts to have management take on the mantle of a profession were only partly successful and were somewhat transient.Less
This chapter examines the postwar pursuit of professional status for business and business schools in North America. It highlights concerns about the vision of managers and management that should be reflected in business schools and about whether management education should be driven by a logic of appropriateness or by a logic of consequences. This chapter explains that the ideas of professionalism were associated with a view of management that is inconsistent with free market ideology and as such efforts to have management take on the mantle of a profession were only partly successful and were somewhat transient.
Rebecca Tinio McKenna
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226417769
- eISBN:
- 9780226417936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226417936.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter concerns the Baguio marketplace and American market ideology. American visitors to the marketplace sought to capture its hustle and bustle in photographs, postcards, and travel accounts. ...
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This chapter concerns the Baguio marketplace and American market ideology. American visitors to the marketplace sought to capture its hustle and bustle in photographs, postcards, and travel accounts. Some came to see the infamous trade in dogs, sold as consumable articles in Igorot ritual. Daniel Burnham had positioned the marketplace at one end of the central axis of the hill station, yet were one to follow the logic of U.S. imperial ideology, the marketplace stood at the very center of the colony. To some administrators, the marketplace was a site of liberation: it was the place where Philippine peoples could enjoy self-rule as they traded the fruits of their labor. Here, they could become the independent agents who might come to constitute citizens of a nascent Philippine republic. As this chapter shows, even as they celebrated the market as an incubator of individual liberty and nationhood, American imperialists judged Philippine people in part, by what they traded and what they consumed. They used representations of Igorots’ trade in dogs and Filipinos’ supposed trade in persons to entrench perceived differences among Philippine peoples, and they made these into new justifications for continued imperial rule and anything but liberty.Less
This chapter concerns the Baguio marketplace and American market ideology. American visitors to the marketplace sought to capture its hustle and bustle in photographs, postcards, and travel accounts. Some came to see the infamous trade in dogs, sold as consumable articles in Igorot ritual. Daniel Burnham had positioned the marketplace at one end of the central axis of the hill station, yet were one to follow the logic of U.S. imperial ideology, the marketplace stood at the very center of the colony. To some administrators, the marketplace was a site of liberation: it was the place where Philippine peoples could enjoy self-rule as they traded the fruits of their labor. Here, they could become the independent agents who might come to constitute citizens of a nascent Philippine republic. As this chapter shows, even as they celebrated the market as an incubator of individual liberty and nationhood, American imperialists judged Philippine people in part, by what they traded and what they consumed. They used representations of Igorots’ trade in dogs and Filipinos’ supposed trade in persons to entrench perceived differences among Philippine peoples, and they made these into new justifications for continued imperial rule and anything but liberty.
Janusz Reykowski
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190078584
- eISBN:
- 9780190078614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190078584.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
There is a widespread belief that economic efficiency of the market system is a result of the power of the self-interest motivation (“Greed is good”). This is because the market system creates a ...
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There is a widespread belief that economic efficiency of the market system is a result of the power of the self-interest motivation (“Greed is good”). This is because the market system creates a strong link between the productive activity of market participants (production and supply of goods) and their own access to goods. But, in reality, the size of wealth acquired does not depend directly on the improvement of productive activity: it depends on profit. Profit can be increased in various ways, not only by productivity. The imperfect connection between profit and productivity is the source of various pathological processes in the market if the only motivation of productive activities is self-interests. Alleged remedy for theses defects is extensive state intervention in the market. However, such interventions have their own serious faults. But it is not true that the only motivation of productivity is self-interest. The intrinsic motivation can play a very important role in productive activity if it is not suppressed by overstimulation the self-interest motives.Less
There is a widespread belief that economic efficiency of the market system is a result of the power of the self-interest motivation (“Greed is good”). This is because the market system creates a strong link between the productive activity of market participants (production and supply of goods) and their own access to goods. But, in reality, the size of wealth acquired does not depend directly on the improvement of productive activity: it depends on profit. Profit can be increased in various ways, not only by productivity. The imperfect connection between profit and productivity is the source of various pathological processes in the market if the only motivation of productive activities is self-interests. Alleged remedy for theses defects is extensive state intervention in the market. However, such interventions have their own serious faults. But it is not true that the only motivation of productivity is self-interest. The intrinsic motivation can play a very important role in productive activity if it is not suppressed by overstimulation the self-interest motives.
Mary Corcoran
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781447345701
- eISBN:
- 9781447346579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447345701.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter discusses the utopian intellectual origins of some strands of contemporary free market ideas and practices from their post-war revival via thinkers such as Friedrich Hayek, whose ideas ...
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This chapter discusses the utopian intellectual origins of some strands of contemporary free market ideas and practices from their post-war revival via thinkers such as Friedrich Hayek, whose ideas went on to influence the New Right following economic and political crises of the 1970s. The discussion then draws on Karl Polanyi’s (1945) Origins of our Time: The Great Transformation, where he first gave theoretical expression to the concept of a ‘market society’. Published just after the Second World War and in the context of emerging welfare states, these thinkers marked out the ideological divides that have dominated political-economic thought since. The chapter considers the pre-eminence of free market ideology with regards to penal politics and thinking. It concludes by noting that predictions of the withering away of outsourcing and competitive regimes in the aftermath of the financial crisis which began in 2007-8 appear to be a ‘false dawn’. However, a change in direction may be imminent in the wake of controversial and costly terminations of penal service contracts.Less
This chapter discusses the utopian intellectual origins of some strands of contemporary free market ideas and practices from their post-war revival via thinkers such as Friedrich Hayek, whose ideas went on to influence the New Right following economic and political crises of the 1970s. The discussion then draws on Karl Polanyi’s (1945) Origins of our Time: The Great Transformation, where he first gave theoretical expression to the concept of a ‘market society’. Published just after the Second World War and in the context of emerging welfare states, these thinkers marked out the ideological divides that have dominated political-economic thought since. The chapter considers the pre-eminence of free market ideology with regards to penal politics and thinking. It concludes by noting that predictions of the withering away of outsourcing and competitive regimes in the aftermath of the financial crisis which began in 2007-8 appear to be a ‘false dawn’. However, a change in direction may be imminent in the wake of controversial and costly terminations of penal service contracts.
Bertrand Collomb and Susan Neiman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- June 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198825067
- eISBN:
- 9780191863745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198825067.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Political Economy
Is there a way of doing business that can sustain material progress without displacing other values that are the essence of the good life? This chapter is a dialogue on this and related questions. ...
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Is there a way of doing business that can sustain material progress without displacing other values that are the essence of the good life? This chapter is a dialogue on this and related questions. Has the present economic system reversed the means–end relation between markets and life? What forms of reasoning and value might redress this? Given our growing awareness and relations, what responsibilities do we have toward people in other parts of the planet? Will enterprises face a sunset on the notion of limited liability? The chapter discusses the marketing economy’s manufacture of needs and the seeming overfinancialization of the economy. It concludes by proposing that if something is necessary to act morally, it is rational for us to believe in it. The spontaneous outcomes of the free market have to be evaluated against our societal goals, and the process reshaped via education and not only regulation.Less
Is there a way of doing business that can sustain material progress without displacing other values that are the essence of the good life? This chapter is a dialogue on this and related questions. Has the present economic system reversed the means–end relation between markets and life? What forms of reasoning and value might redress this? Given our growing awareness and relations, what responsibilities do we have toward people in other parts of the planet? Will enterprises face a sunset on the notion of limited liability? The chapter discusses the marketing economy’s manufacture of needs and the seeming overfinancialization of the economy. It concludes by proposing that if something is necessary to act morally, it is rational for us to believe in it. The spontaneous outcomes of the free market have to be evaluated against our societal goals, and the process reshaped via education and not only regulation.
Lynne A. Weikart
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501756375
- eISBN:
- 9781501756399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501756375.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter discusses Mayor Michael Bloomberg's lack of experience about the city's educational system and the Department of Education. It recounts Bloomberg's disastrous appointment of Cathie Black ...
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This chapter discusses Mayor Michael Bloomberg's lack of experience about the city's educational system and the Department of Education. It recounts Bloomberg's disastrous appointment of Cathie Black as the commissioner of the Department of Education after he fired Joel Klein in 2011, as she was a publishing executive who had no experience in education. It also analyzes that Bloomberg's decision lacked fundamental logic as he believed in a market-based ideology, which infiltrated educational policy since the years of President Ronald Reagan. The chapter considers Bloomberg as a business person who was a believer in market-based reforms, not an educator steeped in conventional philosophies. It cites the market-based reforms that appealed to Bloomberg, which grew out of the school reform movement that began in 1983 with the publication of A Nation at Risk.Less
This chapter discusses Mayor Michael Bloomberg's lack of experience about the city's educational system and the Department of Education. It recounts Bloomberg's disastrous appointment of Cathie Black as the commissioner of the Department of Education after he fired Joel Klein in 2011, as she was a publishing executive who had no experience in education. It also analyzes that Bloomberg's decision lacked fundamental logic as he believed in a market-based ideology, which infiltrated educational policy since the years of President Ronald Reagan. The chapter considers Bloomberg as a business person who was a believer in market-based reforms, not an educator steeped in conventional philosophies. It cites the market-based reforms that appealed to Bloomberg, which grew out of the school reform movement that began in 1983 with the publication of A Nation at Risk.
Deborah Warr, Gretel Taylor, and Richard Williams
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447332022
- eISBN:
- 9781447332060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447332022.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter explores how arts-based activities form part of an experimental approach for social research that fuses sociological insights with creative practice. As an ethos, people conceive the ...
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This chapter explores how arts-based activities form part of an experimental approach for social research that fuses sociological insights with creative practice. As an ethos, people conceive the prosocial as seeking to promote collective human flourishing, while a prosocial practice is inclusive and imaginative. The potential to flourish is supported by involvement in diverse social relations that connect people as families, friends, communities, neighbourhoods, and nations. Experiences of social collectivity, however, are being shredded through the expanding dominance, and cascading impacts, of market-oriented ideologies. The chapter shows how the status of the social as a nonmarket domain has little value or sense when seen from within these dominant ideological framings.Less
This chapter explores how arts-based activities form part of an experimental approach for social research that fuses sociological insights with creative practice. As an ethos, people conceive the prosocial as seeking to promote collective human flourishing, while a prosocial practice is inclusive and imaginative. The potential to flourish is supported by involvement in diverse social relations that connect people as families, friends, communities, neighbourhoods, and nations. Experiences of social collectivity, however, are being shredded through the expanding dominance, and cascading impacts, of market-oriented ideologies. The chapter shows how the status of the social as a nonmarket domain has little value or sense when seen from within these dominant ideological framings.
