Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199652983
- eISBN:
- 9780191761263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199652983.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
There was a significant catch up in industrialization for the developing world as a whole beginning around 1950 that gathered momentum in the early 1970s. Structural changes in the composition of ...
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There was a significant catch up in industrialization for the developing world as a whole beginning around 1950 that gathered momentum in the early 1970s. Structural changes in the composition of output and employment were an important factor underlying this process. Between 1970 and 2010, there was a dramatic transformation. The share of developing countries in world industrial production jumped from one-eighth to two-fifths. Similarly, their share in world exports of manufactures rose from one-twelfth to two-fifths. Asia led this process, while Latin America witnessed relatively little change and Africa made almost no progress. The role of the State in evolving trade and industrial policies, developing institutions and making strategic interventions, whether as a catalyst or a leader, was central to this process. External markets also became increasingly important in the process of industrialization, as domestic firms sought to become competitive while transnational corporations followed by global value chains drove the internationalization of production.Less
There was a significant catch up in industrialization for the developing world as a whole beginning around 1950 that gathered momentum in the early 1970s. Structural changes in the composition of output and employment were an important factor underlying this process. Between 1970 and 2010, there was a dramatic transformation. The share of developing countries in world industrial production jumped from one-eighth to two-fifths. Similarly, their share in world exports of manufactures rose from one-twelfth to two-fifths. Asia led this process, while Latin America witnessed relatively little change and Africa made almost no progress. The role of the State in evolving trade and industrial policies, developing institutions and making strategic interventions, whether as a catalyst or a leader, was central to this process. External markets also became increasingly important in the process of industrialization, as domestic firms sought to become competitive while transnational corporations followed by global value chains drove the internationalization of production.
Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198849513
- eISBN:
- 9780191883620
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198849513.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The past fifty years witnessed a marked increase in the degree of economic openness in Asia, reflected in its rising share of world trade and investment flows. There were, of course, differences ...
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The past fifty years witnessed a marked increase in the degree of economic openness in Asia, reflected in its rising share of world trade and investment flows. There were, of course, differences between countries, depending upon their size. The pace of industrialization was also impressive. For Asia, and the Asian-14, the share of manufacturing in GDP rose from one-tenth in 1970 to one-fourth in 2016. But industrialization was most unequal even among the Asian-14. Economic openness has performed a critical supportive role in the process, wherever it has been in the form of strategic integration with, rather than passive insertion into, the world economy. Analysis of the industrialization experience in the Asian-14 shows that openness, while necessary, was not sufficient. It was conducive to industrialization only when combined with sensible industrial policy that was implemented by effective governments. In future, however, technological learning and technological capabilities are also essential to provide the foundations for sustaining industrialization.Less
The past fifty years witnessed a marked increase in the degree of economic openness in Asia, reflected in its rising share of world trade and investment flows. There were, of course, differences between countries, depending upon their size. The pace of industrialization was also impressive. For Asia, and the Asian-14, the share of manufacturing in GDP rose from one-tenth in 1970 to one-fourth in 2016. But industrialization was most unequal even among the Asian-14. Economic openness has performed a critical supportive role in the process, wherever it has been in the form of strategic integration with, rather than passive insertion into, the world economy. Analysis of the industrialization experience in the Asian-14 shows that openness, while necessary, was not sufficient. It was conducive to industrialization only when combined with sensible industrial policy that was implemented by effective governments. In future, however, technological learning and technological capabilities are also essential to provide the foundations for sustaining industrialization.
Shireen Moosvi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199450541
- eISBN:
- 9780199085491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450541.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
The position of the town in the economy of Mughal India needs serious consideration. Much of the service sector, created through diffusion of the rural surplus (Chapter12), was situated in the towns. ...
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The position of the town in the economy of Mughal India needs serious consideration. Much of the service sector, created through diffusion of the rural surplus (Chapter12), was situated in the towns. In addition there was the urban manufacturing sector, whose actual size this chapter seeks to establish by a number of devices. The total income of the urban population is then compared with the total amount retained by the rural population and is found to be 20.26 per cent of the aggregate of both. Working from this, but allowing for miners, forest folk, and transporters, whose income is not counted here, and the higher prices and wages in the towns, the urban population is estimate at 15 per cent of the total population. An attempt is, then, made to chart the geographical spread of urbanization, by using the Ā’ῑn-i Akbarῑ’s jama‘ statistics of urban parganas (havelῑs). From these data Gujarat and the region around Agra appear to have been the most highly urbanized areas in the Mughal empire.Less
The position of the town in the economy of Mughal India needs serious consideration. Much of the service sector, created through diffusion of the rural surplus (Chapter12), was situated in the towns. In addition there was the urban manufacturing sector, whose actual size this chapter seeks to establish by a number of devices. The total income of the urban population is then compared with the total amount retained by the rural population and is found to be 20.26 per cent of the aggregate of both. Working from this, but allowing for miners, forest folk, and transporters, whose income is not counted here, and the higher prices and wages in the towns, the urban population is estimate at 15 per cent of the total population. An attempt is, then, made to chart the geographical spread of urbanization, by using the Ā’ῑn-i Akbarῑ’s jama‘ statistics of urban parganas (havelῑs). From these data Gujarat and the region around Agra appear to have been the most highly urbanized areas in the Mughal empire.
