Kazuhiro Ōmori
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter focuses on the role of trade and manufacturers’ associations in Japan’s industrialization. Focusing on two typical traditional industries, pottery and straw goods manufacturing, the ...
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This chapter focuses on the role of trade and manufacturers’ associations in Japan’s industrialization. Focusing on two typical traditional industries, pottery and straw goods manufacturing, the various activities of associations such as quality control, technological improvement, material purchasing, and product marketing are investigated. The associations made significant contributions to the development of traditional industries, especially the industries dominated by small manufacturing firms.Less
This chapter focuses on the role of trade and manufacturers’ associations in Japan’s industrialization. Focusing on two typical traditional industries, pottery and straw goods manufacturing, the various activities of associations such as quality control, technological improvement, material purchasing, and product marketing are investigated. The associations made significant contributions to the development of traditional industries, especially the industries dominated by small manufacturing firms.
Josh Whitford
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199286010
- eISBN:
- 9780191713903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286010.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter argues that the Wisconsin Manufacturers' Development Consortium (WMDC) — a consortium of seven OEMs that formed in 1998 to work jointly with the state's manufacturing modernization ...
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This chapter argues that the Wisconsin Manufacturers' Development Consortium (WMDC) — a consortium of seven OEMs that formed in 1998 to work jointly with the state's manufacturing modernization service to provide training to suppliers — is suggestive of the sorts of public-private institution building that can both enhance supplier performance and proactively encourage greater collaboration between OEMs and their suppliers. The structure and evolution of this policy experiment show that it is both possible and useful to leverage and strengthen existing partial collaboration between OEMs and suppliers through the construction of CME-style institutions premised on substantial business coordinating capacity.Less
This chapter argues that the Wisconsin Manufacturers' Development Consortium (WMDC) — a consortium of seven OEMs that formed in 1998 to work jointly with the state's manufacturing modernization service to provide training to suppliers — is suggestive of the sorts of public-private institution building that can both enhance supplier performance and proactively encourage greater collaboration between OEMs and their suppliers. The structure and evolution of this policy experiment show that it is both possible and useful to leverage and strengthen existing partial collaboration between OEMs and suppliers through the construction of CME-style institutions premised on substantial business coordinating capacity.
Michael J Lannoo
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520264786
- eISBN:
- 9780520946064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520264786.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Aldo Leopold's Report on a Game Survey of the North Central States received nearly universally positive reviews. He followed it up with Game Management, a larger book detailing the history, theory, ...
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Aldo Leopold's Report on a Game Survey of the North Central States received nearly universally positive reviews. He followed it up with Game Management, a larger book detailing the history, theory, and practice of game management. Later in 1931, the Sporting Arms and Ammunitions Manufacturers' Institute “loaned” Leopold to the State of Iowa, as Iowa sought to pull together a comprehensive, twenty-five-year plan to guide its newly formed Fish and Game Commission. In December 1931, Charles Scribner's Sons agreed to publish Game Management. In one of the book's three sections entitled “Management Technique,” Leopold outlined the tools available to the game manager, from the creation of refuges to the control of habitat, hunting, and predation. With the publication of Game Management, Leopold invented the field of wildlife biology.Less
Aldo Leopold's Report on a Game Survey of the North Central States received nearly universally positive reviews. He followed it up with Game Management, a larger book detailing the history, theory, and practice of game management. Later in 1931, the Sporting Arms and Ammunitions Manufacturers' Institute “loaned” Leopold to the State of Iowa, as Iowa sought to pull together a comprehensive, twenty-five-year plan to guide its newly formed Fish and Game Commission. In December 1931, Charles Scribner's Sons agreed to publish Game Management. In one of the book's three sections entitled “Management Technique,” Leopold outlined the tools available to the game manager, from the creation of refuges to the control of habitat, hunting, and predation. With the publication of Game Management, Leopold invented the field of wildlife biology.
Wendy L. Wall
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195329100
- eISBN:
- 9780199870226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329100.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In the late 1930s, New Dealers, industrial unionists, and business groups led by the National Association of Manufacturers seized on the language of Americanism and launched public efforts to define ...
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In the late 1930s, New Dealers, industrial unionists, and business groups led by the National Association of Manufacturers seized on the language of Americanism and launched public efforts to define the nation in ways that furthered their own political and social agendas. All addressed Americans’ desire to be free of want, and all attempted to connect economic and political concerns. Beyond that, however, they framed issues in profoundly different ways. President Roosevelt, CIO leaders, and others in the New Deal coalition stressed the majoritarian overtones of the word “democracy,” and called for an activist government to ensure Americans’ economic security. Industrialists and their allies, by contrast, emphasized individual rights and the libertarian dimensions of American “freedom.” The ensuing battle—pitting “democracy” against “freedom,” mutualism against individualism, and a progressive ethos against interclass unity—presaged contests that would continue into the postwar era.Less
In the late 1930s, New Dealers, industrial unionists, and business groups led by the National Association of Manufacturers seized on the language of Americanism and launched public efforts to define the nation in ways that furthered their own political and social agendas. All addressed Americans’ desire to be free of want, and all attempted to connect economic and political concerns. Beyond that, however, they framed issues in profoundly different ways. President Roosevelt, CIO leaders, and others in the New Deal coalition stressed the majoritarian overtones of the word “democracy,” and called for an activist government to ensure Americans’ economic security. Industrialists and their allies, by contrast, emphasized individual rights and the libertarian dimensions of American “freedom.” The ensuing battle—pitting “democracy” against “freedom,” mutualism against individualism, and a progressive ethos against interclass unity—presaged contests that would continue into the postwar era.
Martin Ruef
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162775
- eISBN:
- 9781400852642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162775.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter discusses the uncertainties surrounding the trade among country merchants, manufacturers, and wholesalers. Often separated by distances of hundreds of miles, their exchange relationships ...
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This chapter discusses the uncertainties surrounding the trade among country merchants, manufacturers, and wholesalers. Often separated by distances of hundreds of miles, their exchange relationships had little recourse to the social devices used to manage uncertainty within Southern communities. After the Civil War, moreover, these relationships had to bridge the sectional division between the North—where many wholesalers were concentrated in the large seaboard cities, and the South—where many country stores and manufactories were located in the hinterland. The physical and social distance between suppliers and Southern businesses created a need for new institutions to govern the flow of commerce. Although these institutions did emerge in the postbellum era, they ultimately proved inadequate to manage the economic uncertainty of merchants and, in some respects, may have even exacerbated it.Less
This chapter discusses the uncertainties surrounding the trade among country merchants, manufacturers, and wholesalers. Often separated by distances of hundreds of miles, their exchange relationships had little recourse to the social devices used to manage uncertainty within Southern communities. After the Civil War, moreover, these relationships had to bridge the sectional division between the North—where many wholesalers were concentrated in the large seaboard cities, and the South—where many country stores and manufactories were located in the hinterland. The physical and social distance between suppliers and Southern businesses created a need for new institutions to govern the flow of commerce. Although these institutions did emerge in the postbellum era, they ultimately proved inadequate to manage the economic uncertainty of merchants and, in some respects, may have even exacerbated it.
John M. Giggie
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195304039
- eISBN:
- 9780199866885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304039.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century, History of Religion
This chapter examines the intersection between consumer capitalism and black religion in the Delta. After Reconstruction, African Americans increasingly turned to the market to raise money for their ...
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This chapter examines the intersection between consumer capitalism and black religion in the Delta. After Reconstruction, African Americans increasingly turned to the market to raise money for their churches, schools, and newspapers and to expand their access to manufactured goods. Preachers began to serve as peddlers to their congregations, advertising and selling domestic consumer goods produced by northern white manufacturers and netting a small commission every time they sold a bolt of cloth, a pair of shoes, a stove, or an organ. Religious newspapers counseled readers on what to buy and where to buy it. The effect was to change the character of relationship between the consumer market and black religion in the South: consumer capitalism spread to blacks partly through their own networks of religious leaders and institutions and, in turn, black Baptists and Methodists integrated the language and practices of the market more directly into their spiritual lives.Less
This chapter examines the intersection between consumer capitalism and black religion in the Delta. After Reconstruction, African Americans increasingly turned to the market to raise money for their churches, schools, and newspapers and to expand their access to manufactured goods. Preachers began to serve as peddlers to their congregations, advertising and selling domestic consumer goods produced by northern white manufacturers and netting a small commission every time they sold a bolt of cloth, a pair of shoes, a stove, or an organ. Religious newspapers counseled readers on what to buy and where to buy it. The effect was to change the character of relationship between the consumer market and black religion in the South: consumer capitalism spread to blacks partly through their own networks of religious leaders and institutions and, in turn, black Baptists and Methodists integrated the language and practices of the market more directly into their spiritual lives.
Banri Asanuma
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198288152
- eISBN:
- 9780191684579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198288152.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter provides an international comparison between Japanese home and overseas practices and Anglo-American practices. It traces the historical development of production scheduling procedures ...
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This chapter provides an international comparison between Japanese home and overseas practices and Anglo-American practices. It traces the historical development of production scheduling procedures in response to demand situations and the nature of dealer–manufacturer relationships in them. The chapter makes the point that the Japanese core firm has come to realize a faster and more flexible manufacturing response to actual customer demand occurring at the dealer's end, and it stresses that such capability needs to be supported by greater information processing responsibilities on the dealer's side combined with more flexible manufacturing capability on the supplier's side. The chapter notes that, although dealers for US manufacturers are allowed greater discretion in sending orders to the manufacturers, accumulated disequilibrium between actual orders and production sometimes has to be restored by a drastic change in production scheduling accompanied by the shutdown of an assembly plant at very short notice.Less
This chapter provides an international comparison between Japanese home and overseas practices and Anglo-American practices. It traces the historical development of production scheduling procedures in response to demand situations and the nature of dealer–manufacturer relationships in them. The chapter makes the point that the Japanese core firm has come to realize a faster and more flexible manufacturing response to actual customer demand occurring at the dealer's end, and it stresses that such capability needs to be supported by greater information processing responsibilities on the dealer's side combined with more flexible manufacturing capability on the supplier's side. The chapter notes that, although dealers for US manufacturers are allowed greater discretion in sending orders to the manufacturers, accumulated disequilibrium between actual orders and production sometimes has to be restored by a drastic change in production scheduling accompanied by the shutdown of an assembly plant at very short notice.
Benjamin C. Waterhouse
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149165
- eISBN:
- 9781400848171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149165.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter discusses how the institutional developments at the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce grew directly from the political and economic upheaval of ...
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This chapter discusses how the institutional developments at the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce grew directly from the political and economic upheaval of the late 1960s and early 1970s and paved the way for effective pan-business lobbying in the years ahead. The tumultuous 1960s had altered the landscape of Congress and party politics, particularly through the rise of public interest liberalism and its demands for greater federal intervention with regard to employment equality, consumer and worker protection, and environmental stewardship. In this new political context, business leaders at the NAM and the Chamber refashioned their public image, refined their approaches to lobbying, and broadened their policy prescriptions.Less
This chapter discusses how the institutional developments at the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce grew directly from the political and economic upheaval of the late 1960s and early 1970s and paved the way for effective pan-business lobbying in the years ahead. The tumultuous 1960s had altered the landscape of Congress and party politics, particularly through the rise of public interest liberalism and its demands for greater federal intervention with regard to employment equality, consumer and worker protection, and environmental stewardship. In this new political context, business leaders at the NAM and the Chamber refashioned their public image, refined their approaches to lobbying, and broadened their policy prescriptions.
Asa Briggs
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192129260
- eISBN:
- 9780191670008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192129260.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter focuses on the manufacturers' meetings concerning the formation of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The first meeting was held in May 1922 at the Institution of Electrical ...
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This chapter focuses on the manufacturers' meetings concerning the formation of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The first meeting was held in May 1922 at the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), which led to the led to the long-term relation between BBC and the IEE. Six companies played a key role in the formation of the BBC. These were the Marconi Company, Metropolitan-Vickers, Western Electric Company, Radio Communications Company, General Electric Company, and the British Thomson-Houston Company.Less
This chapter focuses on the manufacturers' meetings concerning the formation of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The first meeting was held in May 1922 at the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), which led to the led to the long-term relation between BBC and the IEE. Six companies played a key role in the formation of the BBC. These were the Marconi Company, Metropolitan-Vickers, Western Electric Company, Radio Communications Company, General Electric Company, and the British Thomson-Houston Company.
Christopher Hodges
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199282555
- eISBN:
- 9780191700217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282555.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The purpose of controlling distribution is to ensure that the product that reaches the hands of the consumer does so in the condition intended by the manufacturer, and in the state in which it left ...
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The purpose of controlling distribution is to ensure that the product that reaches the hands of the consumer does so in the condition intended by the manufacturer, and in the state in which it left him or her. If the justifications for imposition of regulation on distributors is that it should apply in the case of products for which performance and/or safety are critical and may be affected by the conditions in which they are stored or transported, there may be a case for extending regulation to products such as sterile or active implantable medical devices and certain types of mechanical, measuring, testing, or diagnosis equipment. It is argued in this chapter that sterility or other safety aspects can be adequately protected by appropriate packaging and by labeling. An obvious lacuna is that although the GPS duties apply to consumer products, no similar provisions apply for non-consumer products.Less
The purpose of controlling distribution is to ensure that the product that reaches the hands of the consumer does so in the condition intended by the manufacturer, and in the state in which it left him or her. If the justifications for imposition of regulation on distributors is that it should apply in the case of products for which performance and/or safety are critical and may be affected by the conditions in which they are stored or transported, there may be a case for extending regulation to products such as sterile or active implantable medical devices and certain types of mechanical, measuring, testing, or diagnosis equipment. It is argued in this chapter that sterility or other safety aspects can be adequately protected by appropriate packaging and by labeling. An obvious lacuna is that although the GPS duties apply to consumer products, no similar provisions apply for non-consumer products.
Christopher Hodges
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199282555
- eISBN:
- 9780191700217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282555.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The way in which a product is used can affect its level of safety, as discussed in relation to the need for controls on design and on instructions for use. Indeed, the evidence is that accidents are ...
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The way in which a product is used can affect its level of safety, as discussed in relation to the need for controls on design and on instructions for use. Indeed, the evidence is that accidents are predominantly caused by the incorrect use of products. Regulatory controls exist on virtually all commercial actors in the distribution chain, but not systematically on users. On one view, this might be irrational, in that the objective is to ensure safe use. As a consequence under private law, causing an accident to oneself will mean that compensation is not claimable from the producer or supplier absent a product defect or negligence, or the compensation is reduced because of contributory negligence, so the economic risk is allocated to the user in those circumstances. However, in the regulatory context, manufacturers are sometimes required to take into account known or foreseeable risks when designing or labelling their products.Less
The way in which a product is used can affect its level of safety, as discussed in relation to the need for controls on design and on instructions for use. Indeed, the evidence is that accidents are predominantly caused by the incorrect use of products. Regulatory controls exist on virtually all commercial actors in the distribution chain, but not systematically on users. On one view, this might be irrational, in that the objective is to ensure safe use. As a consequence under private law, causing an accident to oneself will mean that compensation is not claimable from the producer or supplier absent a product defect or negligence, or the compensation is reduced because of contributory negligence, so the economic risk is allocated to the user in those circumstances. However, in the regulatory context, manufacturers are sometimes required to take into account known or foreseeable risks when designing or labelling their products.
Alan Bullock and F. W. D. Deakin
- Published in print:
- 1973
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221043
- eISBN:
- 9780191678400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221043.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The reality behind the myth of the 200 families is complicated. It deserves to be looked at in greater detail. It would be useful also to study it in the light of another general accusation made ...
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The reality behind the myth of the 200 families is complicated. It deserves to be looked at in greater detail. It would be useful also to study it in the light of another general accusation made about French industrialists, which in many ways contradicts it. This is the family-firm theory of David Landes. He has argued that the average French entrepreneur was a small businessman acting for himself or at most on behalf of a handful of partners, and that this was not only true in 1875 but, despite some exceptions, was still so at the end of the century. Landes has been mainly concerned with explaining the weakness of the French economy, the slow rate of its industrial growth in the nineteenth century, and its loss of the hegemony it held under Napoleon I. The textile industrialists seemed a threat to democracy largely because their family organisation let very few facts about their firms escape to the public. There were striking differences between textile manufacturers and ironmasters, and, in addition, neither were homogeneous groups. Other branches of industry would reveal still further variety.Less
The reality behind the myth of the 200 families is complicated. It deserves to be looked at in greater detail. It would be useful also to study it in the light of another general accusation made about French industrialists, which in many ways contradicts it. This is the family-firm theory of David Landes. He has argued that the average French entrepreneur was a small businessman acting for himself or at most on behalf of a handful of partners, and that this was not only true in 1875 but, despite some exceptions, was still so at the end of the century. Landes has been mainly concerned with explaining the weakness of the French economy, the slow rate of its industrial growth in the nineteenth century, and its loss of the hegemony it held under Napoleon I. The textile industrialists seemed a threat to democracy largely because their family organisation let very few facts about their firms escape to the public. There were striking differences between textile manufacturers and ironmasters, and, in addition, neither were homogeneous groups. Other branches of industry would reveal still further variety.
Yehouda Shenhav
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250004
- eISBN:
- 9780191697869
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250004.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Business History
Management is a powerful mode of thought and code of conduct in the modern world, closely associated with the American way and a natural extension of economic progress. This is a book about the ...
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Management is a powerful mode of thought and code of conduct in the modern world, closely associated with the American way and a natural extension of economic progress. This is a book about the history and development of management and managerial rationality in the United States of America in the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century. Through careful analysis of contemporary records in the engineering profession, the author shows how management invented itself and carved its own domain in the face of hostility and resistance from both manufacturers and workers. The book demonstrates how the new language and rhetoric of management emerged, and how it confronted and replaced the language of traditional capitalism: ‘system’ instead of ‘individuals’; ‘jobs’ instead of ‘natural rights’; ‘planning’ instead of ‘free initiatives’. It can be read simultaneously as an historical account of the genesis of modern management, a chapter in the history of American capitalism, a critical analysis of industrial engineering, and as a sociology of (managerial) knowledge.Less
Management is a powerful mode of thought and code of conduct in the modern world, closely associated with the American way and a natural extension of economic progress. This is a book about the history and development of management and managerial rationality in the United States of America in the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century. Through careful analysis of contemporary records in the engineering profession, the author shows how management invented itself and carved its own domain in the face of hostility and resistance from both manufacturers and workers. The book demonstrates how the new language and rhetoric of management emerged, and how it confronted and replaced the language of traditional capitalism: ‘system’ instead of ‘individuals’; ‘jobs’ instead of ‘natural rights’; ‘planning’ instead of ‘free initiatives’. It can be read simultaneously as an historical account of the genesis of modern management, a chapter in the history of American capitalism, a critical analysis of industrial engineering, and as a sociology of (managerial) knowledge.
Nitsan Chorev
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691197845
- eISBN:
- 9780691198873
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691197845.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter looks at the conditions that led pharmaceutical manufacturers in Kenya to invest in the production of a broader range of drugs, and to improve quality standards beyond what was required ...
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This chapter looks at the conditions that led pharmaceutical manufacturers in Kenya to invest in the production of a broader range of drugs, and to improve quality standards beyond what was required by local regulations. It begins with the contentious negotiations over Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which resulted in donors providing to some developing countries not only markets, as they did in the 1980s, but also monitoring and mentoring. In Kenya, a new market of interest to local manufacturers, for anti-AIDS and antimalarial drugs, was created when the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria—among other donors—did not a priori exclude local manufacturers from tenders. To participate in these tenders, however, drugs manufacturers had to receive WHO prequalification (PQ) confirming that their drugs were produced following international, rather than only local, quality standards. This monitoring gave local producers an incentive to improve their manufacturing practices. In turn, development agencies offered training and other forms of mentoring—giving local producers the means to learn how to produce drugs following these higher quality standards.Less
This chapter looks at the conditions that led pharmaceutical manufacturers in Kenya to invest in the production of a broader range of drugs, and to improve quality standards beyond what was required by local regulations. It begins with the contentious negotiations over Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which resulted in donors providing to some developing countries not only markets, as they did in the 1980s, but also monitoring and mentoring. In Kenya, a new market of interest to local manufacturers, for anti-AIDS and antimalarial drugs, was created when the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria—among other donors—did not a priori exclude local manufacturers from tenders. To participate in these tenders, however, drugs manufacturers had to receive WHO prequalification (PQ) confirming that their drugs were produced following international, rather than only local, quality standards. This monitoring gave local producers an incentive to improve their manufacturing practices. In turn, development agencies offered training and other forms of mentoring—giving local producers the means to learn how to produce drugs following these higher quality standards.
Geoffrey Ferris Wayne and Carrie M. Carpenter
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter shows how tobacco manufacturers began programmes for manipulation of nicotine more than fifty years ago and refined these efforts over decades, altering product characteristics in order ...
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This chapter shows how tobacco manufacturers began programmes for manipulation of nicotine more than fifty years ago and refined these efforts over decades, altering product characteristics in order to sustain addictive levels of nicotine delivery despite reduced machine measured levels of tar and nicotine delivery. Product design and ingredients facilitate tobacco addiction through diverse addiction potentiating mechanisms. In addition to designs and ingredients that enhance nicotine self-administration and absorption (e.g., filter tip ventilation, menthol, and levulinic acid), ingredients may have their own direct pharmacologic effects that potentiate those of nicotine (e.g., acetaldehyde), ingredients may increase the free base fraction of nicotine (e.g. ammonia and urea-based compounds), and still other designs may increase the attractiveness of the product through the illusion of reduced harmfulness and even candy-like flavourings. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that tobacco products in general, and cigarettes in particular, though addictive by nature, carry enhanced addiction risk through modern designs that were intended to achieve this effect.Less
This chapter shows how tobacco manufacturers began programmes for manipulation of nicotine more than fifty years ago and refined these efforts over decades, altering product characteristics in order to sustain addictive levels of nicotine delivery despite reduced machine measured levels of tar and nicotine delivery. Product design and ingredients facilitate tobacco addiction through diverse addiction potentiating mechanisms. In addition to designs and ingredients that enhance nicotine self-administration and absorption (e.g., filter tip ventilation, menthol, and levulinic acid), ingredients may have their own direct pharmacologic effects that potentiate those of nicotine (e.g., acetaldehyde), ingredients may increase the free base fraction of nicotine (e.g. ammonia and urea-based compounds), and still other designs may increase the attractiveness of the product through the illusion of reduced harmfulness and even candy-like flavourings. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that tobacco products in general, and cigarettes in particular, though addictive by nature, carry enhanced addiction risk through modern designs that were intended to achieve this effect.
Yehouda Shenhav
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250004
- eISBN:
- 9780191697869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250004.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Business History
This chapter focuses on the opposition to ‘management systems’; on the objection of manufacturers, engineers, and employee representatives. It argues that management systems were not promoted by ...
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This chapter focuses on the opposition to ‘management systems’; on the objection of manufacturers, engineers, and employee representatives. It argues that management systems were not promoted by capitalists or their representatives, but rather by a group of engineers — a new class of salaried technocrats — wishing to carve out their own domain within industrial organizations.Less
This chapter focuses on the opposition to ‘management systems’; on the objection of manufacturers, engineers, and employee representatives. It argues that management systems were not promoted by capitalists or their representatives, but rather by a group of engineers — a new class of salaried technocrats — wishing to carve out their own domain within industrial organizations.
Timothy R. Whisler
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290742
- eISBN:
- 9780191684838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290742.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter analyses British motor industry between 1945 and 1950 by focusing upon the debate between Tiratsoo and Barnett concerning the role of the government's reconstruction policy. The ...
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This chapter analyses British motor industry between 1945 and 1950 by focusing upon the debate between Tiratsoo and Barnett concerning the role of the government's reconstruction policy. The relationship between the government and the motor industry during the period of reconstruction was defined by the intersection of the following: risk, uncertainty, time frame, objectives, prevailing institutions, and the Labour government's sometimes cloudy political assumptions. Government policy-makers, facing a complex and critical short-term macroeconomic situation, required an immediate contribution from the motor manufacturers to ‘national interests’, which were defined by Labour as exports to hard-currency markets, full-employment, defence readiness, tripartism, and consumer choice. There was no evidence to suggest that this period marked a watershed in the decline of the industry, especially in view of the profits and sales of the 1950s and early 1960s.Less
This chapter analyses British motor industry between 1945 and 1950 by focusing upon the debate between Tiratsoo and Barnett concerning the role of the government's reconstruction policy. The relationship between the government and the motor industry during the period of reconstruction was defined by the intersection of the following: risk, uncertainty, time frame, objectives, prevailing institutions, and the Labour government's sometimes cloudy political assumptions. Government policy-makers, facing a complex and critical short-term macroeconomic situation, required an immediate contribution from the motor manufacturers to ‘national interests’, which were defined by Labour as exports to hard-currency markets, full-employment, defence readiness, tripartism, and consumer choice. There was no evidence to suggest that this period marked a watershed in the decline of the industry, especially in view of the profits and sales of the 1950s and early 1960s.
Timothy R. Whisler
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290742
- eISBN:
- 9780191684838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290742.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
Mergers do not safeguard firms from long-term decline in terms of market share and profitability. The lack of sophisticated hierarchical corporate structures and vertical integration is evident in ...
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Mergers do not safeguard firms from long-term decline in terms of market share and profitability. The lack of sophisticated hierarchical corporate structures and vertical integration is evident in British industry compared to American and German industry. There is also a prevalence of unsophisticated corporate structures and personal management that can be observed after mergers take place. This chapter analyses how unsophisticated management techniques and corporate structures hindered the development of the progressively concentrated British industry. The consistency and pervasiveness of the strategy and structure of the British-owned motor manufacturers prior to 1968 reveals a path dependence that lead to the creation of unique British characteristics, which can be compared to characteristics of multinational and international rivals.Less
Mergers do not safeguard firms from long-term decline in terms of market share and profitability. The lack of sophisticated hierarchical corporate structures and vertical integration is evident in British industry compared to American and German industry. There is also a prevalence of unsophisticated corporate structures and personal management that can be observed after mergers take place. This chapter analyses how unsophisticated management techniques and corporate structures hindered the development of the progressively concentrated British industry. The consistency and pervasiveness of the strategy and structure of the British-owned motor manufacturers prior to 1968 reveals a path dependence that lead to the creation of unique British characteristics, which can be compared to characteristics of multinational and international rivals.
Timothy R. Whisler
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290742
- eISBN:
- 9780191684838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290742.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the characteristics and performance of British firms' domestic and foreign distribution structures channels. Producers regarded themselves as car makers first and foremost. ...
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This chapter describes the characteristics and performance of British firms' domestic and foreign distribution structures channels. Producers regarded themselves as car makers first and foremost. Distribution was a function for agents, whether they were British distributors or foreign importers. Manufacturers were initially attracted to agency as the method to maximise market coverage at a minimum cost. This structure delegated manufacturers' financial risk and organizational commitments.Less
This chapter describes the characteristics and performance of British firms' domestic and foreign distribution structures channels. Producers regarded themselves as car makers first and foremost. Distribution was a function for agents, whether they were British distributors or foreign importers. Manufacturers were initially attracted to agency as the method to maximise market coverage at a minimum cost. This structure delegated manufacturers' financial risk and organizational commitments.
Peter Grindley
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198288077
- eISBN:
- 9780191684562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198288077.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
This chapter illustrates the importance of timing and the complementary support in establishing new standards. It discusses the conflicts involved in using industry standards committees and how they ...
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This chapter illustrates the importance of timing and the complementary support in establishing new standards. It discusses the conflicts involved in using industry standards committees and how they attempt to sponsor two standards at the same time. The contest between CD and DAT shows the crucial importance of timing and its corresponding support to establish new standards. Leading manufacturers have incorporated into its market the importance of timing and complementary support in establishing new standards. It has been proven that the CD was a greater success than the DAT, and the DAT took second place because of the dynamics of standards which meant not merely a postponement, but the permanent exclusion of the DAT from the main market.Less
This chapter illustrates the importance of timing and the complementary support in establishing new standards. It discusses the conflicts involved in using industry standards committees and how they attempt to sponsor two standards at the same time. The contest between CD and DAT shows the crucial importance of timing and its corresponding support to establish new standards. Leading manufacturers have incorporated into its market the importance of timing and complementary support in establishing new standards. It has been proven that the CD was a greater success than the DAT, and the DAT took second place because of the dynamics of standards which meant not merely a postponement, but the permanent exclusion of the DAT from the main market.
