John Landers
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199279579
- eISBN:
- 9780191719448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279579.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Social History, Economic History
The components of armed force are technology, manpower, and economic resources of various kinds. Committing manpower and economic resources to war requires diverting them from the productive economy. ...
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The components of armed force are technology, manpower, and economic resources of various kinds. Committing manpower and economic resources to war requires diverting them from the productive economy. The French demographic economist Alfred Sauvy constructed a form of optimum population model that explains the salient features of the concrete relationships between population growth and the commitment of manpower and resources to war. This schematic model predicts that the relative size of armed forces should change with changing demographic conditions. Quantitatively speaking, military manpower commitments varied greatly in both absolute and relative terms, but the nature of the commitment also varied. The effect of changing troop strengths and investment on military effectiveness depends on the prior level of the variables themselves and the nature of the prevailing military technology. The process of raising, maintaining, and deploying military force required the commitment of men and resources.Less
The components of armed force are technology, manpower, and economic resources of various kinds. Committing manpower and economic resources to war requires diverting them from the productive economy. The French demographic economist Alfred Sauvy constructed a form of optimum population model that explains the salient features of the concrete relationships between population growth and the commitment of manpower and resources to war. This schematic model predicts that the relative size of armed forces should change with changing demographic conditions. Quantitatively speaking, military manpower commitments varied greatly in both absolute and relative terms, but the nature of the commitment also varied. The effect of changing troop strengths and investment on military effectiveness depends on the prior level of the variables themselves and the nature of the prevailing military technology. The process of raising, maintaining, and deploying military force required the commitment of men and resources.
Michael Szonyi
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691197241
- eISBN:
- 9781400888887
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691197241.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
How did ordinary people in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) deal with the demands of the state? This book explores the myriad ways that families fulfilled their obligations to provide a soldier to the ...
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How did ordinary people in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) deal with the demands of the state? This book explores the myriad ways that families fulfilled their obligations to provide a soldier to the army. The complex strategies they developed to manage their responsibilities suggest a new interpretation of an important period in China's history as well as a broader theory of politics. The book examines how soldiers and their families living on China's southeast coast minimized the costs and maximized the benefits of meeting government demands for manpower. Families that had to provide a soldier for the army set up elaborate rules to ensure their obligation was fulfilled, and to provide incentives for the soldier not to desert his post. People in the system found ways to gain advantages for themselves and their families. For example, naval officers used the military's protection to engage in the very piracy and smuggling they were supposed to suppress. The book demonstrates how subjects of the Ming state operated in a space between defiance and compliance, and how paying attention to this middle ground can help us better understand not only Ming China but also other periods and places. The book illustrates the ways that arrangements between communities and the state hundreds of years ago have consequences and relevance for how we look at diverse cultures and societies, even today.Less
How did ordinary people in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) deal with the demands of the state? This book explores the myriad ways that families fulfilled their obligations to provide a soldier to the army. The complex strategies they developed to manage their responsibilities suggest a new interpretation of an important period in China's history as well as a broader theory of politics. The book examines how soldiers and their families living on China's southeast coast minimized the costs and maximized the benefits of meeting government demands for manpower. Families that had to provide a soldier for the army set up elaborate rules to ensure their obligation was fulfilled, and to provide incentives for the soldier not to desert his post. People in the system found ways to gain advantages for themselves and their families. For example, naval officers used the military's protection to engage in the very piracy and smuggling they were supposed to suppress. The book demonstrates how subjects of the Ming state operated in a space between defiance and compliance, and how paying attention to this middle ground can help us better understand not only Ming China but also other periods and places. The book illustrates the ways that arrangements between communities and the state hundreds of years ago have consequences and relevance for how we look at diverse cultures and societies, even today.
G. J. Oliver
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283507
- eISBN:
- 9780191712722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283507.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter discusses how demographic factors affected economic concerns in Attica in the early Hellenistic period. Topics covered include demography and economics, labour and manpower, the ...
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This chapter discusses how demographic factors affected economic concerns in Attica in the early Hellenistic period. Topics covered include demography and economics, labour and manpower, the population of 4th-century Attica, movements of people, settlement and demes in early Hellenistic Attica, and change in the archeology of Attica. It is shown that there was an overall fall in the population of Attica from the 4th to the 3rd century in most categories: citizens and slaves, and possibly also foreigners. The changes in population distribution may have contributed to a weakened rural economy. If settlement decline also saw diminished cultivation of the land, productivity may have also declined.Less
This chapter discusses how demographic factors affected economic concerns in Attica in the early Hellenistic period. Topics covered include demography and economics, labour and manpower, the population of 4th-century Attica, movements of people, settlement and demes in early Hellenistic Attica, and change in the archeology of Attica. It is shown that there was an overall fall in the population of Attica from the 4th to the 3rd century in most categories: citizens and slaves, and possibly also foreigners. The changes in population distribution may have contributed to a weakened rural economy. If settlement decline also saw diminished cultivation of the land, productivity may have also declined.
G. J. Oliver
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283507
- eISBN:
- 9780191712722
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283507.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter discusses the infrastructure of defence in Attica. Topics covered include territory, autonomy, and manpower; the fortified demes of Early Hellenistic Attica; the rubble camps; and ...
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This chapter discusses the infrastructure of defence in Attica. Topics covered include territory, autonomy, and manpower; the fortified demes of Early Hellenistic Attica; the rubble camps; and garrisoned Attica.Less
This chapter discusses the infrastructure of defence in Attica. Topics covered include territory, autonomy, and manpower; the fortified demes of Early Hellenistic Attica; the rubble camps; and garrisoned Attica.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
During the First World War, Great Britain invested a great deal in its medical services, and in most theatres of the war they were considered vital to military efficiency. It was at that point widely ...
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During the First World War, Great Britain invested a great deal in its medical services, and in most theatres of the war they were considered vital to military efficiency. It was at that point widely recognized that medicine improved manpower economy and morale. Medicine was also important in sustaining public support for war and civilians contributed to the medical welfare of soldiers either directly, as volunteers, or indirectly as donors. Medical themes figured prominently in propaganda, too, and in uniting Britain with its imperial territories. But the centrality of medicine to war in 1914–18 stands in marked contrast to previous campaigns. The recent war in South Africa revealed that medicine had been given little attention by military commanders, and that disease prevention and casualty disposal were poorly organized. This book examines the differences and similarities between medical arrangements in 1914–18 and earlier conflicts. It attempts to explain why medicine became central to military operations during the First World War and to account for variations in medical arrangements in different theatres of the war. The book also examines military medicine in all major theatres as well as neglected facets of wartime medicine such as work among civilians, imperial armies, and the imperial labour corps.Less
During the First World War, Great Britain invested a great deal in its medical services, and in most theatres of the war they were considered vital to military efficiency. It was at that point widely recognized that medicine improved manpower economy and morale. Medicine was also important in sustaining public support for war and civilians contributed to the medical welfare of soldiers either directly, as volunteers, or indirectly as donors. Medical themes figured prominently in propaganda, too, and in uniting Britain with its imperial territories. But the centrality of medicine to war in 1914–18 stands in marked contrast to previous campaigns. The recent war in South Africa revealed that medicine had been given little attention by military commanders, and that disease prevention and casualty disposal were poorly organized. This book examines the differences and similarities between medical arrangements in 1914–18 and earlier conflicts. It attempts to explain why medicine became central to military operations during the First World War and to account for variations in medical arrangements in different theatres of the war. The book also examines military medicine in all major theatres as well as neglected facets of wartime medicine such as work among civilians, imperial armies, and the imperial labour corps.
TERENCE ZUBER
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199250165
- eISBN:
- 9780191719554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250165.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
With the fall of the Wall in 1989, a summary of Schlieffen's war plans to 1904 by Wilhelm Dieckmann was found in the East German army archive, as well as a summary of the German intelligence ...
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With the fall of the Wall in 1989, a summary of Schlieffen's war plans to 1904 by Wilhelm Dieckmann was found in the East German army archive, as well as a summary of the German intelligence estimates in the west by Hellmuth Greiner. To these could be added several of Schlieffen's war games found in the archive of the Bavarian army in Munich. Together, they allow a fundamental reevaluation of Schlieffen's war planning. Schlieffen's war games show that he recognized that Germany would be outnumbered in a two-front war. Rather than attack France or Russia, Schlieffen wanted to use Germany's interior position and rail mobility to counter-attack against either the French or Russian offensive, then shift troops to the other front and counter-attack again. None of Schlieffen's war games ever tested the Schlieffen plan. Schlieffen's last and greatest exercise, the 1905 Kriegsspiel, has no similarity to the ‘Schlieffen plan’ whatsoever. In the 1906 ‘Schlieffen plan’ Denkschrift Schlieffen used 24 ‘ghost’ divisions that did not actually exist; for this reason alone, the ‘Schlieffen plan’ could never have been an operational war plan. The ‘Schlieffen plan’ was in fact arguing, as Schlieffen had for the last 18 years, for the German army to raise more units by incorporating all trained reservists, as well as by instituting genuine universal conscription. There never was a ‘Schlieffen plan’.Less
With the fall of the Wall in 1989, a summary of Schlieffen's war plans to 1904 by Wilhelm Dieckmann was found in the East German army archive, as well as a summary of the German intelligence estimates in the west by Hellmuth Greiner. To these could be added several of Schlieffen's war games found in the archive of the Bavarian army in Munich. Together, they allow a fundamental reevaluation of Schlieffen's war planning. Schlieffen's war games show that he recognized that Germany would be outnumbered in a two-front war. Rather than attack France or Russia, Schlieffen wanted to use Germany's interior position and rail mobility to counter-attack against either the French or Russian offensive, then shift troops to the other front and counter-attack again. None of Schlieffen's war games ever tested the Schlieffen plan. Schlieffen's last and greatest exercise, the 1905 Kriegsspiel, has no similarity to the ‘Schlieffen plan’ whatsoever. In the 1906 ‘Schlieffen plan’ Denkschrift Schlieffen used 24 ‘ghost’ divisions that did not actually exist; for this reason alone, the ‘Schlieffen plan’ could never have been an operational war plan. The ‘Schlieffen plan’ was in fact arguing, as Schlieffen had for the last 18 years, for the German army to raise more units by incorporating all trained reservists, as well as by instituting genuine universal conscription. There never was a ‘Schlieffen plan’.
Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter outlines the strategic implications of Russia's support of the Porte during the Mohammed Ali crisis and, following the formation of an anti-Russian Anglo-French coalition, Nicholas l's ...
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This chapter outlines the strategic implications of Russia's support of the Porte during the Mohammed Ali crisis and, following the formation of an anti-Russian Anglo-French coalition, Nicholas l's attempts to solve the army's manpower problems. The great event challenging Russia's somewhat guarded commitment to the preservation of the Ottoman Empire came in 1832–3 with the onset of the Mohammed Ali crisis. The ambitious Pasha of Egypt dreamed of conquering the Middle East to create an Arab empire and, like Mustafa, sought as his allies Muslims discontented by the Sultan's reforms. With France supporting Mohammed, the Sultan had little choice but to turn to Russia. The chapter also considers the Russian response and the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi and its consequences.Less
This chapter outlines the strategic implications of Russia's support of the Porte during the Mohammed Ali crisis and, following the formation of an anti-Russian Anglo-French coalition, Nicholas l's attempts to solve the army's manpower problems. The great event challenging Russia's somewhat guarded commitment to the preservation of the Ottoman Empire came in 1832–3 with the onset of the Mohammed Ali crisis. The ambitious Pasha of Egypt dreamed of conquering the Middle East to create an Arab empire and, like Mustafa, sought as his allies Muslims discontented by the Sultan's reforms. With France supporting Mohammed, the Sultan had little choice but to turn to Russia. The chapter also considers the Russian response and the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi and its consequences.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This introductory chapter places the First World War in the context of previous conflicts and sets the scene for the following chapters, with an overview of developments in British military medicine ...
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This introductory chapter places the First World War in the context of previous conflicts and sets the scene for the following chapters, with an overview of developments in British military medicine from around 1850 through to 1914. It also provides a historiographical orientation, showing how the aims and content of this book differ from existing scholarship on war and medicine. The book's main themes are set out and the importance of manpower and morale (both of soldiers and their families) is emphasized. It is argued that the growing prominence of medicine in war can only be understood in relation to public expectations; not just scientific advances or operational efficiency.Less
This introductory chapter places the First World War in the context of previous conflicts and sets the scene for the following chapters, with an overview of developments in British military medicine from around 1850 through to 1914. It also provides a historiographical orientation, showing how the aims and content of this book differ from existing scholarship on war and medicine. The book's main themes are set out and the importance of manpower and morale (both of soldiers and their families) is emphasized. It is argued that the growing prominence of medicine in war can only be understood in relation to public expectations; not just scientific advances or operational efficiency.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The chapter concludes by comparing medical work across the different theatres and by comparing the First World War as a whole with previous campaigns such as the South African War. It highlights the ...
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The chapter concludes by comparing medical work across the different theatres and by comparing the First World War as a whole with previous campaigns such as the South African War. It highlights the main factors which led to medical success or failure in the different theatres, including technological advances, environmental conditions, the nature of operations and, most importantly, manpower economy and morale.Less
The chapter concludes by comparing medical work across the different theatres and by comparing the First World War as a whole with previous campaigns such as the South African War. It highlights the main factors which led to medical success or failure in the different theatres, including technological advances, environmental conditions, the nature of operations and, most importantly, manpower economy and morale.
Franz Neumann and Paul Sweezy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134130
- eISBN:
- 9781400846467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134130.003.0023
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter focuses on Germany's adaptation of centralized controls of European raw materials, industry, and transport. German economic controls aim to utilize all resources of occupied Europe, ...
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This chapter focuses on Germany's adaptation of centralized controls of European raw materials, industry, and transport. German economic controls aim to utilize all resources of occupied Europe, manpower, raw materials, machines and machine tools, railroads and other vehicles, industrial capacities, etc., for the German war effort. To achieve this, the report explains that the Germans have applied two methods: centralized machinery operating from Berlin and indigenous economic institutions that have been transformed so as to correspond to the German control patterns. Some of the major agencies regularly operating in German-occupied Europe are the Ministry of Armaments and Armament Production, German Purchasing Commissions for the Armed Forces under the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces, the organization of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, and the Commissioner General for Labor Supply. The chapter considers the technical and administrative problems involved in Germany's immediate post-war control over the European economy.Less
This chapter focuses on Germany's adaptation of centralized controls of European raw materials, industry, and transport. German economic controls aim to utilize all resources of occupied Europe, manpower, raw materials, machines and machine tools, railroads and other vehicles, industrial capacities, etc., for the German war effort. To achieve this, the report explains that the Germans have applied two methods: centralized machinery operating from Berlin and indigenous economic institutions that have been transformed so as to correspond to the German control patterns. Some of the major agencies regularly operating in German-occupied Europe are the Ministry of Armaments and Armament Production, German Purchasing Commissions for the Armed Forces under the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces, the organization of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, and the Commissioner General for Labor Supply. The chapter considers the technical and administrative problems involved in Germany's immediate post-war control over the European economy.
David French
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199548231
- eISBN:
- 9780191739224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548231.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
The manpower requirements of the all‐regular army were no different from those of the National Service army. It still needed an adequate supply of recruits who were sufficiently well‐educated and fit ...
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The manpower requirements of the all‐regular army were no different from those of the National Service army. It still needed an adequate supply of recruits who were sufficiently well‐educated and fit for military service. It then had to make the best possible use of them by allocating them to jobs that they could do, and it had to train them to do them. This chapter analyses the manpower base of the all‐regular army that emerged from the Sandy's reforms. It examines what the military authorities thought being a ‘good employer’ meant. It explores the difficulties they confronted in recruiting, and retaining sufficient manpower, and shows how they struggled to make the most effective use of the personnel they could find.Less
The manpower requirements of the all‐regular army were no different from those of the National Service army. It still needed an adequate supply of recruits who were sufficiently well‐educated and fit for military service. It then had to make the best possible use of them by allocating them to jobs that they could do, and it had to train them to do them. This chapter analyses the manpower base of the all‐regular army that emerged from the Sandy's reforms. It examines what the military authorities thought being a ‘good employer’ meant. It explores the difficulties they confronted in recruiting, and retaining sufficient manpower, and shows how they struggled to make the most effective use of the personnel they could find.
David French
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199548231
- eISBN:
- 9780191739224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548231.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
By the late 1960s BAOR had developed a twin‐track war fighting doctrine. On the one hand it showed how tactical nuclear weapons could be employed from the outset of a crisis. But on the other hand, ...
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By the late 1960s BAOR had developed a twin‐track war fighting doctrine. On the one hand it showed how tactical nuclear weapons could be employed from the outset of a crisis. But on the other hand, it showed how BAOR might conduct a prolonged period of operations using conventional weapons to buy time for NATO's political leaders to negotiate a peaceful end to a crisis without resort to the use of nuclear weapons. But if BAOR was to mount either kind of operation it needed sufficient soldiers to do so, they required modern and effective weapons, equipment and stores, and they had to be adequately trained to use them. This chapter indicates that question marks existed over all of these requirements.Less
By the late 1960s BAOR had developed a twin‐track war fighting doctrine. On the one hand it showed how tactical nuclear weapons could be employed from the outset of a crisis. But on the other hand, it showed how BAOR might conduct a prolonged period of operations using conventional weapons to buy time for NATO's political leaders to negotiate a peaceful end to a crisis without resort to the use of nuclear weapons. But if BAOR was to mount either kind of operation it needed sufficient soldiers to do so, they required modern and effective weapons, equipment and stores, and they had to be adequately trained to use them. This chapter indicates that question marks existed over all of these requirements.
Roger B. Manning
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261499
- eISBN:
- 9780191718625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261499.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Because of widespread disaffection among officers of the English army and navy and the political elite, the Williamite invasion of England was relatively bloodless. The political allegiances of James ...
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Because of widespread disaffection among officers of the English army and navy and the political elite, the Williamite invasion of England was relatively bloodless. The political allegiances of James VII and II’s Scottish and Irish kingdoms was more divided, and those realms had to be conquered by military force. The conquest of Ireland was especially protracted and bloody. Scotland was conquered more easily, and eventually provided a seemingly endless supply of manpower for the Dutch and British armies during the following century. The Irish Jacobite army, because it comprised mostly Catholics, passed into French service with very few exceptions.Less
Because of widespread disaffection among officers of the English army and navy and the political elite, the Williamite invasion of England was relatively bloodless. The political allegiances of James VII and II’s Scottish and Irish kingdoms was more divided, and those realms had to be conquered by military force. The conquest of Ireland was especially protracted and bloody. Scotland was conquered more easily, and eventually provided a seemingly endless supply of manpower for the Dutch and British armies during the following century. The Irish Jacobite army, because it comprised mostly Catholics, passed into French service with very few exceptions.
Michael H. Best
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297451
- eISBN:
- 9780191595967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297459.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Industrial innovation involves the integration of R&D including basic, developmental, and applied research with production. Three models are contrasted: science‐push, incremental, and regional or ...
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Industrial innovation involves the integration of R&D including basic, developmental, and applied research with production. Three models are contrasted: science‐push, incremental, and regional or open‐systems. Industrial innovation depends upon a corresponding skill‐formation process involving both visible and invisible colleges. The education system supplies the technical labour force to convert innovation into regional growth. The technology diffusion process that underpins regional growth is mediated by engineering curricula to scale up the output of graduates with the requisite technical skills. Rapidly growing regions depend upon manpower development planning to synchronize the supply of technically skilled labour with the growth of technologically advancing firms.Less
Industrial innovation involves the integration of R&D including basic, developmental, and applied research with production. Three models are contrasted: science‐push, incremental, and regional or open‐systems. Industrial innovation depends upon a corresponding skill‐formation process involving both visible and invisible colleges. The education system supplies the technical labour force to convert innovation into regional growth. The technology diffusion process that underpins regional growth is mediated by engineering curricula to scale up the output of graduates with the requisite technical skills. Rapidly growing regions depend upon manpower development planning to synchronize the supply of technically skilled labour with the growth of technologically advancing firms.
Michael H. Best
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297451
- eISBN:
- 9780191595967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297459.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
A central claim is that technology management is a powerful policy tool for growth of firms, regions, and nations at every level of industrial development. The capabilities perspective focuses ...
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A central claim is that technology management is a powerful policy tool for growth of firms, regions, and nations at every level of industrial development. The capabilities perspective focuses policy‐making attention on long‐term strategies and organizational change methodologies in the three interrelated domains of the productivity triad. In the business model domain, priority goes to supporting new firm creation, open networks, and high‐performance work systems (HPWSs). The Asian Miracle economies that have achieved high rates of growth developed a critical mass of enterprises with the production capabilities to adopt, adapt, and diffuse technologies that originated in the most technologically advanced regions. The challenge in the domain of skill formation is to link visible and invisible colleges, administer the R&D infrastructure, and anticipate technology transitions with manpower development programs. Finally, the mutual adjustment feature of the productivity triad calls attention to the role of policy alignment across the three domains.Less
A central claim is that technology management is a powerful policy tool for growth of firms, regions, and nations at every level of industrial development. The capabilities perspective focuses policy‐making attention on long‐term strategies and organizational change methodologies in the three interrelated domains of the productivity triad. In the business model domain, priority goes to supporting new firm creation, open networks, and high‐performance work systems (HPWSs). The Asian Miracle economies that have achieved high rates of growth developed a critical mass of enterprises with the production capabilities to adopt, adapt, and diffuse technologies that originated in the most technologically advanced regions. The challenge in the domain of skill formation is to link visible and invisible colleges, administer the R&D infrastructure, and anticipate technology transitions with manpower development programs. Finally, the mutual adjustment feature of the productivity triad calls attention to the role of policy alignment across the three domains.
Rebecca Onion
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469629476
- eISBN:
- 9781469629490
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469629476.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
Since World War II, the American discourse around children and science has been held in the form of a postmortem: a series of diagnoses pointing to a commitment gap that never seems to be fixed. The ...
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Since World War II, the American discourse around children and science has been held in the form of a postmortem: a series of diagnoses pointing to a commitment gap that never seems to be fixed. The formation “Children don’t love science like they used to” points to an imagined past, full of the joy of experimentation and discovery. Although some now argue that we no longer actually face a scientific “manpower shortage,” the popular belief that we do is deeply ingrained, coming, as it does, from this vision of a lost time of utopian explorations. This book, a twentieth-century cultural history of the “science kid,” asks what the stakes of this belief might be. It argues that the nostalgic vision of “a time when American kids loved science” tends to represent these “science kids” as male. If we’re stuck associating the qualities of a potential young scientist—curiosity, mischievousness, a certain free way of thinking that sometimes borders on the antisocial—with masculinity, what effect might this persistent set of associations have on the attempt to recruit women into STEM fields?Less
Since World War II, the American discourse around children and science has been held in the form of a postmortem: a series of diagnoses pointing to a commitment gap that never seems to be fixed. The formation “Children don’t love science like they used to” points to an imagined past, full of the joy of experimentation and discovery. Although some now argue that we no longer actually face a scientific “manpower shortage,” the popular belief that we do is deeply ingrained, coming, as it does, from this vision of a lost time of utopian explorations. This book, a twentieth-century cultural history of the “science kid,” asks what the stakes of this belief might be. It argues that the nostalgic vision of “a time when American kids loved science” tends to represent these “science kids” as male. If we’re stuck associating the qualities of a potential young scientist—curiosity, mischievousness, a certain free way of thinking that sometimes borders on the antisocial—with masculinity, what effect might this persistent set of associations have on the attempt to recruit women into STEM fields?
Richard Layard, Stephen Nickell, and Richard Jackman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199279166
- eISBN:
- 9780191700033
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279166.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Unemployment will fail if unemployment benefits are of limited duration and subject to greater job-search tests. But there is also a strong efficiency case for active manpower policies produced to ...
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Unemployment will fail if unemployment benefits are of limited duration and subject to greater job-search tests. But there is also a strong efficiency case for active manpower policies produced to improve the employability of unemployed people. Without active manpower policies, harsh benefit regimes have unwanted distributional effects. Where unions are pervasive, there is a great case for co-ordinated wage-bargaining to overcome the externalities abundant under a decentralized system. Where wage pressure remains excessive, a tax-based policy should be taken into consideration.Less
Unemployment will fail if unemployment benefits are of limited duration and subject to greater job-search tests. But there is also a strong efficiency case for active manpower policies produced to improve the employability of unemployed people. Without active manpower policies, harsh benefit regimes have unwanted distributional effects. Where unions are pervasive, there is a great case for co-ordinated wage-bargaining to overcome the externalities abundant under a decentralized system. Where wage pressure remains excessive, a tax-based policy should be taken into consideration.
Robert Wade
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289845
- eISBN:
- 9780191684777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289845.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focuses on the market and economy of Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and Hong-Kong. According to the authors, the reason why the economies of these states are resilient is because the ...
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This chapter focuses on the market and economy of Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and Hong-Kong. According to the authors, the reason why the economies of these states are resilient is because the governments of these states actively participate in making policies and controlling the trade and market. These states usually focus their attention on a single industry: most of them converted them into an export-oriented country. The governments of these states also ensure the skills of their manpower. Their governments intervene in a way that does not restrict the free trade within their country or with other foreign countries. They carefully plan the blueprint of their industry. This is where most of the developing countries fail, making restraints in managing their economies.Less
This chapter focuses on the market and economy of Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and Hong-Kong. According to the authors, the reason why the economies of these states are resilient is because the governments of these states actively participate in making policies and controlling the trade and market. These states usually focus their attention on a single industry: most of them converted them into an export-oriented country. The governments of these states also ensure the skills of their manpower. Their governments intervene in a way that does not restrict the free trade within their country or with other foreign countries. They carefully plan the blueprint of their industry. This is where most of the developing countries fail, making restraints in managing their economies.
David Marsh
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198278528
- eISBN:
- 9780191684210
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198278528.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter examines the development of youth employment policy between 1970 and 1990. There is some evidence that a stable policy community has existed in this area. A single agency, the Manpower ...
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This chapter examines the development of youth employment policy between 1970 and 1990. There is some evidence that a stable policy community has existed in this area. A single agency, the Manpower Services Commission (MSC) has focused on policy making and has played a role in the evolution and implementation of policies to reduced youth unemployment. This chapter argues that a stable policy community has not existed in this area; rather, there has been a changing policy network. The chapter describes five phases in the development of youth employment policy and identifies the changes which have occurred in the policy network over time.Less
This chapter examines the development of youth employment policy between 1970 and 1990. There is some evidence that a stable policy community has existed in this area. A single agency, the Manpower Services Commission (MSC) has focused on policy making and has played a role in the evolution and implementation of policies to reduced youth unemployment. This chapter argues that a stable policy community has not existed in this area; rather, there has been a changing policy network. The chapter describes five phases in the development of youth employment policy and identifies the changes which have occurred in the policy network over time.
Colin Thain and Maurice Wright
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198277842
- eISBN:
- 9780191684203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198277842.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics, Political Economy
Containing the pay and allied costs and numbers of civil servants and other public officials has been a priority of governments from 1976 onwards. This is not surprising, since in a period of public ...
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Containing the pay and allied costs and numbers of civil servants and other public officials has been a priority of governments from 1976 onwards. This is not surprising, since in a period of public expenditure restraint the ‘administrative costs’ of government are seen as an important area where the Treasury can exert pressure. Civil Service numbers have become a highly charged political issue, with all the associated rhetoric of ‘bureaucracy’ and ‘waste’. Separate budgets—running costs control—for central government departments' administrative expenditure, itemised in Parliamentary Supply Estimates, and the subject of cash limits, were introduced in April 1986. This chapter focuses on how the Treasury has handled the issues raised by Civil Service pay and manpower as they impact on the administrative costs of central government.Less
Containing the pay and allied costs and numbers of civil servants and other public officials has been a priority of governments from 1976 onwards. This is not surprising, since in a period of public expenditure restraint the ‘administrative costs’ of government are seen as an important area where the Treasury can exert pressure. Civil Service numbers have become a highly charged political issue, with all the associated rhetoric of ‘bureaucracy’ and ‘waste’. Separate budgets—running costs control—for central government departments' administrative expenditure, itemised in Parliamentary Supply Estimates, and the subject of cash limits, were introduced in April 1986. This chapter focuses on how the Treasury has handled the issues raised by Civil Service pay and manpower as they impact on the administrative costs of central government.
