John R. Twiss, Robert J. Hofman, and John E. Reynolds III
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195309454
- eISBN:
- 9780199871261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309454.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter focuses on the US Marine Mammal Commission, the principles of marine mammal management and conservation associated with it, and the status and conservation issues involved with varying ...
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This chapter focuses on the US Marine Mammal Commission, the principles of marine mammal management and conservation associated with it, and the status and conservation issues involved with varying groups of marine mammals. It shows that much of the past several decades' history of marine mammal conservation is reflected in the background, content, and implementation of, and changes to, the US Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Key provisions of the MMPA are described, including the functions and composition of the Marine Mammal Commission and its Committee of Scientific Advisors, both of which the act established. How the optimum sustainable population determinations evolved, and the development of the ecosystem approach to marine conservation are discussed.Less
This chapter focuses on the US Marine Mammal Commission, the principles of marine mammal management and conservation associated with it, and the status and conservation issues involved with varying groups of marine mammals. It shows that much of the past several decades' history of marine mammal conservation is reflected in the background, content, and implementation of, and changes to, the US Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Key provisions of the MMPA are described, including the functions and composition of the Marine Mammal Commission and its Committee of Scientific Advisors, both of which the act established. How the optimum sustainable population determinations evolved, and the development of the ecosystem approach to marine conservation are discussed.
David Price and David Willshaw
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780192624277
- eISBN:
- 9780191723735
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192624277.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This is the first book that attempts to bring together what is known about the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex in mammals. Ranging from the emergence of ...
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This is the first book that attempts to bring together what is known about the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex in mammals. Ranging from the emergence of the forebrain from the neural plate, to the functioning adult form, the book draws on evidence from several species to provide a detailed description of processes at each stage. Where appropriate, evidence is extrapolated from non-mammalian species to generate hypotheses about mammalian development. In contrast to other texts of developmental biology, this book integrates information on regulatory processes at the levels of molecules, cells, and networks. It draws together an extensive literature on cellular development and structural morphology, biochemical and genetic events, and hypotheses that have been subject to mathematical modelling. Important methodologies such as transgenics and formal modelling, are explained for the non-specialist. Major future challenges are clearly identified. The book combines the fundamentals of experimental developmental neurobiology with accessible neural modelling.Less
This is the first book that attempts to bring together what is known about the fundamental mechanisms that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex in mammals. Ranging from the emergence of the forebrain from the neural plate, to the functioning adult form, the book draws on evidence from several species to provide a detailed description of processes at each stage. Where appropriate, evidence is extrapolated from non-mammalian species to generate hypotheses about mammalian development. In contrast to other texts of developmental biology, this book integrates information on regulatory processes at the levels of molecules, cells, and networks. It draws together an extensive literature on cellular development and structural morphology, biochemical and genetic events, and hypotheses that have been subject to mathematical modelling. Important methodologies such as transgenics and formal modelling, are explained for the non-specialist. Major future challenges are clearly identified. The book combines the fundamentals of experimental developmental neurobiology with accessible neural modelling.
Russell Lande, Steinar Engen, and Bernt-Erik Saether
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525257
- eISBN:
- 9780191584930
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525257.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
All populations fluctuate stochastically, creating a risk of extinction that does not exist in deterministic models, with fundamental consequences for both pure and applied ecology. This book ...
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All populations fluctuate stochastically, creating a risk of extinction that does not exist in deterministic models, with fundamental consequences for both pure and applied ecology. This book provides an introduction to stochastic population dynamics, combining classical background material with a variety of modern approaches, including previously unpublished results by the authors, illustrated with examples from bird and mammal populations, and insect communities. Demographic and environmental stochasticity are introduced with statistical methods for estimating them from field data. The long-run growth rate of a population is explained and extended to include age structure with both demographic and environmental stochasticity. Diffusion approximations facilitate the analysis of extinction dynamics and the duration of the final decline. Methods are developed for estimating delayed density dependence from population time series using life history data. Metapopulation viability and the spatial scale of population fluctuations and extinction risk are analyzed. Stochastic dynamics and statistical uncertainty in population parameters are incorporated in Population Viability Analysis and strategies for sustainable harvesting. Statistics of species diversity measures and species abundance distributions are described, with implications for rapid assessments of biodiversity, and methods are developed for partitioning species diversity into additive components. Analysis of the stochastic dynamics of a tropical butterfly community in space and time indicates that most of the variance in the species abundance distribution is due to ecological heterogeneity among species, so that real communities are far from neutral.Less
All populations fluctuate stochastically, creating a risk of extinction that does not exist in deterministic models, with fundamental consequences for both pure and applied ecology. This book provides an introduction to stochastic population dynamics, combining classical background material with a variety of modern approaches, including previously unpublished results by the authors, illustrated with examples from bird and mammal populations, and insect communities. Demographic and environmental stochasticity are introduced with statistical methods for estimating them from field data. The long-run growth rate of a population is explained and extended to include age structure with both demographic and environmental stochasticity. Diffusion approximations facilitate the analysis of extinction dynamics and the duration of the final decline. Methods are developed for estimating delayed density dependence from population time series using life history data. Metapopulation viability and the spatial scale of population fluctuations and extinction risk are analyzed. Stochastic dynamics and statistical uncertainty in population parameters are incorporated in Population Viability Analysis and strategies for sustainable harvesting. Statistics of species diversity measures and species abundance distributions are described, with implications for rapid assessments of biodiversity, and methods are developed for partitioning species diversity into additive components. Analysis of the stochastic dynamics of a tropical butterfly community in space and time indicates that most of the variance in the species abundance distribution is due to ecological heterogeneity among species, so that real communities are far from neutral.
John Tyler Bonner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157016
- eISBN:
- 9781400846429
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157016.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This book challenges a central tenet of evolutionary biology. The book makes the bold and provocative claim that some biological diversity may be explained by something other than natural selection. ...
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This book challenges a central tenet of evolutionary biology. The book makes the bold and provocative claim that some biological diversity may be explained by something other than natural selection. The book makes an argument for the underappreciated role that randomness—or chance—plays in evolution. Due to the tremendous and enduring influence of Darwin's natural selection, the importance of randomness has been to some extent overshadowed. The book shows how the effects of randomness differ for organisms of different sizes, and how the smaller an organism is, the more likely it is that morphological differences will be random and selection may not be involved to any degree. The book then traces the increase in size and complexity of organisms over geological time, and looks at the varying significance of randomness at different size levels, from microorganisms to large mammals. The book also discusses how sexual cycles vary depending on size and complexity, and how the trend away from randomness in higher forms has even been reversed in some social organisms.Less
This book challenges a central tenet of evolutionary biology. The book makes the bold and provocative claim that some biological diversity may be explained by something other than natural selection. The book makes an argument for the underappreciated role that randomness—or chance—plays in evolution. Due to the tremendous and enduring influence of Darwin's natural selection, the importance of randomness has been to some extent overshadowed. The book shows how the effects of randomness differ for organisms of different sizes, and how the smaller an organism is, the more likely it is that morphological differences will be random and selection may not be involved to any degree. The book then traces the increase in size and complexity of organisms over geological time, and looks at the varying significance of randomness at different size levels, from microorganisms to large mammals. The book also discusses how sexual cycles vary depending on size and complexity, and how the trend away from randomness in higher forms has even been reversed in some social organisms.
Bryan Shorrocks
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198570660
- eISBN:
- 9780191717680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570660.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter takes a brief look at the ecology and behaviour of the major mammals in the dynamics of the savannah ecosystem. Other animals (insects and birds) are mentioned briefly. First, the ...
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This chapter takes a brief look at the ecology and behaviour of the major mammals in the dynamics of the savannah ecosystem. Other animals (insects and birds) are mentioned briefly. First, the chapter examines the herbivores. This includes the migratory species of the Serengeti ecosystem (wildebeest, plains zebra and Thomson's gazelle) plus elephant, giraffe, hippopotamus, buffalo, Grant's gazelle, impala, hartebeest, topi (tiang & tsessebe), eland, rhinoceros, bushbuck, steenbok, oryx, gerenuk, dik dik, and kudu. Each species description includes details of size and weight, diet, behaviour, breeding, conservation status, and a distribution map. Biological topics that impinge upon diet and food selection, such as metabolism and body size, body size and mouth width, the contrast between ruminants and non-ruminants, are examined. Second, the chapter examines the major carnivores. These include lion, spotted hyaena, striped and brown hyaena, cheetah, leopard, wild dog, three jackals, foxes, and mongooses. Again diet, plus hunting techniques and territory characteristics and behaviour are briefly discussed, and a distribution map provided. Two savannah primates: baboons and vervet monkeys, are detailed.Less
This chapter takes a brief look at the ecology and behaviour of the major mammals in the dynamics of the savannah ecosystem. Other animals (insects and birds) are mentioned briefly. First, the chapter examines the herbivores. This includes the migratory species of the Serengeti ecosystem (wildebeest, plains zebra and Thomson's gazelle) plus elephant, giraffe, hippopotamus, buffalo, Grant's gazelle, impala, hartebeest, topi (tiang & tsessebe), eland, rhinoceros, bushbuck, steenbok, oryx, gerenuk, dik dik, and kudu. Each species description includes details of size and weight, diet, behaviour, breeding, conservation status, and a distribution map. Biological topics that impinge upon diet and food selection, such as metabolism and body size, body size and mouth width, the contrast between ruminants and non-ruminants, are examined. Second, the chapter examines the major carnivores. These include lion, spotted hyaena, striped and brown hyaena, cheetah, leopard, wild dog, three jackals, foxes, and mongooses. Again diet, plus hunting techniques and territory characteristics and behaviour are briefly discussed, and a distribution map provided. Two savannah primates: baboons and vervet monkeys, are detailed.
Michael Graham, Ben Halpern, and Mark Carr
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195319958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195319958.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
The chapter describes the geology, oceanography, and patterns of biogeography of the California kelp forests. The structure and biodiversity of the kelp forest food web for all trophic guilds is ...
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The chapter describes the geology, oceanography, and patterns of biogeography of the California kelp forests. The structure and biodiversity of the kelp forest food web for all trophic guilds is described as well as findings from experimental manipulations and long time series studies. The chapter finishes with a discussion of the role of fishing, habitat loss, and climate change on these kelp forests.Less
The chapter describes the geology, oceanography, and patterns of biogeography of the California kelp forests. The structure and biodiversity of the kelp forest food web for all trophic guilds is described as well as findings from experimental manipulations and long time series studies. The chapter finishes with a discussion of the role of fishing, habitat loss, and climate change on these kelp forests.
Gergely Papp and Alessandro Treves
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195323245
- eISBN:
- 9780199869268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323245.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter begins with a discussion of the evolutionary changes in the mammalian nervous system that distinguished it from reptilians and birds. It then discusses differentiation of the hippocampus ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the evolutionary changes in the mammalian nervous system that distinguished it from reptilians and birds. It then discusses differentiation of the hippocampus and virtual rat simulations. It argues that hippocampal models require firing-rate adaptation for producing a time-shifted localization, i.e., the prediction of future locations in a spatial environment. The hypothesis is that a major qualitative structural change may have served to produce solely a quantitative functional advantage.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the evolutionary changes in the mammalian nervous system that distinguished it from reptilians and birds. It then discusses differentiation of the hippocampus and virtual rat simulations. It argues that hippocampal models require firing-rate adaptation for producing a time-shifted localization, i.e., the prediction of future locations in a spatial environment. The hypothesis is that a major qualitative structural change may have served to produce solely a quantitative functional advantage.
Michael L. Weber
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195309454
- eISBN:
- 9780199871261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309454.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter focuses on the ideologies that underlie and play a major role in determining the policies of government, management, and even science. Ideology is defined as “the body of doctrines, ...
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This chapter focuses on the ideologies that underlie and play a major role in determining the policies of government, management, and even science. Ideology is defined as “the body of doctrines, myths, and beliefs that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group”. Prior to the 1970s, the policies for marine wildlife were dominated by an ideology of abundance. The passage of the MMPA introduced a counterideology, the ideology of scarcity. The factors leading to the passage of the MMPA are discussed.Less
This chapter focuses on the ideologies that underlie and play a major role in determining the policies of government, management, and even science. Ideology is defined as “the body of doctrines, myths, and beliefs that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group”. Prior to the 1970s, the policies for marine wildlife were dominated by an ideology of abundance. The passage of the MMPA introduced a counterideology, the ideology of scarcity. The factors leading to the passage of the MMPA are discussed.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses depth vision in animals other than cats and primates. These include invertebrates, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
This chapter discusses depth vision in animals other than cats and primates. These include invertebrates, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Ernest H. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179293
- eISBN:
- 9780199790470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179293.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
This chapter presents ecological, physiological, and behavioral features of different animals, including birds and reptiles. Some of these discussions explain extremes in size and shape, while others ...
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This chapter presents ecological, physiological, and behavioral features of different animals, including birds and reptiles. Some of these discussions explain extremes in size and shape, while others describe common physiological responses such as panting and shivering. Still others present specific behaviors that are readily observable, including living in groups and walking on walls. Taken together, these topics give a sense of the range of observations one can make about different animals.Less
This chapter presents ecological, physiological, and behavioral features of different animals, including birds and reptiles. Some of these discussions explain extremes in size and shape, while others describe common physiological responses such as panting and shivering. Still others present specific behaviors that are readily observable, including living in groups and walking on walls. Taken together, these topics give a sense of the range of observations one can make about different animals.
Richard Ostfeld, Felicia Keesing, and Katheleen Lo Giudice
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567080
- eISBN:
- 9780191717871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567080.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
A single case of Lyme disease involves at least six species: the human patient, the bacterial pathogen, the tick vector, and a vertebrate host for each of the three blood-feeding life stages of the ...
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A single case of Lyme disease involves at least six species: the human patient, the bacterial pathogen, the tick vector, and a vertebrate host for each of the three blood-feeding life stages of the tick. Each of these six species potentially interacts with one another and with other species within their communities. Disease systems also involve a larger network of species that play indirect but critical roles in determining disease risk. Both mammal species richness and species composition are critical to the prevalence of Lyme disease in northeastern US forests, and the functional roles of particular species often depends on the composition of the remaining community.Less
A single case of Lyme disease involves at least six species: the human patient, the bacterial pathogen, the tick vector, and a vertebrate host for each of the three blood-feeding life stages of the tick. Each of these six species potentially interacts with one another and with other species within their communities. Disease systems also involve a larger network of species that play indirect but critical roles in determining disease risk. Both mammal species richness and species composition are critical to the prevalence of Lyme disease in northeastern US forests, and the functional roles of particular species often depends on the composition of the remaining community.
C. JOHNSTONE
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264027
- eISBN:
- 9780191734908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.003.0011
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter summarizes the results of a preliminary study of the mammal and bird bone assemblages from Dichin, Bulgaria. It briefly describes the species identified and offers some tentative ...
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This chapter summarizes the results of a preliminary study of the mammal and bird bone assemblages from Dichin, Bulgaria. It briefly describes the species identified and offers some tentative conclusions as to their significance for reconstructing local environmental conditions. It pays particular attention to the domestic mammals and the preliminary results of analyses looking at the differing economic roles of cattle, sheep and pigs in the late Roman to early Byzantine periods. A total of 9,136 mammal and 573 bird bones were recorded from deposits at Dichin, all of which were identified at least to family level and mostly to species. Species of birds that were identified based on the bones are pelicans, cormorants, owls and corvids.Less
This chapter summarizes the results of a preliminary study of the mammal and bird bone assemblages from Dichin, Bulgaria. It briefly describes the species identified and offers some tentative conclusions as to their significance for reconstructing local environmental conditions. It pays particular attention to the domestic mammals and the preliminary results of analyses looking at the differing economic roles of cattle, sheep and pigs in the late Roman to early Byzantine periods. A total of 9,136 mammal and 573 bird bones were recorded from deposits at Dichin, all of which were identified at least to family level and mostly to species. Species of birds that were identified based on the bones are pelicans, cormorants, owls and corvids.
M. BEECH
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264027
- eISBN:
- 9780191734908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.003.0008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter describes the methodology and results of the environmental archaeology research programme at Nicopolis ad Istrum in the Balkans. The aims of the research programme were: to determine the ...
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This chapter describes the methodology and results of the environmental archaeology research programme at Nicopolis ad Istrum in the Balkans. The aims of the research programme were: to determine the use of the major domestic animal and plant species and to explore what husbandry practices may have been employed; to examine the changing role of domestic versus wild resources; to reconstruct the likely natural environment close to Nicopolis, using the presence of particular species and their known habitats. This chapter presents examinations of epigraphic and documentary evidence found at the site, including coins and animal footprints. A large quantity of bio-archaeological data was collected, including bone fragments of mammals, birds, and fish; moderate quantities of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine mollusca; and large quantities of cereals, pulses, edible fruits, and nuts, as well as wild plants.Less
This chapter describes the methodology and results of the environmental archaeology research programme at Nicopolis ad Istrum in the Balkans. The aims of the research programme were: to determine the use of the major domestic animal and plant species and to explore what husbandry practices may have been employed; to examine the changing role of domestic versus wild resources; to reconstruct the likely natural environment close to Nicopolis, using the presence of particular species and their known habitats. This chapter presents examinations of epigraphic and documentary evidence found at the site, including coins and animal footprints. A large quantity of bio-archaeological data was collected, including bone fragments of mammals, birds, and fish; moderate quantities of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine mollusca; and large quantities of cereals, pulses, edible fruits, and nuts, as well as wild plants.
Chris Ray and Sharon K. Collinge
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567080
- eISBN:
- 9780191717871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567080.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
Plague is emerging as a threat to humans and wildlife throughout western North America. Sylvatic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is maintained within a network of mammal species and ...
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Plague is emerging as a threat to humans and wildlife throughout western North America. Sylvatic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is maintained within a network of mammal species and their fleas. No ‘classic’ reservoir has been identified; no resistant host species is known to develop sufficient bacteremia to support vector transmission. Epizootics are detected through the observation of mass mortality in conspicuous species like prairie dogs. Prairie dogs have key effects on both the ecological and epidemiological dynamics of prairie communities. The diversity of small mammals is lower in prairie dog colonies, despite higher densities of certain species on colonies relative to other grassland sites. This pattern suggests increased competition or apparent competition in colonies, perhaps through shared use of prairie dog burrows. Graphical models demonstrate how the ratio of interspecific to intraspecific interactions may be altered in colonies, affecting the potential for plague transmission in complex ways.Less
Plague is emerging as a threat to humans and wildlife throughout western North America. Sylvatic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is maintained within a network of mammal species and their fleas. No ‘classic’ reservoir has been identified; no resistant host species is known to develop sufficient bacteremia to support vector transmission. Epizootics are detected through the observation of mass mortality in conspicuous species like prairie dogs. Prairie dogs have key effects on both the ecological and epidemiological dynamics of prairie communities. The diversity of small mammals is lower in prairie dog colonies, despite higher densities of certain species on colonies relative to other grassland sites. This pattern suggests increased competition or apparent competition in colonies, perhaps through shared use of prairie dog burrows. Graphical models demonstrate how the ratio of interspecific to intraspecific interactions may be altered in colonies, affecting the potential for plague transmission in complex ways.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter considers pollination by nonflying vertebrates and other oddities. It begins with a discussion of ectotherm vertebrates visiting flowers; these include fish, amphibians, and reptiles. ...
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This chapter considers pollination by nonflying vertebrates and other oddities. It begins with a discussion of ectotherm vertebrates visiting flowers; these include fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Fish are not recorded as flower visitors, but they are at least occasionally facilitators of the pollination process for shoreline pond plants, where they prey on animals that compete with or reduce pollinator populations. The chapter proceeds with an analysis of pollination by nonflying mammals such as marsupials, rodents, monkeys, and lemurs as well as flowers that they regularly visit, including ground-level (geoflorous) flowers and arboreal flowers. Finally, it examines pollination by unusual invertebrates ranging from snails and woodlice to land crabs and millipedes.Less
This chapter considers pollination by nonflying vertebrates and other oddities. It begins with a discussion of ectotherm vertebrates visiting flowers; these include fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Fish are not recorded as flower visitors, but they are at least occasionally facilitators of the pollination process for shoreline pond plants, where they prey on animals that compete with or reduce pollinator populations. The chapter proceeds with an analysis of pollination by nonflying mammals such as marsupials, rodents, monkeys, and lemurs as well as flowers that they regularly visit, including ground-level (geoflorous) flowers and arboreal flowers. Finally, it examines pollination by unusual invertebrates ranging from snails and woodlice to land crabs and millipedes.
Mauricio Lima and Fabian M. Jaksic
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507499
- eISBN:
- 9780191709845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507499.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter aims to cast new light upon the preceding chapters, drawing upon the authors' experience along the western fringe of South America, especially on data gained from Chilean ecosystems. The ...
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This chapter aims to cast new light upon the preceding chapters, drawing upon the authors' experience along the western fringe of South America, especially on data gained from Chilean ecosystems. The eastern side of the tropical Pacific — where El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays a highly significant role — is linked closely to the NAO impacts in the North Atlantic sector. Specifically, the impacts on plants, invertebrates, amphibians, birds, and mammals are considered.Less
This chapter aims to cast new light upon the preceding chapters, drawing upon the authors' experience along the western fringe of South America, especially on data gained from Chilean ecosystems. The eastern side of the tropical Pacific — where El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays a highly significant role — is linked closely to the NAO impacts in the North Atlantic sector. Specifically, the impacts on plants, invertebrates, amphibians, birds, and mammals are considered.
D. Dudley Williams
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528128
- eISBN:
- 9780191713538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528128.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter presents summaries of each taxonomic group inhabiting temporary waters, providing examples of habitat-specific requirements and adaptations throughout. Insects and crustaceans are the ...
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This chapter presents summaries of each taxonomic group inhabiting temporary waters, providing examples of habitat-specific requirements and adaptations throughout. Insects and crustaceans are the dominant community members and, consequently, the best studied groups. However, information is also provided on lesser known groups, such as the prokaryotes, fungi, nematodes, tardigrades, and rotifers. Higher plants, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are discussed. Detailed case histories are given of the biotas from common habitat types. Global and regional comparisons of temporary water communities are made and commonality is demonstrated.Less
This chapter presents summaries of each taxonomic group inhabiting temporary waters, providing examples of habitat-specific requirements and adaptations throughout. Insects and crustaceans are the dominant community members and, consequently, the best studied groups. However, information is also provided on lesser known groups, such as the prokaryotes, fungi, nematodes, tardigrades, and rotifers. Higher plants, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are discussed. Detailed case histories are given of the biotas from common habitat types. Global and regional comparisons of temporary water communities are made and commonality is demonstrated.
David Hazlerigg
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335903
- eISBN:
- 9780199775446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335903.003.0021
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter considers the challenge of accounting for the mechanisms behind seasonal photoperiodic timing in mammals for two well-defined seasonal responses: reproductive activation and the molting ...
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This chapter considers the challenge of accounting for the mechanisms behind seasonal photoperiodic timing in mammals for two well-defined seasonal responses: reproductive activation and the molting cycle. Topics discussed include neuroanatomical basis to the seasonal control of breeding and the molt; organization of the mammalian “photoperiodic axis”; the control of melatonin synthesis; and the link between melatonin signal transduction and deiodinase-expressing cells.Less
This chapter considers the challenge of accounting for the mechanisms behind seasonal photoperiodic timing in mammals for two well-defined seasonal responses: reproductive activation and the molting cycle. Topics discussed include neuroanatomical basis to the seasonal control of breeding and the molt; organization of the mammalian “photoperiodic axis”; the control of melatonin synthesis; and the link between melatonin signal transduction and deiodinase-expressing cells.
J. R. Krebs and G. Horn (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198521983
- eISBN:
- 9780191688492
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521983.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The topics discussed in this volume have been chosen to represent studies in which both behavioural and neurobiological analysis have been emphasized. They include work on behavioural and neural ...
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The topics discussed in this volume have been chosen to represent studies in which both behavioural and neurobiological analysis have been emphasized. They include work on behavioural and neural aspects of imprinting, song learning in birds, and spatial memory of food-storing birds. There are also overviews of neural and behavioural aspects of classical conditioning, the role of the hippocampus in spatial behaviour in mammals, and studies of learning in invertebrate model systems. The volume is based on a Royal Society Discussion Meeting held in February 1990 and the chapters have been published in the Society's Philosophical Transactions series B.Less
The topics discussed in this volume have been chosen to represent studies in which both behavioural and neurobiological analysis have been emphasized. They include work on behavioural and neural aspects of imprinting, song learning in birds, and spatial memory of food-storing birds. There are also overviews of neural and behavioural aspects of classical conditioning, the role of the hippocampus in spatial behaviour in mammals, and studies of learning in invertebrate model systems. The volume is based on a Royal Society Discussion Meeting held in February 1990 and the chapters have been published in the Society's Philosophical Transactions series B.
Samuel T. Turvey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199535095
- eISBN:
- 9780191715754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535095.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter presents last occurrence dates and associated data for 255 extinct mammal species that are currently known or suspected to have died out during the Holocene. This includes species known ...
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This chapter presents last occurrence dates and associated data for 255 extinct mammal species that are currently known or suspected to have died out during the Holocene. This includes species known to have survived into the historical period, and those represented in Late Quaternary subfossil deposits known or believed to be Holocene in age, or from island systems which humans did not reach until the Holocene.Less
This chapter presents last occurrence dates and associated data for 255 extinct mammal species that are currently known or suspected to have died out during the Holocene. This includes species known to have survived into the historical period, and those represented in Late Quaternary subfossil deposits known or believed to be Holocene in age, or from island systems which humans did not reach until the Holocene.
