Richard A. Schoenherr
David Yamane (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780195082593
- eISBN:
- 9780199834952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195082591.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter continues the discussion begun in the last, explaining why each of the seven trends gaining strength in the Catholic Church consists of a pair of social forces in dialectical conflict, ...
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This chapter continues the discussion begun in the last, explaining why each of the seven trends gaining strength in the Catholic Church consists of a pair of social forces in dialectical conflict, and how balancing the tension between them can resolve the conflict. The first to third trends in the matrix were discussed in the last chapter. This one examines the fourth and fifth trends, which affect the tension between immanence and transcendence. The fourth trend is declining transcendentalism and growing personalism in the social construction of human sexuality, which are reflected in the conflict over celibacy and marriage in the priesthood. The fifth trend is declining male dominance and growing female independence in relations between the sexes, which are reflected in the conflict over male hegemony and gender equality in the Catholic ministry.Less
This chapter continues the discussion begun in the last, explaining why each of the seven trends gaining strength in the Catholic Church consists of a pair of social forces in dialectical conflict, and how balancing the tension between them can resolve the conflict. The first to third trends in the matrix were discussed in the last chapter. This one examines the fourth and fifth trends, which affect the tension between immanence and transcendence. The fourth trend is declining transcendentalism and growing personalism in the social construction of human sexuality, which are reflected in the conflict over celibacy and marriage in the priesthood. The fifth trend is declining male dominance and growing female independence in relations between the sexes, which are reflected in the conflict over male hegemony and gender equality in the Catholic ministry.
Hera Cook
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199252183
- eISBN:
- 9780191719240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252183.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The anxiety regarding masturbation peaked in the early interwar period at which time shame was regarded as a natural result of the practice of masturbation even by sexual reformers. In this period, ...
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The anxiety regarding masturbation peaked in the early interwar period at which time shame was regarded as a natural result of the practice of masturbation even by sexual reformers. In this period, any manual contact with the genital of the self or a sexual partner was defined as masturbation in the sex manuals. Male sexual dominance was the norm and Freudian concepts of the shift from clitoral to vaginal sexual responsiveness in women were deployed to reconstruct a new account of women's sexuality as active but still oriented toward sexual intercourse. A contemporary response to D. H. Lawrence is considered.Less
The anxiety regarding masturbation peaked in the early interwar period at which time shame was regarded as a natural result of the practice of masturbation even by sexual reformers. In this period, any manual contact with the genital of the self or a sexual partner was defined as masturbation in the sex manuals. Male sexual dominance was the norm and Freudian concepts of the shift from clitoral to vaginal sexual responsiveness in women were deployed to reconstruct a new account of women's sexuality as active but still oriented toward sexual intercourse. A contemporary response to D. H. Lawrence is considered.
Drude Dahlerup and Monique Leyenaar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653898
- eISBN:
- 9780191751578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653898.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter introduces the core question of this book: how male dominance has been changed—or not changed—and defines ‘old democracies’. It challenges the time-lag theory. Furthermore, it explains ...
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This chapter introduces the core question of this book: how male dominance has been changed—or not changed—and defines ‘old democracies’. It challenges the time-lag theory. Furthermore, it explains the book’s methodological approach as well as its level of analysis and focus. In the chapter, a new conceptual model is presented for analysing male dominance in politics by extending the scope to six dimensions and by defining the degree of male dominance. Male dominance in politics encompasses the numerical political representation of women, politics as a workplace, vertical and horizontal sex segregation, discourses on women’s presence in politics, and gender equality policies. The degree of male dominance in politics refers to the representation of women in parliaments. Four stages are introduced based on these numbers: male monopoly, a small minority, a large minority, and gender balance.Less
This chapter introduces the core question of this book: how male dominance has been changed—or not changed—and defines ‘old democracies’. It challenges the time-lag theory. Furthermore, it explains the book’s methodological approach as well as its level of analysis and focus. In the chapter, a new conceptual model is presented for analysing male dominance in politics by extending the scope to six dimensions and by defining the degree of male dominance. Male dominance in politics encompasses the numerical political representation of women, politics as a workplace, vertical and horizontal sex segregation, discourses on women’s presence in politics, and gender equality policies. The degree of male dominance in politics refers to the representation of women in parliaments. Four stages are introduced based on these numbers: male monopoly, a small minority, a large minority, and gender balance.
Drude Dahlerup and Monique Leyenaar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653898
- eISBN:
- 9780191751578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653898.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The chapter presents a four-stage model of breaking male dominance in old democracies, based on the changes in the numerical representation of women: feminist demands concerning women’s ...
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The chapter presents a four-stage model of breaking male dominance in old democracies, based on the changes in the numerical representation of women: feminist demands concerning women’s representation; the party responses; the entrance of women into party leadership (vertical sex segregation); and, finally, changing norms regarding the inclusion of women in government and their assigned portfolios (vertical and horizontal segregation). The model serves as a sketch of historical reality. It appears that breaking male dominance is not a simple story of a common pathway with a given irreversible ending: gender balance in politics. A concept of conditional irreversibility is presented.Less
The chapter presents a four-stage model of breaking male dominance in old democracies, based on the changes in the numerical representation of women: feminist demands concerning women’s representation; the party responses; the entrance of women into party leadership (vertical sex segregation); and, finally, changing norms regarding the inclusion of women in government and their assigned portfolios (vertical and horizontal segregation). The model serves as a sketch of historical reality. It appears that breaking male dominance is not a simple story of a common pathway with a given irreversible ending: gender balance in politics. A concept of conditional irreversibility is presented.
Jude Browne
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861345998
- eISBN:
- 9781447303343
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861345998.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter provides a critical analysis of causal explanations of vertical occupational sex segregation (VOSS). It evaluates the representative theories from three major ‘explanatory camps’: ...
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This chapter provides a critical analysis of causal explanations of vertical occupational sex segregation (VOSS). It evaluates the representative theories from three major ‘explanatory camps’: psychological and psycho-physiological theories, theories of patriarchy, and human capital-based theories. The chapter explores the work both of more ‘traditional’ advocates of each camp, and of some theorists who have attempted to develop their fields. It specifically looks at Steven Goldberg's Male Dominance Theory, Simon Baron-Cohen's Empathising/Systemising Theory, and Carol Gilligan's Different Voice thesis. Moreover, Sylvia Walby and Valerie Bryson's Patriarchy Theory is elaborated. Then, Rational Choice Theory by Gary Becker, and Preference Theory by Catherine Hakim, are highlighted. The limitations of each of the theoretical approaches, and the ways in which each camp tends to assume a false homogeneity among women, irrespective of various claims to the contrary, are noted.Less
This chapter provides a critical analysis of causal explanations of vertical occupational sex segregation (VOSS). It evaluates the representative theories from three major ‘explanatory camps’: psychological and psycho-physiological theories, theories of patriarchy, and human capital-based theories. The chapter explores the work both of more ‘traditional’ advocates of each camp, and of some theorists who have attempted to develop their fields. It specifically looks at Steven Goldberg's Male Dominance Theory, Simon Baron-Cohen's Empathising/Systemising Theory, and Carol Gilligan's Different Voice thesis. Moreover, Sylvia Walby and Valerie Bryson's Patriarchy Theory is elaborated. Then, Rational Choice Theory by Gary Becker, and Preference Theory by Catherine Hakim, are highlighted. The limitations of each of the theoretical approaches, and the ways in which each camp tends to assume a false homogeneity among women, irrespective of various claims to the contrary, are noted.
Drude Dahlerup and Monique Leyenaar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199653898
- eISBN:
- 9780191751578
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653898.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Has male dominance in political life been broken? Will gender balance in elected assemblies soon be reached? This book analyses the longitudinal development of women’s political representation in ...
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Has male dominance in political life been broken? Will gender balance in elected assemblies soon be reached? This book analyses the longitudinal development of women’s political representation in eight old democracies, in which women were enfranchised before and around World War I: Denmark, Iceland, Germany, the Netherlands, New Jersey (USA), New South Wales (Australia), Sweden, and the United Kingdom. These countries/states have all followed an incremental track model of change in women’s position in political life, but have followed different trajectories. This slow development stands in contrast to recent examples of fast-track development in many countries from the Global South, not least as a result of the adoption of gender quotas. Furthermore, the book discusses in four separate chapters the common historical development in old democracies, the different trajectories and sequences, the framing of women politicians, and the impact of party and party system change. In this book an innovative model of male dominance is developed and defined in terms of both degree and scope. Four stages are identified: male monopoly, small minority, large minority, and gender balance. The book then reconceptualizes male dominance by also looking at horizontal and vertical sex segregation in politics, at male-coded norms in the political workplace, and at discourses of women as politicians. According to the time-lag theory, gender balance in politics will gradually be achieved. But this theory is challenged by recent stagnation and falls in women’s representation in some of the old democracies. A new concept of conditional irreversibility is developed in the final discussion about whether we are heading for gender balance in politics.Less
Has male dominance in political life been broken? Will gender balance in elected assemblies soon be reached? This book analyses the longitudinal development of women’s political representation in eight old democracies, in which women were enfranchised before and around World War I: Denmark, Iceland, Germany, the Netherlands, New Jersey (USA), New South Wales (Australia), Sweden, and the United Kingdom. These countries/states have all followed an incremental track model of change in women’s position in political life, but have followed different trajectories. This slow development stands in contrast to recent examples of fast-track development in many countries from the Global South, not least as a result of the adoption of gender quotas. Furthermore, the book discusses in four separate chapters the common historical development in old democracies, the different trajectories and sequences, the framing of women politicians, and the impact of party and party system change. In this book an innovative model of male dominance is developed and defined in terms of both degree and scope. Four stages are identified: male monopoly, small minority, large minority, and gender balance. The book then reconceptualizes male dominance by also looking at horizontal and vertical sex segregation in politics, at male-coded norms in the political workplace, and at discourses of women as politicians. According to the time-lag theory, gender balance in politics will gradually be achieved. But this theory is challenged by recent stagnation and falls in women’s representation in some of the old democracies. A new concept of conditional irreversibility is developed in the final discussion about whether we are heading for gender balance in politics.
Anya Jabour
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807831014
- eISBN:
- 9781469605166
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807887646_jabour
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
This book explores the meaning of nineteenth-century southern womanhood from the vantage point of the celebrated fictional characters' flesh-and-blood counterparts: young, elite, white women. It ...
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This book explores the meaning of nineteenth-century southern womanhood from the vantage point of the celebrated fictional characters' flesh-and-blood counterparts: young, elite, white women. It demonstrates that southern girls and young women faced a major turning point when the Civil War forced them to assume new roles and responsibilities as independent women. Examining the lives of more than 300 girls and women between ages fifteen and twenty-five, the book traces the socialization of southern white ladies from early adolescence through young adulthood. It shows that, amidst the upheaval of the Civil War, elite young women, once reluctant to challenge white supremacy and male dominance, became more rebellious. They adopted the ideology of Confederate independence in shaping a new model of southern womanhood that eschewed dependence on slave labor and male guidance. By tracing the lives of young white women in a society in flux, the book reveals how the South's old social order was maintained and a new one created as southern girls and young women learned, questioned, and ultimately changed what it meant to be a southern lady.Less
This book explores the meaning of nineteenth-century southern womanhood from the vantage point of the celebrated fictional characters' flesh-and-blood counterparts: young, elite, white women. It demonstrates that southern girls and young women faced a major turning point when the Civil War forced them to assume new roles and responsibilities as independent women. Examining the lives of more than 300 girls and women between ages fifteen and twenty-five, the book traces the socialization of southern white ladies from early adolescence through young adulthood. It shows that, amidst the upheaval of the Civil War, elite young women, once reluctant to challenge white supremacy and male dominance, became more rebellious. They adopted the ideology of Confederate independence in shaping a new model of southern womanhood that eschewed dependence on slave labor and male guidance. By tracing the lives of young white women in a society in flux, the book reveals how the South's old social order was maintained and a new one created as southern girls and young women learned, questioned, and ultimately changed what it meant to be a southern lady.
Deborah A. Boehm
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814789834
- eISBN:
- 9780814789858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814789834.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter looks at how immigration directs and impacts gender relations and subjectivities, and outlines the changing roles of women and men. Constructions of manhood and womanhood are shifting as ...
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This chapter looks at how immigration directs and impacts gender relations and subjectivities, and outlines the changing roles of women and men. Constructions of manhood and womanhood are shifting as males and females migrate within a transnational space. Migration results in a complex interplay between men and women—a series of negotiation through which women are exercising increased power in some circumstances but also facing the reassertion of male dominance. Similarly, men practice new forms of control as they simultaneously experience loss and are subjected to power imbalances in the United States. Moreover, masculinity is both reconstituted and compromised by immigration to the United States.Less
This chapter looks at how immigration directs and impacts gender relations and subjectivities, and outlines the changing roles of women and men. Constructions of manhood and womanhood are shifting as males and females migrate within a transnational space. Migration results in a complex interplay between men and women—a series of negotiation through which women are exercising increased power in some circumstances but also facing the reassertion of male dominance. Similarly, men practice new forms of control as they simultaneously experience loss and are subjected to power imbalances in the United States. Moreover, masculinity is both reconstituted and compromised by immigration to the United States.
Eller Cynthia
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520248595
- eISBN:
- 9780520948556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520248595.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter takes a look at the matriarchal myth, which considers the possibility that male dominance can end, first examining Dan Brown's The DaVinci Code, a novel which imagines a sex-positive, ...
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This chapter takes a look at the matriarchal myth, which considers the possibility that male dominance can end, first examining Dan Brown's The DaVinci Code, a novel which imagines a sex-positive, harmonious ancient world that is balanced between the genders. It then examines the narrative of matriarchal human origins and ends with an analysis of the meaning of the term myth.Less
This chapter takes a look at the matriarchal myth, which considers the possibility that male dominance can end, first examining Dan Brown's The DaVinci Code, a novel which imagines a sex-positive, harmonious ancient world that is balanced between the genders. It then examines the narrative of matriarchal human origins and ends with an analysis of the meaning of the term myth.
Andrea Dworkin
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300098006
- eISBN:
- 9780300135305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300098006.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This chapter focuses on feminist jurisprudence and the two things one should expect from it. The first is that the law has to recognize real injuries to real women, concrete ways in which women are ...
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This chapter focuses on feminist jurisprudence and the two things one should expect from it. The first is that the law has to recognize real injuries to real women, concrete ways in which women are turned into second-class citizens, acts that hurt women, and the lexicon through which women's bodies are colonized for sexual exploitation. The law has to, in some way, be about something real that is helping to keep women under, to keep women accessible for sexual exploitation or sexual abuse. The second thing that it must do is exactly what law does not want to do: the law has to undermine or sabotage male dominance. In political terms, it should make a difference in the distribution of power between men and women, in addition to redressing real grievances.Less
This chapter focuses on feminist jurisprudence and the two things one should expect from it. The first is that the law has to recognize real injuries to real women, concrete ways in which women are turned into second-class citizens, acts that hurt women, and the lexicon through which women's bodies are colonized for sexual exploitation. The law has to, in some way, be about something real that is helping to keep women under, to keep women accessible for sexual exploitation or sexual abuse. The second thing that it must do is exactly what law does not want to do: the law has to undermine or sabotage male dominance. In political terms, it should make a difference in the distribution of power between men and women, in addition to redressing real grievances.
Rebecca E. Klatch
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217133
- eISBN:
- 9780520922341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217133.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter discusses the divisions within both SDS and YAF over “the woman question,” over whether women were first- or second-class citizens. It explains that despite objective evidence of male ...
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This chapter discusses the divisions within both SDS and YAF over “the woman question,” over whether women were first- or second-class citizens. It explains that despite objective evidence of male dominance in each group, there was a split among women in each group as to their subjective perceptions of discrimination. The chapter argues that these differences were due primarily to organizational factors and to the availability of a language to identify inequality.Less
This chapter discusses the divisions within both SDS and YAF over “the woman question,” over whether women were first- or second-class citizens. It explains that despite objective evidence of male dominance in each group, there was a split among women in each group as to their subjective perceptions of discrimination. The chapter argues that these differences were due primarily to organizational factors and to the availability of a language to identify inequality.
Patricia Easteal
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426208
- eISBN:
- 9781447302629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426208.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter describes how, despite all of the campaigns and resources available for survivors in Australia, there does seem to be a resistance to changing attitudes about rape, which affects the ...
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This chapter describes how, despite all of the campaigns and resources available for survivors in Australia, there does seem to be a resistance to changing attitudes about rape, which affects the criminal justice response. The gendered pay gap and public-private dichotomy perpetuate the devaluation of women and male dominance. It is within such a context that mythology flourishes about rape, male sexuality, and female sexuality.Less
This chapter describes how, despite all of the campaigns and resources available for survivors in Australia, there does seem to be a resistance to changing attitudes about rape, which affects the criminal justice response. The gendered pay gap and public-private dichotomy perpetuate the devaluation of women and male dominance. It is within such a context that mythology flourishes about rape, male sexuality, and female sexuality.
Wang Zheng
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520292284
- eISBN:
- 9780520965867
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520292284.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This first book engendering the PRC high politics narrates a hidden history of socialist state formation in which feminists in the CCP operated in a politics of concealment in order to enact their ...
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This first book engendering the PRC high politics narrates a hidden history of socialist state formation in which feminists in the CCP operated in a politics of concealment in order to enact their feminist visions of a socialist stateand to launch a feminist revolutiontransforming a patriarchal culture. Analyzing archival sourcesand interviews with a double-lens of gender and class, the book illuminates a gender line of struggle in the CCP, debunks a conceptualization of a monolithic patriarchal party/state that paradoxically supported gender equality, and demonstrates state feminists’ contentions in diverse fields and fierce opposition from a male-dominated CCP leadership from the Party Central to the local government. Socialist cultural production is also examined to demonstrate how feminist leaders consciously created a new paradigm of visual representation of heroines and continued a New Culture anti-patriarchy heritage in socialist film production. The feminist endeavors in the cultural realm aiming to transform gender and class hierarchies are discussedin conjunction with an examination of the dense entanglements among those in the top echelon of the Party and an analysis of how the politicalbeing saturated withthe personal dynamics. Discussing the causes for failure of China’s socialist revolution, the book raises fundamental questions about male dominance in social movements and political revolutions that aim to pursue social justice and equality. The book also scrutinizes post-socialist knowledge production that has operated in a politics of erasure of a history of socialist state feminism.Less
This first book engendering the PRC high politics narrates a hidden history of socialist state formation in which feminists in the CCP operated in a politics of concealment in order to enact their feminist visions of a socialist stateand to launch a feminist revolutiontransforming a patriarchal culture. Analyzing archival sourcesand interviews with a double-lens of gender and class, the book illuminates a gender line of struggle in the CCP, debunks a conceptualization of a monolithic patriarchal party/state that paradoxically supported gender equality, and demonstrates state feminists’ contentions in diverse fields and fierce opposition from a male-dominated CCP leadership from the Party Central to the local government. Socialist cultural production is also examined to demonstrate how feminist leaders consciously created a new paradigm of visual representation of heroines and continued a New Culture anti-patriarchy heritage in socialist film production. The feminist endeavors in the cultural realm aiming to transform gender and class hierarchies are discussedin conjunction with an examination of the dense entanglements among those in the top echelon of the Party and an analysis of how the politicalbeing saturated withthe personal dynamics. Discussing the causes for failure of China’s socialist revolution, the book raises fundamental questions about male dominance in social movements and political revolutions that aim to pursue social justice and equality. The book also scrutinizes post-socialist knowledge production that has operated in a politics of erasure of a history of socialist state feminism.
Benedicte Ingstad, Arwa Baider, and Lisbet Grut
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428851
- eISBN:
- 9781447302063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428851.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter shows a situation in which culture makes the difference in the life situation of poor disabled women and men. It concentrates on data from Yemen, mainly qualitative interviews with 35 ...
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This chapter shows a situation in which culture makes the difference in the life situation of poor disabled women and men. It concentrates on data from Yemen, mainly qualitative interviews with 35 individuals and one group interview with young physically disabled girls in an orphanage. The chapter confirms that poverty gives people less access to healthcare and preventive measures, education, and money to buy nutritious food and medicines. Thus poor people are more at risk than others of developing impairments. Similarly, education, social services, and employment are less accessible to a disabled person in Yemen than to those who have full use of their limbs, senses, and intellectual ability. The gender issues of segregation and male dominance play an important role in making girls/women with an impairment more disadvantaged in many ways than boys/men.Less
This chapter shows a situation in which culture makes the difference in the life situation of poor disabled women and men. It concentrates on data from Yemen, mainly qualitative interviews with 35 individuals and one group interview with young physically disabled girls in an orphanage. The chapter confirms that poverty gives people less access to healthcare and preventive measures, education, and money to buy nutritious food and medicines. Thus poor people are more at risk than others of developing impairments. Similarly, education, social services, and employment are less accessible to a disabled person in Yemen than to those who have full use of their limbs, senses, and intellectual ability. The gender issues of segregation and male dominance play an important role in making girls/women with an impairment more disadvantaged in many ways than boys/men.
Wang Zheng
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520292284
- eISBN:
- 9780520965867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520292284.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Summarizing socialist state feminists’ struggles in the early PRC, this chapterpoints out thatwithout a conscious feminist transformation of the entrenchedmale supremacisthierarchical mentality,the ...
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Summarizing socialist state feminists’ struggles in the early PRC, this chapterpoints out thatwithout a conscious feminist transformation of the entrenchedmale supremacisthierarchical mentality,the CCP male leaders’ pursuit of a Communist dream was inherently flawed, and eventually redirected by an inner masculinist drive to reproduce male dominance. Analyses of causes of the failure of a socialist revolution are followed with an examination of socialist state feminist legacies in contemporary China. The chapter ends with a discussion of transformed political fields of Chinese feminism in the age of global capitalism whenthe ACWFno longercommands a unified women’s movement and is not in the position to continue a socialist feminist revolution, instead embracing a UN mandate of gender mainstreaming;and growing numbers of young feminists operate outside the official system via the cyber space interacting with feminists transnationally, rising as a dynamic political force challenging male dominance.Less
Summarizing socialist state feminists’ struggles in the early PRC, this chapterpoints out thatwithout a conscious feminist transformation of the entrenchedmale supremacisthierarchical mentality,the CCP male leaders’ pursuit of a Communist dream was inherently flawed, and eventually redirected by an inner masculinist drive to reproduce male dominance. Analyses of causes of the failure of a socialist revolution are followed with an examination of socialist state feminist legacies in contemporary China. The chapter ends with a discussion of transformed political fields of Chinese feminism in the age of global capitalism whenthe ACWFno longercommands a unified women’s movement and is not in the position to continue a socialist feminist revolution, instead embracing a UN mandate of gender mainstreaming;and growing numbers of young feminists operate outside the official system via the cyber space interacting with feminists transnationally, rising as a dynamic political force challenging male dominance.
Kumiko Nemoto
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501702488
- eISBN:
- 9781501706219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702488.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This concluding chapter reflects on important changes and future reforms that Japan needs to work on if it wishes to reduce sex segregation, not only at the organizational level, but also in ...
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This concluding chapter reflects on important changes and future reforms that Japan needs to work on if it wishes to reduce sex segregation, not only at the organizational level, but also in management structures, the labor market, and the overall employment picture. It argues that the main reason why there has been little change in the state/business-led institutional dependence in Japan is the Japanese business culture's style of conformity management, characterized by a reluctance to implement necessary innovations and liberal reforms or to diversify and mobilize the labor market. Japanese management places too much emphasis on conformity, and the elderly dominate Japan's decision making, which makes change extremely difficult. With lifelong employment and seniority further sustaining the continuation of male dominance, women's low status will continue to be blocked by this organizational inertia.Less
This concluding chapter reflects on important changes and future reforms that Japan needs to work on if it wishes to reduce sex segregation, not only at the organizational level, but also in management structures, the labor market, and the overall employment picture. It argues that the main reason why there has been little change in the state/business-led institutional dependence in Japan is the Japanese business culture's style of conformity management, characterized by a reluctance to implement necessary innovations and liberal reforms or to diversify and mobilize the labor market. Japanese management places too much emphasis on conformity, and the elderly dominate Japan's decision making, which makes change extremely difficult. With lifelong employment and seniority further sustaining the continuation of male dominance, women's low status will continue to be blocked by this organizational inertia.
Tom Digby
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231168410
- eISBN:
- 9780231538404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231168410.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter explores the cultural programming of heterosexual romantic relationships. It begins by citing the real-life story of a couple who are both Army sergeants, Sergeants William and Erin ...
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This chapter explores the cultural programming of heterosexual romantic relationships. It begins by citing the real-life story of a couple who are both Army sergeants, Sergeants William and Erin Edwards. Erin exemplifies a life of a woman whose cultural ideals are changing, while William typifies a man whose manhood cannot adjust to women's changing cultural ideals. This phenomenon is known as the heterosexual antagonism caused by cultural programming. Cultural programming assigns men with natural dominance and women with natural submissiveness. The idea has been challenged in several countries and different fields of expertise. The chapter also considers philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's views about the intertwining of love and gender equality in heterosexual romantic relationships. Nietzsche agrees with the male domination/female subordination arrangement in romantic relationships.Less
This chapter explores the cultural programming of heterosexual romantic relationships. It begins by citing the real-life story of a couple who are both Army sergeants, Sergeants William and Erin Edwards. Erin exemplifies a life of a woman whose cultural ideals are changing, while William typifies a man whose manhood cannot adjust to women's changing cultural ideals. This phenomenon is known as the heterosexual antagonism caused by cultural programming. Cultural programming assigns men with natural dominance and women with natural submissiveness. The idea has been challenged in several countries and different fields of expertise. The chapter also considers philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's views about the intertwining of love and gender equality in heterosexual romantic relationships. Nietzsche agrees with the male domination/female subordination arrangement in romantic relationships.
Tom Digby
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231168410
- eISBN:
- 9780231538404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231168410.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines the exchange-based economy of heterosexual romantic relationships. On the one hand, this economy argues that to assure man's dominance, he is expected to protect and provide for ...
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This chapter examines the exchange-based economy of heterosexual romantic relationships. On the one hand, this economy argues that to assure man's dominance, he is expected to protect and provide for his family, as well as to procreate. On the other hand, a woman is considered as a homemaker for both her children and her partner. This situation is known as transactionality, which exacerbates the antagonism of heterosexual romantic relationships. When the pressure to conform to this transactionality intensifies, both individuals in the relationship might end up exploiting one another. The chapter goes on to describe transactional heterosexuality in traditional war-reliant societies and their contemporary counterparts.Less
This chapter examines the exchange-based economy of heterosexual romantic relationships. On the one hand, this economy argues that to assure man's dominance, he is expected to protect and provide for his family, as well as to procreate. On the other hand, a woman is considered as a homemaker for both her children and her partner. This situation is known as transactionality, which exacerbates the antagonism of heterosexual romantic relationships. When the pressure to conform to this transactionality intensifies, both individuals in the relationship might end up exploiting one another. The chapter goes on to describe transactional heterosexuality in traditional war-reliant societies and their contemporary counterparts.
Kate Manne
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190604981
- eISBN:
- 9780190605018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190604981.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This final chapter applies the analysis of misogyny to the 2016 presidential election, in which Hillary Clinton was defeated by Donald Trump, despite the latter being vastly underqualified and ...
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This final chapter applies the analysis of misogyny to the 2016 presidential election, in which Hillary Clinton was defeated by Donald Trump, despite the latter being vastly underqualified and temperamentally and morally unsuited to the position. There was also a great deal of misogyny directed toward Clinton not only by Trump and others on the right but also from left-wing sources. It is argued that much of this misogyny and even the outcome were to some extent predictable, on the basis of evidence of misogynistic biases against women who compete for male-dominated leadership positions. Research in social psychology shows that, when a woman cannot be judged less competent than her male counterpart in such contexts, many people will hold that, although they are equally competent, she is less likable than he is. Women are just as likely as men to reject high-achieving women in this manner, due to ego-protective mechanisms.Less
This final chapter applies the analysis of misogyny to the 2016 presidential election, in which Hillary Clinton was defeated by Donald Trump, despite the latter being vastly underqualified and temperamentally and morally unsuited to the position. There was also a great deal of misogyny directed toward Clinton not only by Trump and others on the right but also from left-wing sources. It is argued that much of this misogyny and even the outcome were to some extent predictable, on the basis of evidence of misogynistic biases against women who compete for male-dominated leadership positions. Research in social psychology shows that, when a woman cannot be judged less competent than her male counterpart in such contexts, many people will hold that, although they are equally competent, she is less likable than he is. Women are just as likely as men to reject high-achieving women in this manner, due to ego-protective mechanisms.
Susanna Trnka
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501749223
- eISBN:
- 9781501749247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501749223.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, European Cultural Anthropology
This chapter describes the world of sex and the erotic. It discusses movement and interrelationality by means of observing ballroom dance lessons, which is a required part of coming of age for many ...
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This chapter describes the world of sex and the erotic. It discusses movement and interrelationality by means of observing ballroom dance lessons, which is a required part of coming of age for many Czech youth. Following a daughter and her mother through the first steps of becoming a cultured ballroom dancer, the chapter looks at how sexuality, male dominance, and female sexual objectification are both encouraged and circumscribed on the dance floor. It considers the universality of sexual imagery and the prevalence of male violence across a range of domestic and public sites. The chapter also questions what sexuality means in terms of women's agency and whether or not, as Jan Patocka suggested, there is indeed an inherent liberatory potential to deeply intimate, erotic relations. It analyzes whether sex is a possible path to self-transcendence.Less
This chapter describes the world of sex and the erotic. It discusses movement and interrelationality by means of observing ballroom dance lessons, which is a required part of coming of age for many Czech youth. Following a daughter and her mother through the first steps of becoming a cultured ballroom dancer, the chapter looks at how sexuality, male dominance, and female sexual objectification are both encouraged and circumscribed on the dance floor. It considers the universality of sexual imagery and the prevalence of male violence across a range of domestic and public sites. The chapter also questions what sexuality means in terms of women's agency and whether or not, as Jan Patocka suggested, there is indeed an inherent liberatory potential to deeply intimate, erotic relations. It analyzes whether sex is a possible path to self-transcendence.
