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Colonial Medicine and Malaria Eradication in Okinawa in the Twentieth Century:: From the Colonial Model to the United States Model

Wataru Iijima

in Disease, Colonialism, and the State: Malaria in Modern East Asian History

This chapter discusses the importance of colonial Taiwan's model of malaria control in Japanese colonial medicine and examines the process of malaria eradication in Yaeyama of the Ryukyu Islands in ... More

This chapter discusses the importance of colonial Taiwan's model of malaria control in Japanese colonial medicine and examines the process of malaria eradication in Yaeyama of the Ryukyu Islands in the twentieth century. It evaluates the historical significance of Yaeyama's case in the context of the history of malaria in East Asia and the world. It explains that Yaeyama's experience is important because it reflected changes in approaches to malaria eradication in the twentieth century: from a model developed in Taiwan under Japanese colonial rule to a U.S. model supported by the World Health Organization (WHO). It also highlights the contributions made by Japanese researchers and research institutes to the development of colonial medicine and their role in anti-malaria efforts in Yaeyama, Taiwan, and other Japanese colonial possessions.Less

Colonialism, Disease, and Public Health:: Malaria in the History of Hong Kong

Ka-che Yip

in Disease, Colonialism, and the State: Malaria in Modern East Asian History

This chapter provides a better understanding of the colonial administration's policies towards diseases in general, the nature and significance of malaria control specifically, and the complexity of ... More

This chapter provides a better understanding of the colonial administration's policies towards diseases in general, the nature and significance of malaria control specifically, and the complexity of bio-political governance and colonial rule in Hong Kong through an examination of the ways in which the colonial government in Hong Kong responded to the threat of malaria and the factors that shaped such responses. It notes that some scholars have argued that medicine and public health had been used consciously by imperial powers for political expansion, economic gains, or social control. It adds that others have maintained that the behavior of the colonial government could be understood as but “natural manifestations of political rule”. It observes that both interpretations, however, tend to understate the complexity of colonial rule and the importance of local factors in the development of colonial policies.Less

Perceptual Landscape: Scientific Experimentation, Colonial Medicine, and the Medicalization of Palestine

in Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920-1947

This chapter, which examines the history of colonial medicine, scientific experimentation, and the medicalization of Palestine, suggests that Zionist malariologists' discoveries and experiments were ... More

This chapter, which examines the history of colonial medicine, scientific experimentation, and the medicalization of Palestine, suggests that Zionist malariologists' discoveries and experiments were social and political events that added a new layer to the sociocultural history of Mandate Palestine given their connection to nationalist agenda. It highlights the Zionist health officials' belief that it was only by knowing the land and the enemy that effective malaria control and nationalist transformation took place.Less

The First World War and Epidemic Disease

Frank M. Snowden

in The Conquest of Malaria: Italy, 1900-1962

This chapter examines Italy's decision in 1915 to join England, France, and Russia in their conflict with the Central powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, which followed fifteen years of ... More

This chapter examines Italy's decision in 1915 to join England, France, and Russia in their conflict with the Central powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, which followed fifteen years of unprecedented progress toward malaria control. New scientific understandings of the disease were effectively applied to create a rural health infrastructure from 1900 onward. Health stations and sanatoriums took medical care to the most remote areas of the nation. Teachers, physicians, and trade unionists mobilized public opinion in favor of workers' rights, improved sanitary conditions, and promoted universal literacy. Parliament passed legislation protecting women and children from forms of exploitation that exposed them to unacceptably high risks of infection. At the same time, central and local governments were charged with making the specific remedy freely available to all who needed it. By 1915 the ultimate objective of eradication remained distant, but a well-organized movement to alleviate the epidemic and to reduce mortality was gathering momentum.Less

Potential Landscape: Swamp Drainage Projects and the Politics of Settlement

in Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920-1947

This chapter examines the connection between swamp drainage projects in Palestine aimed at malaria control and the politics of settlement, projects which, it explains, not only forged tangible ... More

This chapter examines the connection between swamp drainage projects in Palestine aimed at malaria control and the politics of settlement, projects which, it explains, not only forged tangible connections between disease, land transformation, and Zionist redemption, but were also semantically bound with nationalist agendas. It suggests that Zionist malaria control efforts were not simply a war against disease, but perhaps more of a campaign to create more room for immigration and settlement, to further the building of a Jewish national home.Less

Technological Landscape: The Jezreel Valley and the Huleh Valley Projects

in Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920-1947

This chapter examines the malaria control swamp drainage projects in the Jezreel Valley and the Huleh Valley in Palestine, and their connection to the Zionist nationalist movement. It suggests that ... More

This chapter examines the malaria control swamp drainage projects in the Jezreel Valley and the Huleh Valley in Palestine, and their connection to the Zionist nationalist movement. It suggests that the cases of the Jezreel Valley and the Huleh Valley show that sanitary/health concerns and political/settlement interests merged in the site of the swamp. In addition to controlling malaria, Zionist land agencies used drainage interventions to create more living and agricultural area for Jewish settlers.Less

Archetypal Landscape: Healing the Land and the People in the Zionist Imagination

in Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920-1947

This chapter, which discusses the connection between malaria control and Judaism in mandatory Palestine, mentions Hermann Zondek, who likened the symptoms of Judaism as a social disease to the ... More

This chapter, which discusses the connection between malaria control and Judaism in mandatory Palestine, mentions Hermann Zondek, who likened the symptoms of Judaism as a social disease to the physical symptoms of malaria. It argues that the problematic condition of Jews in Europe has its roots decades earlier in modern anti-Semitism, and explains that the anti-Semitic rhetoric of the late nineteenth century was informed and substantiated by eugenics and theories of degeneration and racial hygiene.Less

Introduction A History of Malaria and Zionist Nationalism in Mandatory Palestine

in Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920-1947

This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this book, which is about the history of malaria control and the Zionist nationalist movement in mandatory Palestine during the period of British rule ... More

This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this book, which is about the history of malaria control and the Zionist nationalist movement in mandatory Palestine during the period of British rule between the years 1920 and 1947. The book traces the foundations of the ethos of Jewish redemption and the social and physical transformation of the Jewish body in the contested land of Palestine. It examines the land's ecological transformation in its connection to nationalist ideology, the power of science and technology coupled with nationalist doctrine, and the consequences of that doctrine upon the topographical, demographic, and epidemiological landscapes of Mandate Palestine.Less

Ecological Landscape: Old Paradigms, New Meanings

in Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920-1947

This chapter, which sums up the key findings of this study of the connection between the malaria control project in Palestine during British rule and the Zionist nationalist movement, suggests that ... More

This chapter, which sums up the key findings of this study of the connection between the malaria control project in Palestine during British rule and the Zionist nationalist movement, suggests that the symbols of malaria and swamp drainage are charged in contemporary Israel and are frequent topics in contemporary Israeli culture. It also highlights the role of health and disease in Zionist mythology and argues that the narrative of Zionist settlement is not just one of labor but also of illness, death, and an accompanying martyrdom.Less