Cathy Gutierrez
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195388350
- eISBN:
- 9780199866472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388350.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Spiritualists believed that science would reveal the truths of their metaphysical claims and embraced medical and technological progress on all fronts. Spiritualist ritual was predicated on the ...
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Spiritualists believed that science would reveal the truths of their metaphysical claims and embraced medical and technological progress on all fronts. Spiritualist ritual was predicated on the invention of the telegraph: instant and invisible communication across space was the precursor to communication with those in heaven. With the steam engine revolutionizing ideas of time, futurity and progress competed with the lionizing of the past. Spiritualists proposed that new machines could be made to perfect communication with the dead and created several devices from the simple to the extraordinary. Photography, a burgeoning medium that seemed purely objective to most observers, was conscripted to prove the existence of the dead as spirit photographs proliferated across the country and abroad.Less
Spiritualists believed that science would reveal the truths of their metaphysical claims and embraced medical and technological progress on all fronts. Spiritualist ritual was predicated on the invention of the telegraph: instant and invisible communication across space was the precursor to communication with those in heaven. With the steam engine revolutionizing ideas of time, futurity and progress competed with the lionizing of the past. Spiritualists proposed that new machines could be made to perfect communication with the dead and created several devices from the simple to the extraordinary. Photography, a burgeoning medium that seemed purely objective to most observers, was conscripted to prove the existence of the dead as spirit photographs proliferated across the country and abroad.
I. Grattan-Guinness
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231256
- eISBN:
- 9780191710803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231256.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter reviews the early works of William Thomson. Thomson began to publish exceptionally early, in 1841, while still in his late teens; and a steady stream of papers came from him thereafter. ...
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This chapter reviews the early works of William Thomson. Thomson began to publish exceptionally early, in 1841, while still in his late teens; and a steady stream of papers came from him thereafter. Most of them in the 1840s concerned heat diffusion, electricity, or magnetism, and related mathematical methods such as the Fourier series and potential theory. These papers manifest a procedure of working by analogy in which methods were taken from one topic and adapted for use in another one.Less
This chapter reviews the early works of William Thomson. Thomson began to publish exceptionally early, in 1841, while still in his late teens; and a steady stream of papers came from him thereafter. Most of them in the 1840s concerned heat diffusion, electricity, or magnetism, and related mathematical methods such as the Fourier series and potential theory. These papers manifest a procedure of working by analogy in which methods were taken from one topic and adapted for use in another one.
Yasmin Haskell
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262849
- eISBN:
- 9780191734588
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262849.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
This is the first dedicated study of the classical-style, Latin didactic poetry produced by the Society of Jesus in the early modern period. The Jesuits were the most prolific composers of such ...
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This is the first dedicated study of the classical-style, Latin didactic poetry produced by the Society of Jesus in the early modern period. The Jesuits were the most prolific composers of such poetry, teaching all manner of arts and sciences: meteorology and magnetism, raising chickens and children, the arts of sculpture and engraving, writing and conversation, the social and medicinal benefits of coffee and chocolate, the pious life and the urbane life. The book accounts for this investment in so secular a genre by considering the Society's educational and ideological values and practices. Extensive quotation from the poems reveals their literary qualities, compositional methods, and traditions. The poems also command scholarly attention for what they reveal about social, cultural, and intellectual life in this period.Less
This is the first dedicated study of the classical-style, Latin didactic poetry produced by the Society of Jesus in the early modern period. The Jesuits were the most prolific composers of such poetry, teaching all manner of arts and sciences: meteorology and magnetism, raising chickens and children, the arts of sculpture and engraving, writing and conversation, the social and medicinal benefits of coffee and chocolate, the pious life and the urbane life. The book accounts for this investment in so secular a genre by considering the Society's educational and ideological values and practices. Extensive quotation from the poems reveals their literary qualities, compositional methods, and traditions. The poems also command scholarly attention for what they reveal about social, cultural, and intellectual life in this period.
Daniel L. Stein and Charles M. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147338
- eISBN:
- 9781400845637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147338.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
The chapter explains that up to this point the discussion has centered on some basic concepts of condensed matter physics as viewed through the illustrative lenses of familiar systems: liquids, ...
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The chapter explains that up to this point the discussion has centered on some basic concepts of condensed matter physics as viewed through the illustrative lenses of familiar systems: liquids, crystals, and glasses. The chapter now turns to another important class of materials: magnetic systems, which are regarded as materials possessing properties that can be altered or manipulated through the application of an external magnetic field. The chapter introduces the basics of solid state magnetism, starting with the quantum mechanical property of spin, and showing how the familiar phenomenon of ferromagnetism—as well as the less familiar but equally important ones of antiferromagnetism and paramagnetism—arises. This is a necessary prelude to understanding the idea of what a spin glass is.Less
The chapter explains that up to this point the discussion has centered on some basic concepts of condensed matter physics as viewed through the illustrative lenses of familiar systems: liquids, crystals, and glasses. The chapter now turns to another important class of materials: magnetic systems, which are regarded as materials possessing properties that can be altered or manipulated through the application of an external magnetic field. The chapter introduces the basics of solid state magnetism, starting with the quantum mechanical property of spin, and showing how the familiar phenomenon of ferromagnetism—as well as the less familiar but equally important ones of antiferromagnetism and paramagnetism—arises. This is a necessary prelude to understanding the idea of what a spin glass is.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0071
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter provides detailed information on scientist, Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815), who had an extreme aversion to demons and spirits. He clearly denounced exorcism and looked for healing powers ...
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This chapter provides detailed information on scientist, Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815), who had an extreme aversion to demons and spirits. He clearly denounced exorcism and looked for healing powers in nature. He forms a trinity with John Brown and Samuel Hahnemann. The three are united by a common attribute that they created the only ideas system in the two-thousand-year history of medicine that arose primarily out of the expressiveness of the organism. John Brown learned about the effects of alcohol and opium, cold baths, and spices through his own experience, and made up his own theory based on those observations. Franz Anton Mesmer worked on magnets. All he knew about them was that they contained, and seemed to emit, invisible natural powers. He concluded that there is an “animal magnetism” and an “animal gravity” and the magnet can influence the organism. Mesmer traveled extensively, appearing as a magician who created wonderful effects with his magnets.Less
This chapter provides detailed information on scientist, Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815), who had an extreme aversion to demons and spirits. He clearly denounced exorcism and looked for healing powers in nature. He forms a trinity with John Brown and Samuel Hahnemann. The three are united by a common attribute that they created the only ideas system in the two-thousand-year history of medicine that arose primarily out of the expressiveness of the organism. John Brown learned about the effects of alcohol and opium, cold baths, and spices through his own experience, and made up his own theory based on those observations. Franz Anton Mesmer worked on magnets. All he knew about them was that they contained, and seemed to emit, invisible natural powers. He concluded that there is an “animal magnetism” and an “animal gravity” and the magnet can influence the organism. Mesmer traveled extensively, appearing as a magician who created wonderful effects with his magnets.
Chong Chon-Smith
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628462050
- eISBN:
- 9781626745292
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628462050.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This book provides an understanding of the inspiring, contradictory, hostile, resonant, and unarticulated ways in which Asian American and African American cultural formation occurs. Through the ...
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This book provides an understanding of the inspiring, contradictory, hostile, resonant, and unarticulated ways in which Asian American and African American cultural formation occurs. Through the interpretation of labor department documents, popular journalism, and state discourses, the book historicizes the formation of both the construction of black “pathology” and the Asian “model minority.” Beginning with the Moynihan Report and journalistic reports about Asian Americans as “model minority,” black and Asian men were racialized together, as if “racially magnetized.” Through the concept of racial magnetism, the book examines both dominant and emergent representations of Asian and African American masculinities as mediating figures for the contradictions of race, class, and gender in post-civil rights U.S.A. The post-civil rights era names this specific race for U.S. citizenship and class advantage, when massive Asian technocratic immigration and decline of African American industrial labor helped usher in a new period of laissez faire class struggle and racial realignment. While the state abandoned social programs at home and expanded imperial projects overseas, state discourses posited that the post-civil rights moment was a period of imminent racial danger because Black Power and the Asian American Movement challenged the understanding that social equality through civil rights had been achieved. The book studies both the dominant discourses that “pair” African American and Asian American racialized masculinities together, and it examines the African American and Asian American counter-discourses—in literature, film, popular sport, hip-hop music, performance arts, and internet subcultures—that link social movements and cultural production as active critical responses to this dominant formation.Less
This book provides an understanding of the inspiring, contradictory, hostile, resonant, and unarticulated ways in which Asian American and African American cultural formation occurs. Through the interpretation of labor department documents, popular journalism, and state discourses, the book historicizes the formation of both the construction of black “pathology” and the Asian “model minority.” Beginning with the Moynihan Report and journalistic reports about Asian Americans as “model minority,” black and Asian men were racialized together, as if “racially magnetized.” Through the concept of racial magnetism, the book examines both dominant and emergent representations of Asian and African American masculinities as mediating figures for the contradictions of race, class, and gender in post-civil rights U.S.A. The post-civil rights era names this specific race for U.S. citizenship and class advantage, when massive Asian technocratic immigration and decline of African American industrial labor helped usher in a new period of laissez faire class struggle and racial realignment. While the state abandoned social programs at home and expanded imperial projects overseas, state discourses posited that the post-civil rights moment was a period of imminent racial danger because Black Power and the Asian American Movement challenged the understanding that social equality through civil rights had been achieved. The book studies both the dominant discourses that “pair” African American and Asian American racialized masculinities together, and it examines the African American and Asian American counter-discourses—in literature, film, popular sport, hip-hop music, performance arts, and internet subcultures—that link social movements and cultural production as active critical responses to this dominant formation.
Alan Corney
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199211456
- eISBN:
- 9780191705915
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211456.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This book gives an account of the progress that has been made in the fields of atomic physics and laser spectroscopy during the last fifty years. The first five chapters prepare the foundations of ...
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This book gives an account of the progress that has been made in the fields of atomic physics and laser spectroscopy during the last fifty years. The first five chapters prepare the foundations of atomic physics, classical electro-magnetism, and quantum mechanics, which are necessary for an understanding of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with free atoms. The application of these concepts to processes involving the spontaneous emission of radiation is then developed in Chapters 6, 7, and 8, while stimulated emission and the properties of gas and tunable dye lasers form the subject matter of Chapters 9 to 14. The last four chapters are concerned with the physics and applications of atomic resonance fluorescence, optical double-resonance, optical pumping, and atomic beam magnetic resonance.Less
This book gives an account of the progress that has been made in the fields of atomic physics and laser spectroscopy during the last fifty years. The first five chapters prepare the foundations of atomic physics, classical electro-magnetism, and quantum mechanics, which are necessary for an understanding of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with free atoms. The application of these concepts to processes involving the spontaneous emission of radiation is then developed in Chapters 6, 7, and 8, while stimulated emission and the properties of gas and tunable dye lasers form the subject matter of Chapters 9 to 14. The last four chapters are concerned with the physics and applications of atomic resonance fluorescence, optical double-resonance, optical pumping, and atomic beam magnetic resonance.
Chong Chon-Smith
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628462050
- eISBN:
- 9781626745292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628462050.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This introduction argues that the state, popular journalism, and university responded to economic and racial crises through pairing Asian and Black masculinity as oppositional humans, a structural ...
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This introduction argues that the state, popular journalism, and university responded to economic and racial crises through pairing Asian and Black masculinity as oppositional humans, a structural design I call racial magnetism. In response to Black revolutionary critique and falling-profit rates for capitalism, the architects of racial magnetism rearticulated discourses of race and masculinity through a rigid and immutable framework of racial cannibalism. The bodies of Asian and Black men were profiled for markers of difference, at the phase when a new social contract in the post-civil rights era needed to be recalibrated because of a perfect storm of anti-systemic challenges. Theorizing Afro-Asian comparative racialization as a tool of crises management for market democracy—this chapter explores the ways in which Asian American incorporation into model minority citizenship, as obedient subjects over and against subversive Black subjects, mediated the crossfire between white capitalist reproduction and Black-led revolutionary critique. As such, this introduction intersects the projects of neoliberalism with the tenets of antiblackness.Less
This introduction argues that the state, popular journalism, and university responded to economic and racial crises through pairing Asian and Black masculinity as oppositional humans, a structural design I call racial magnetism. In response to Black revolutionary critique and falling-profit rates for capitalism, the architects of racial magnetism rearticulated discourses of race and masculinity through a rigid and immutable framework of racial cannibalism. The bodies of Asian and Black men were profiled for markers of difference, at the phase when a new social contract in the post-civil rights era needed to be recalibrated because of a perfect storm of anti-systemic challenges. Theorizing Afro-Asian comparative racialization as a tool of crises management for market democracy—this chapter explores the ways in which Asian American incorporation into model minority citizenship, as obedient subjects over and against subversive Black subjects, mediated the crossfire between white capitalist reproduction and Black-led revolutionary critique. As such, this introduction intersects the projects of neoliberalism with the tenets of antiblackness.
Louis A. Girifalco
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199228966
- eISBN:
- 9780191711183
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228966.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
The great achievements of the 19th century were the discovery of the laws of electricity and magnetism, and of the nature of light. Faraday was the greatest experimentalist of his age and provided ...
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The great achievements of the 19th century were the discovery of the laws of electricity and magnetism, and of the nature of light. Faraday was the greatest experimentalist of his age and provided the foundation for all the electromagnetism that is the root of modern technology. Maxwell extended Faraday's ideas and put all of electrodynamics in mathematical form. A surprising result fell out of his equations. Light was found to be a wave of electromagnetism! At last, the nature of light began to be understood.Less
The great achievements of the 19th century were the discovery of the laws of electricity and magnetism, and of the nature of light. Faraday was the greatest experimentalist of his age and provided the foundation for all the electromagnetism that is the root of modern technology. Maxwell extended Faraday's ideas and put all of electrodynamics in mathematical form. A surprising result fell out of his equations. Light was found to be a wave of electromagnetism! At last, the nature of light began to be understood.
Mary Shelley
David H. Guston, Ed Finn, Jason Scott Robert, Joey Eschrich, and Mary Drago (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262533287
- eISBN:
- 9780262340267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262533287.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The editors provide a brief chronology of important dates in the history of science in the context of Mary Shelley’s life and important aspects of the novel.
The editors provide a brief chronology of important dates in the history of science in the context of Mary Shelley’s life and important aspects of the novel.
Dante Gatteschi, Roberta Sessoli, and Jacques Villain
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567530
- eISBN:
- 9780191718298
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567530.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Nanomagnetism is a rapidly expanding area of research in nanoscience, opening perspectives of novel applications. Magnetic molecules are at the very bottom of the possible size of nanomagnets, and ...
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Nanomagnetism is a rapidly expanding area of research in nanoscience, opening perspectives of novel applications. Magnetic molecules are at the very bottom of the possible size of nanomagnets, and they provide a unique opportunity to observe the coexistence of quantum and classical properties. The discovery in the early 1990s that a cluster comprising twelve manganese ions shows magnetic hysteresis of molecular origin accompanied by quantum tunnelling of the magnetization opened a new research, which is flourishing through the collaboration of chemists and physicists. The field is often indicated as single molecule magnets (SMM). This book attempts to cover in detail the area of molecular nanomagnetism — a branch of molecular magnetism — using a language which should be understood by both the physical and chemical communities. The book starts from the development of theory needed to understand the nature of the properties of molecular nanomagnets, including magnetic coupling and magnetic anisotropy. The most common experimental techniques needed to investigate the properties of molecular nanomagnets are covered to allow the reader to understand how sophisticated instrumentation can provide unique information on SMM. Particular attention is devoted to magnetic relaxation, highlighting the interplay of classical and quantum behaviours. Appendices cover topics which would require too many digressions in the main text, ranging from systems of units to master equations for the density matrix.Less
Nanomagnetism is a rapidly expanding area of research in nanoscience, opening perspectives of novel applications. Magnetic molecules are at the very bottom of the possible size of nanomagnets, and they provide a unique opportunity to observe the coexistence of quantum and classical properties. The discovery in the early 1990s that a cluster comprising twelve manganese ions shows magnetic hysteresis of molecular origin accompanied by quantum tunnelling of the magnetization opened a new research, which is flourishing through the collaboration of chemists and physicists. The field is often indicated as single molecule magnets (SMM). This book attempts to cover in detail the area of molecular nanomagnetism — a branch of molecular magnetism — using a language which should be understood by both the physical and chemical communities. The book starts from the development of theory needed to understand the nature of the properties of molecular nanomagnets, including magnetic coupling and magnetic anisotropy. The most common experimental techniques needed to investigate the properties of molecular nanomagnets are covered to allow the reader to understand how sophisticated instrumentation can provide unique information on SMM. Particular attention is devoted to magnetic relaxation, highlighting the interplay of classical and quantum behaviours. Appendices cover topics which would require too many digressions in the main text, ranging from systems of units to master equations for the density matrix.
Kannan M. Krishnan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199570447
- eISBN:
- 9780191813504
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570447.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This book provides a comprehensive discussion of magnetism, magnetic materials, and related applications. The logical train of thought progresses, in four parts, from physics of magnetism (§1–5), ...
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This book provides a comprehensive discussion of magnetism, magnetic materials, and related applications. The logical train of thought progresses, in four parts, from physics of magnetism (§1–5), magnetic phenomena in materials (§6–8), size and dimensionality effects (§9–10), and applications in physical (§11, §13, §14) and biomedical (§12) technologies. Beginning with a description of magnetic phenomena and measurements on a macroscopic scale, it is followed by discussions of intrinsic and phenomenological concepts of magnetism, such as electronic magnetic moments and classical, quantum, and band theories of magnetic behavior. It then covers ordered magnetic materials (emphasizing their structure-sensitive properties) and magnetic phenomena, including magnetic anisotropy, magnetostriction, and magnetic domain structures and dynamics. This is followed by a comprehensive description of imaging methods to resolve magnetic microstructures (domains) along with an introduction to micromagnetic modeling. Size (small particles) and dimensionality (surface and interfaces) effects—the underpinnings of nanoscience and nanotechnology that magnetism brings into sharp focus—are then explored in some detail. The hallmark of modern science is its inter-disciplinarity and hence, after covering the required background material to establish a solid foundation, the second half of the book discusses, with extensive bibliography, information technology, magnetoelectronics, and the future of biomedicine via recent developments in magnetism. Modern materials with tailored properties require careful synthetic and characterization strategies; the book also includes relevant details of the chemical synthesis of small particles and the physical deposition of ultrathin films. In addition, details of state-of-the-art characterization methods and summaries of representative families of magnetic materials, including tables of properties, where appropriate, are presented. Finally, CGS equivalents (to SI) are regularly inserted in the hope that if one is referring to works of a recent antiquity this feature would be useful.Less
This book provides a comprehensive discussion of magnetism, magnetic materials, and related applications. The logical train of thought progresses, in four parts, from physics of magnetism (§1–5), magnetic phenomena in materials (§6–8), size and dimensionality effects (§9–10), and applications in physical (§11, §13, §14) and biomedical (§12) technologies. Beginning with a description of magnetic phenomena and measurements on a macroscopic scale, it is followed by discussions of intrinsic and phenomenological concepts of magnetism, such as electronic magnetic moments and classical, quantum, and band theories of magnetic behavior. It then covers ordered magnetic materials (emphasizing their structure-sensitive properties) and magnetic phenomena, including magnetic anisotropy, magnetostriction, and magnetic domain structures and dynamics. This is followed by a comprehensive description of imaging methods to resolve magnetic microstructures (domains) along with an introduction to micromagnetic modeling. Size (small particles) and dimensionality (surface and interfaces) effects—the underpinnings of nanoscience and nanotechnology that magnetism brings into sharp focus—are then explored in some detail. The hallmark of modern science is its inter-disciplinarity and hence, after covering the required background material to establish a solid foundation, the second half of the book discusses, with extensive bibliography, information technology, magnetoelectronics, and the future of biomedicine via recent developments in magnetism. Modern materials with tailored properties require careful synthetic and characterization strategies; the book also includes relevant details of the chemical synthesis of small particles and the physical deposition of ultrathin films. In addition, details of state-of-the-art characterization methods and summaries of representative families of magnetic materials, including tables of properties, where appropriate, are presented. Finally, CGS equivalents (to SI) are regularly inserted in the hope that if one is referring to works of a recent antiquity this feature would be useful.
Dante Gatteschi, Roberta Sessoli, and Jacques Villain
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567530
- eISBN:
- 9780191718298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567530.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter introduces the field of molecular magnetism with a brief overview of the main properties. It takes a historical point of view. Concepts such as magnetic anisotropy, superparamagnetism, ...
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This chapter introduces the field of molecular magnetism with a brief overview of the main properties. It takes a historical point of view. Concepts such as magnetic anisotropy, superparamagnetism, and magnetic relaxation, which are the keys to understanding how the bulk behaviour arises from nanomagnetism, are discussed first. The concept of single molecule magnet is introduced next, with the coexistence of classical and quantum effects, such as magnetization tunnelling and oscillation of the tunnel splitting. The last part of the chapter is devoted to describing the structure of the book, indicating the content of the various chapters.Less
This chapter introduces the field of molecular magnetism with a brief overview of the main properties. It takes a historical point of view. Concepts such as magnetic anisotropy, superparamagnetism, and magnetic relaxation, which are the keys to understanding how the bulk behaviour arises from nanomagnetism, are discussed first. The concept of single molecule magnet is introduced next, with the coexistence of classical and quantum effects, such as magnetization tunnelling and oscillation of the tunnel splitting. The last part of the chapter is devoted to describing the structure of the book, indicating the content of the various chapters.
Michael Munowitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167375
- eISBN:
- 9780199787104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167375.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter considers the other great domain of classical physics, the macroscopic and deterministic world of electric charge. Here, the four Maxwell equations unite electricity with magnetism and ...
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This chapter considers the other great domain of classical physics, the macroscopic and deterministic world of electric charge. Here, the four Maxwell equations unite electricity with magnetism and engender the electromagnetic wave as the fruit of the union. It will be the last stop before quantum mechanics undermines the certainty of the classical mechanical universe.Less
This chapter considers the other great domain of classical physics, the macroscopic and deterministic world of electric charge. Here, the four Maxwell equations unite electricity with magnetism and engender the electromagnetic wave as the fruit of the union. It will be the last stop before quantum mechanics undermines the certainty of the classical mechanical universe.
Tony James
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151883
- eISBN:
- 9780191672873
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151883.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, European Literature
This chapter focuses on Alexandre Bertrand. Bertrand, trained as a doctor and engineer, had a practical and scientific attitude towards the study of mesmerism and somnambulism, even so he did not ...
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This chapter focuses on Alexandre Bertrand. Bertrand, trained as a doctor and engineer, had a practical and scientific attitude towards the study of mesmerism and somnambulism, even so he did not hesitate to change some of his initial beliefs. He published two important works. One was the Traité du somnambulisme (1823) and the other was his Histoire critique du magnétisme animal en France (1826). This work explains how he had been led to the conclusion that animal magnetism does not exist, thus changing the opinion he had held in his previous work and in his public lectures. Bertrand was a major contributor on medical matters to the ‘liberal romantic’ journal Le Globe and the series of articles he wrote in 1825 publicized his revised ideas before they became available in book form. His distinctive contribution was to see somnambulism as a kind of ecstasy, and he used historical material.Less
This chapter focuses on Alexandre Bertrand. Bertrand, trained as a doctor and engineer, had a practical and scientific attitude towards the study of mesmerism and somnambulism, even so he did not hesitate to change some of his initial beliefs. He published two important works. One was the Traité du somnambulisme (1823) and the other was his Histoire critique du magnétisme animal en France (1826). This work explains how he had been led to the conclusion that animal magnetism does not exist, thus changing the opinion he had held in his previous work and in his public lectures. Bertrand was a major contributor on medical matters to the ‘liberal romantic’ journal Le Globe and the series of articles he wrote in 1825 publicized his revised ideas before they became available in book form. His distinctive contribution was to see somnambulism as a kind of ecstasy, and he used historical material.
Tony James
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151883
- eISBN:
- 9780191672873
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151883.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, European Literature
The word ‘extase’ is linked with ‘phenomena of sleep’ for two other writers who use this phrase: Charles Nodier and Honore de Balzac. In 1831, Nodier published an article entitled ‘De quelques ...
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The word ‘extase’ is linked with ‘phenomena of sleep’ for two other writers who use this phrase: Charles Nodier and Honore de Balzac. In 1831, Nodier published an article entitled ‘De quelques phénomènes du sommeil’; the following year, in Balzac's novel Louis Lambert, the same phrase occurs in connection with an apparently precognitive dream. Though very different from each other, both writers attribute an importance to the link between dreams and madness and creativity. This chapter first explores Nodier's article and then examines briefly two of his fictional works, Smarra and La Fee aux miettes, which explore dreams and madness. Beginning with Louis Lambert, the chapter then shows how Balzac linked madness with what he saw as a relation of substitution, or incompatibility, between artistic creativity and sexuality. Finally, the chapter shows how the idea of sleep being connected with magnetism formed part of the plot in Ursule Mirouët.Less
The word ‘extase’ is linked with ‘phenomena of sleep’ for two other writers who use this phrase: Charles Nodier and Honore de Balzac. In 1831, Nodier published an article entitled ‘De quelques phénomènes du sommeil’; the following year, in Balzac's novel Louis Lambert, the same phrase occurs in connection with an apparently precognitive dream. Though very different from each other, both writers attribute an importance to the link between dreams and madness and creativity. This chapter first explores Nodier's article and then examines briefly two of his fictional works, Smarra and La Fee aux miettes, which explore dreams and madness. Beginning with Louis Lambert, the chapter then shows how Balzac linked madness with what he saw as a relation of substitution, or incompatibility, between artistic creativity and sexuality. Finally, the chapter shows how the idea of sleep being connected with magnetism formed part of the plot in Ursule Mirouët.
John Beer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574018
- eISBN:
- 9780191723100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574018.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The new acceptance of animal magnetism in Germany renews his interest in its possible implication for those who, like himself, are apologists for the Christian religion. He studies and lectures on ...
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The new acceptance of animal magnetism in Germany renews his interest in its possible implication for those who, like himself, are apologists for the Christian religion. He studies and lectures on ancient philosophy, including Stoicism and Epicureanism, attempting to read contemporary—especially Kantian—thinking in the light of what is to be learnt from the new developments in human thought.Less
The new acceptance of animal magnetism in Germany renews his interest in its possible implication for those who, like himself, are apologists for the Christian religion. He studies and lectures on ancient philosophy, including Stoicism and Epicureanism, attempting to read contemporary—especially Kantian—thinking in the light of what is to be learnt from the new developments in human thought.
Stephen C. Rand
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574872
- eISBN:
- 9780191722219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574872.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
Mechanical effects of light are considered in the first section of Chapter 7, together with their application to “optical tweezers.” This leads naturally to a discussion of laser cooling by a variety ...
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Mechanical effects of light are considered in the first section of Chapter 7, together with their application to “optical tweezers.” This leads naturally to a discussion of laser cooling by a variety of techniques. Doppler cooling, magneto‐optic traps, sub‐Doppler cooling, and velocity‐selective coherent population trapping (VSCPT) are all covered. Then coherent population transfer is analyzed as a counterintuitive way of altering the occupation of energy levels in an exceptionally efficient manner. Coherent transverse optical magnetism, covered next, is the only example in the book of an optical effect mediated by the magnetic field of light. This phenomenon is characterized by intense emission of magnetic rather than electric dipole radiation at only moderate intensities and theoretically enables negative indices of refraction and spin control in unstructured, natural (nonmagnetic) materials. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is also described. This phenomenon is based on tri‐level coherence and can turn opaque media transparent over a limited bandwidth. Additionally, it can intensify high‐order nonlinear optical processes via intermediate step enhancement that is fully resonant. It has been applied to slow or store light as well. In this final chapter, squeezed light is given as an example of a coherent state with altered noise properties. Because the noise in squeezed quadratures of such a state can be reduced below the shot noise limit, it has applications to precision measurements and secure communication. The final section is on cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). This topic treats the interaction of atoms with weak fields that are enhanced through the use of external cavities. In cavity QED, single photons can interact strongly enough with atoms to exhibit Rabi‐splitting behavior, and the strong coupling limit is considered to be a viable approach to quantum computation.Less
Mechanical effects of light are considered in the first section of Chapter 7, together with their application to “optical tweezers.” This leads naturally to a discussion of laser cooling by a variety of techniques. Doppler cooling, magneto‐optic traps, sub‐Doppler cooling, and velocity‐selective coherent population trapping (VSCPT) are all covered. Then coherent population transfer is analyzed as a counterintuitive way of altering the occupation of energy levels in an exceptionally efficient manner. Coherent transverse optical magnetism, covered next, is the only example in the book of an optical effect mediated by the magnetic field of light. This phenomenon is characterized by intense emission of magnetic rather than electric dipole radiation at only moderate intensities and theoretically enables negative indices of refraction and spin control in unstructured, natural (nonmagnetic) materials. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is also described. This phenomenon is based on tri‐level coherence and can turn opaque media transparent over a limited bandwidth. Additionally, it can intensify high‐order nonlinear optical processes via intermediate step enhancement that is fully resonant. It has been applied to slow or store light as well. In this final chapter, squeezed light is given as an example of a coherent state with altered noise properties. Because the noise in squeezed quadratures of such a state can be reduced below the shot noise limit, it has applications to precision measurements and secure communication. The final section is on cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). This topic treats the interaction of atoms with weak fields that are enhanced through the use of external cavities. In cavity QED, single photons can interact strongly enough with atoms to exhibit Rabi‐splitting behavior, and the strong coupling limit is considered to be a viable approach to quantum computation.
Emily Ogden
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226532165
- eISBN:
- 9780226532479
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226532479.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
This book offers a history of mesmerism, or animal magnetism, in the antebellum (pre-Civil War) United States. Imported from the plantations of the French Antilles by founder Charles Poyen, ...
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This book offers a history of mesmerism, or animal magnetism, in the antebellum (pre-Civil War) United States. Imported from the plantations of the French Antilles by founder Charles Poyen, established in New England textile-factory cities, and practiced throughout the US, mesmerism was surprisingly central to American life and to such canonical figures as Benjamin Franklin, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. It embraced a variety of phenomena, including somnambulism, mind control, spirit travel, and clairvoyance. Widely practiced from the 1830s to 1860, when it gave way to successor practices spiritualism and hypnosis, this occult science was understood by its practitioners as a way to make rational use of other people’s credulity, or tendency toward belief. The same predispositions that false priests had exploited to inveigle their devotees would now be made to serve modern ends, such as labor discipline, communication, and self-culture. Mesmerism thus poses a challenge to our ordinary view of secularization. Mesmerists neither rejected enchantment nor succumbed to it; instead, they managed it and exploited it in others. The history of mesmerism offers a fresh perspective on scholarly concerns related to modernity and the secular, such as colonialism, agency, the ideal of “empowerment,” and the place of belief. It shows us that modern enchantment is not a radical alternative or an atavistic throwback, but a target and a technique of management.Less
This book offers a history of mesmerism, or animal magnetism, in the antebellum (pre-Civil War) United States. Imported from the plantations of the French Antilles by founder Charles Poyen, established in New England textile-factory cities, and practiced throughout the US, mesmerism was surprisingly central to American life and to such canonical figures as Benjamin Franklin, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. It embraced a variety of phenomena, including somnambulism, mind control, spirit travel, and clairvoyance. Widely practiced from the 1830s to 1860, when it gave way to successor practices spiritualism and hypnosis, this occult science was understood by its practitioners as a way to make rational use of other people’s credulity, or tendency toward belief. The same predispositions that false priests had exploited to inveigle their devotees would now be made to serve modern ends, such as labor discipline, communication, and self-culture. Mesmerism thus poses a challenge to our ordinary view of secularization. Mesmerists neither rejected enchantment nor succumbed to it; instead, they managed it and exploited it in others. The history of mesmerism offers a fresh perspective on scholarly concerns related to modernity and the secular, such as colonialism, agency, the ideal of “empowerment,” and the place of belief. It shows us that modern enchantment is not a radical alternative or an atavistic throwback, but a target and a technique of management.
Theresa Levitt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199544707
- eISBN:
- 9780191720178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544707.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter looks at the question of light and living bodies. Arago once again fashioned himself as a debunker, questioning the claims of the rising spiritualist movement that there exist previously ...
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This chapter looks at the question of light and living bodies. Arago once again fashioned himself as a debunker, questioning the claims of the rising spiritualist movement that there exist previously unknown forms of radiation that act on living organisms. Biot, meanwhile, strove to make exactly that point: through optical activity, the world could be divided into active (living) and inactive (non-living) matter. One could only distinguish the two by the effect they had on the plane of polarization of light. Biot's work became the basis of Pasteur's anti-materialism crusade.Less
This chapter looks at the question of light and living bodies. Arago once again fashioned himself as a debunker, questioning the claims of the rising spiritualist movement that there exist previously unknown forms of radiation that act on living organisms. Biot, meanwhile, strove to make exactly that point: through optical activity, the world could be divided into active (living) and inactive (non-living) matter. One could only distinguish the two by the effect they had on the plane of polarization of light. Biot's work became the basis of Pasteur's anti-materialism crusade.
