Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses diseases affecting livestock and their consequences. Topics covered include rinderpest, a deadly form of plague that can occur among domesticated cows, sheep, and goats; ...
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This chapter discusses diseases affecting livestock and their consequences. Topics covered include rinderpest, a deadly form of plague that can occur among domesticated cows, sheep, and goats; measles virus, and “mad cow disease” (bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE)).Less
This chapter discusses diseases affecting livestock and their consequences. Topics covered include rinderpest, a deadly form of plague that can occur among domesticated cows, sheep, and goats; measles virus, and “mad cow disease” (bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE)).
Keith Grint
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198775003
- eISBN:
- 9780191695346
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198775003.003.0030
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
The previous chapter talked about two essential elements of leadership that were significantly dependent on the theoretical approach. The first was the extent of the elimination of uncertainty from ...
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The previous chapter talked about two essential elements of leadership that were significantly dependent on the theoretical approach. The first was the extent of the elimination of uncertainty from the appraisal system through considering objective approaches while the second involved the extent to which the theoretical perspective on organizational autonomy modifies the role given to leadership. While the uncertainty problem is conventionally viewed to be the concern of individual leaders, this chapter attempts to look into how the uncertainty problem may be taken on in terms of the utility of scientific knowledge. Since science may enable us to veer away from the Aristotelian binary of error and truth, this chapter explores the specific case of mad cow disease. Particularly, science may be utilized in dealing with ignorance and in establishing the foundation for managers to arrive at rational decisions.Less
The previous chapter talked about two essential elements of leadership that were significantly dependent on the theoretical approach. The first was the extent of the elimination of uncertainty from the appraisal system through considering objective approaches while the second involved the extent to which the theoretical perspective on organizational autonomy modifies the role given to leadership. While the uncertainty problem is conventionally viewed to be the concern of individual leaders, this chapter attempts to look into how the uncertainty problem may be taken on in terms of the utility of scientific knowledge. Since science may enable us to veer away from the Aristotelian binary of error and truth, this chapter explores the specific case of mad cow disease. Particularly, science may be utilized in dealing with ignorance and in establishing the foundation for managers to arrive at rational decisions.
Christopher Ansell and Rebecca Chen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199283958
- eISBN:
- 9780191603297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199283958.003.0017
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The institutional frictions between the Parliament and the Commission during the ‘mad cow’ crisis are emblematic of the dynamic, unfinished nature of the federal project for Europe. The EU still ...
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The institutional frictions between the Parliament and the Commission during the ‘mad cow’ crisis are emblematic of the dynamic, unfinished nature of the federal project for Europe. The EU still retains many of the qualities of an international organization, but has also developed a government-like institutional structure. This government is conventionally described as confederal because it is dominated by its member states, but in some respects, the EU is more federal than confederal. As the complexity of EU food safety regulation illustrates, this amalgam of intergovernmental, confederal, and federal features gives the EU its distinctive character.Less
The institutional frictions between the Parliament and the Commission during the ‘mad cow’ crisis are emblematic of the dynamic, unfinished nature of the federal project for Europe. The EU still retains many of the qualities of an international organization, but has also developed a government-like institutional structure. This government is conventionally described as confederal because it is dominated by its member states, but in some respects, the EU is more federal than confederal. As the complexity of EU food safety regulation illustrates, this amalgam of intergovernmental, confederal, and federal features gives the EU its distinctive character.
W. Kip Viscusi
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293637
- eISBN:
- 9780191596995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293631.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Risk beliefs often reflect systematic biases, such as the overestimation of small risks and underestimation of large risks. The prospective reference theory model explains these and other anomalies ...
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Risk beliefs often reflect systematic biases, such as the overestimation of small risks and underestimation of large risks. The prospective reference theory model explains these and other anomalies and in many instances predicts these patterns of behaviour. Precautionary behaviour is subject to a paradox since people will tend to undervalue marginal decreases in risk but will overvalue improvements that completely eliminate the risk. Risk ambiguity aversion, as reflected in the Ellsberg Paradox, affects public responses to dimly understood risks such as Mad Cow disease and many carcinogens. Many other biases in risk beliefs are evident, such as overreaction to risk increases, overestimation of risk decreases that eliminate the risk, and overestimation of highly publicized risks.Less
Risk beliefs often reflect systematic biases, such as the overestimation of small risks and underestimation of large risks. The prospective reference theory model explains these and other anomalies and in many instances predicts these patterns of behaviour. Precautionary behaviour is subject to a paradox since people will tend to undervalue marginal decreases in risk but will overvalue improvements that completely eliminate the risk. Risk ambiguity aversion, as reflected in the Ellsberg Paradox, affects public responses to dimly understood risks such as Mad Cow disease and many carcinogens. Many other biases in risk beliefs are evident, such as overreaction to risk increases, overestimation of risk decreases that eliminate the risk, and overestimation of highly publicized risks.
Jiyeon Kang
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780824856564
- eISBN:
- 9780824872199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824856564.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
In 2008 when President Lee Myung-bak proposed that South Korea resume the importation of U.S. beef – halted five years earlier over concerns about mad cow disease – candlelight protests again emerged ...
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In 2008 when President Lee Myung-bak proposed that South Korea resume the importation of U.S. beef – halted five years earlier over concerns about mad cow disease – candlelight protests again emerged at city centers. The significant presence of teenage girls at these protests soon established the “candle girl” as an iconic figure. Candle girls – literally teenagers carrying candles – became symbols marking the rise of a new generation of activists whose candlelight festivals incorporated irreverent parodies and performances, transferring the sensibility of the Internet to the streets. This convergence of the Internet and street protests exemplifies the distinct repertoire of the candlelight protest.Less
In 2008 when President Lee Myung-bak proposed that South Korea resume the importation of U.S. beef – halted five years earlier over concerns about mad cow disease – candlelight protests again emerged at city centers. The significant presence of teenage girls at these protests soon established the “candle girl” as an iconic figure. Candle girls – literally teenagers carrying candles – became symbols marking the rise of a new generation of activists whose candlelight festivals incorporated irreverent parodies and performances, transferring the sensibility of the Internet to the streets. This convergence of the Internet and street protests exemplifies the distinct repertoire of the candlelight protest.
Stephen Wall
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199284559
- eISBN:
- 9780191700309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284559.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, UK Politics
The deal agreed in Maastricht was a great success for Britain and a personal success for Prime Minister John Major. However, this success was clouded by the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or ...
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The deal agreed in Maastricht was a great success for Britain and a personal success for Prime Minister John Major. However, this success was clouded by the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease, crisis in 1996. It was one of the unhappiest chapters in Britain's relationship with her partners. It led to a feeling among Britain's partners, subsequently reinforced by the government's approach to the Amsterdam Treaty, that perhaps even its commitment to European Union membership was in doubt. The BSE crisis had been slow to build up but sudden to break. The risk to cattle from feed made up of mashed-up sheep parts had been recognised and measures to ban the use of such feed put in place. But the enforcement of the ban had been very patchy and the extent of the disease among the British herd came to light belatedly and with devastating speed. The measures that the government took to tackle the crisis were an uneasy compromise between the scientifically necessary and the politically deliverable.Less
The deal agreed in Maastricht was a great success for Britain and a personal success for Prime Minister John Major. However, this success was clouded by the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease, crisis in 1996. It was one of the unhappiest chapters in Britain's relationship with her partners. It led to a feeling among Britain's partners, subsequently reinforced by the government's approach to the Amsterdam Treaty, that perhaps even its commitment to European Union membership was in doubt. The BSE crisis had been slow to build up but sudden to break. The risk to cattle from feed made up of mashed-up sheep parts had been recognised and measures to ban the use of such feed put in place. But the enforcement of the ban had been very patchy and the extent of the disease among the British herd came to light belatedly and with devastating speed. The measures that the government took to tackle the crisis were an uneasy compromise between the scientifically necessary and the politically deliverable.
David Pryer and Patricia Hewitt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199562848
- eISBN:
- 9780191722523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562848.003.11
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is an incurable and ultimately fatal degenerative neurological disease. Sporadic (or ‘classical’) CJD appears across the globe, though fortunately it is very rare. In ...
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is an incurable and ultimately fatal degenerative neurological disease. Sporadic (or ‘classical’) CJD appears across the globe, though fortunately it is very rare. In March 1996, researchers in the UK first reported a variant of the disease, vCJD. Unlike sporadic CJD, younger people were affected, and the research suggested that infection had resulted from exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy — BSE, or ‘mad cow disease’ — in cattle. This discovery followed repeated and fervent denials by government that BSE posed any conceivable risk to human health. Not surprisingly, vCJD has created a new theatre of interest in risk communication. This chapter presents a short historical summary to understand why this is so. It then considers the role of the CJD Incidents Panel in helping to manage the consequences of vCJD, and in communicating both to individuals and to wider audiences.Less
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is an incurable and ultimately fatal degenerative neurological disease. Sporadic (or ‘classical’) CJD appears across the globe, though fortunately it is very rare. In March 1996, researchers in the UK first reported a variant of the disease, vCJD. Unlike sporadic CJD, younger people were affected, and the research suggested that infection had resulted from exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy — BSE, or ‘mad cow disease’ — in cattle. This discovery followed repeated and fervent denials by government that BSE posed any conceivable risk to human health. Not surprisingly, vCJD has created a new theatre of interest in risk communication. This chapter presents a short historical summary to understand why this is so. It then considers the role of the CJD Incidents Panel in helping to manage the consequences of vCJD, and in communicating both to individuals and to wider audiences.
Claude Lévi-Strauss
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231170680
- eISBN:
- 9780231541268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231170680.003.0014
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Theory and Practice
mad cow disease and the future of carnivorism
mad cow disease and the future of carnivorism
Patrick van Zwanenberg and Erik Millstone
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525813
- eISBN:
- 9780191723902
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525813.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book presents a systematic analysis of how BSE policy was made in the UK and EU, 1986%#x2013;2004. The main focus is on the role of scientific expertise, advice, and evidence in policy-making ...
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This book presents a systematic analysis of how BSE policy was made in the UK and EU, 1986%#x2013;2004. The main focus is on the role of scientific expertise, advice, and evidence in policy-making processes, and its use by officials and ministers as a political resource. The central argument is that highly political and highly problematic policy decisions were often misrepresented as based on, and only on, sound science. Those tactics required the selective highlighting of scientific uncertainties. Since many of the most crucial policy-sensitive uncertainties were concealed or discounted, research to diminish those uncertainties was not undertaken. Since the claim had been that it was impossible for BSE-contaminated food to cause a human spongiform encephalopathy, when such cases emerged in 1996, the policy-making regime was comprehensively undermined and a crisis ensued. The BSE policy saga is used to develop and refine a general analytical framework with which science-based policy governance can be analysed, providing resources with which the book specifies the conditions under which such policy-making may achieve and reconcile scientific and democratic legitimacy.Less
This book presents a systematic analysis of how BSE policy was made in the UK and EU, 1986%#x2013;2004. The main focus is on the role of scientific expertise, advice, and evidence in policy-making processes, and its use by officials and ministers as a political resource. The central argument is that highly political and highly problematic policy decisions were often misrepresented as based on, and only on, sound science. Those tactics required the selective highlighting of scientific uncertainties. Since many of the most crucial policy-sensitive uncertainties were concealed or discounted, research to diminish those uncertainties was not undertaken. Since the claim had been that it was impossible for BSE-contaminated food to cause a human spongiform encephalopathy, when such cases emerged in 1996, the policy-making regime was comprehensively undermined and a crisis ensued. The BSE policy saga is used to develop and refine a general analytical framework with which science-based policy governance can be analysed, providing resources with which the book specifies the conditions under which such policy-making may achieve and reconcile scientific and democratic legitimacy.
Claude Lévi-Strauss
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231170680
- eISBN:
- 9780231541268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231170680.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Theory and Practice
cannibalism in traditional and modern societies
cannibalism in traditional and modern societies
Élisabeth de Fontenay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816676040
- eISBN:
- 9781452947655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816676040.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Chapter 7 (The Ordinariness of Barbarity) portrays the vast extent of cruelty towards animals, from the slaughter of cows under the threat of mad cow disease to industrial methods of animal breeding ...
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Chapter 7 (The Ordinariness of Barbarity) portrays the vast extent of cruelty towards animals, from the slaughter of cows under the threat of mad cow disease to industrial methods of animal breeding and slaughter. It provides a coda to the book by reframing the need for rights to be attributed to animals.Less
Chapter 7 (The Ordinariness of Barbarity) portrays the vast extent of cruelty towards animals, from the slaughter of cows under the threat of mad cow disease to industrial methods of animal breeding and slaughter. It provides a coda to the book by reframing the need for rights to be attributed to animals.
Élisabeth de Fontenay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816676040
- eISBN:
- 9781452947655
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816676040.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This book pursues the investigation Fontenay began in her magnum opus, The Silence of the Beasts: Philosophy Confronts Animality with a series of essays of somewhat more topical reach. Fontenay’s ...
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This book pursues the investigation Fontenay began in her magnum opus, The Silence of the Beasts: Philosophy Confronts Animality with a series of essays of somewhat more topical reach. Fontenay’s perspective is resolutely informed by Continental Philosophy, which brings her to articulate a very strong critique of the pragmatist frame through which animal rights are often defended. Fontenay seeks to maintain the anthropological difference between man and animal that Singer and Cavalieri openly and brazenly, upon Fontenay’s account, ignore. While seeking to articulate the need for animal rights, Fontenay does not for as much encourage an abandon of what she calls the “human exception,” a defense of which she mounts in her chapter on “The Improper.” If the human exception must be maintained, Fontenay is attentive to the ways in which the account of the fragility common to animals and humans should lead to new ways of thinking about ethics and politics. Singer and Cavalieri are taken to task for ignoring the importance of this human exception (and, as a result, minimizing the crimes against humanity committed during the Shoah) and argues that animal rights should further develop their already extant legal status “between possessions and persons.” For Fontenay, it is not enough simply to investigate how philosophers, politicians or artists consider animals or the question of their rights nor is not enough for these different discourses simply to make mention of the “animal cause” to qualify them as allies in the struggle for animal rights.Less
This book pursues the investigation Fontenay began in her magnum opus, The Silence of the Beasts: Philosophy Confronts Animality with a series of essays of somewhat more topical reach. Fontenay’s perspective is resolutely informed by Continental Philosophy, which brings her to articulate a very strong critique of the pragmatist frame through which animal rights are often defended. Fontenay seeks to maintain the anthropological difference between man and animal that Singer and Cavalieri openly and brazenly, upon Fontenay’s account, ignore. While seeking to articulate the need for animal rights, Fontenay does not for as much encourage an abandon of what she calls the “human exception,” a defense of which she mounts in her chapter on “The Improper.” If the human exception must be maintained, Fontenay is attentive to the ways in which the account of the fragility common to animals and humans should lead to new ways of thinking about ethics and politics. Singer and Cavalieri are taken to task for ignoring the importance of this human exception (and, as a result, minimizing the crimes against humanity committed during the Shoah) and argues that animal rights should further develop their already extant legal status “between possessions and persons.” For Fontenay, it is not enough simply to investigate how philosophers, politicians or artists consider animals or the question of their rights nor is not enough for these different discourses simply to make mention of the “animal cause” to qualify them as allies in the struggle for animal rights.
Élisabeth de Fontenay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816676040
- eISBN:
- 9781452947655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816676040.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Chapter 4 (Rhetorics of Dehumanization) places the writing of Alphonse Toussenel, a 19th century Fourrierist whose most notable contributions were an anti-Semitic treatise on the “history of ...
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Chapter 4 (Rhetorics of Dehumanization) places the writing of Alphonse Toussenel, a 19th century Fourrierist whose most notable contributions were an anti-Semitic treatise on the “history of financial feudalism” and a book on “the spirit of the beasts,” in the context of the pseudo-science of physiognomy.Less
Chapter 4 (Rhetorics of Dehumanization) places the writing of Alphonse Toussenel, a 19th century Fourrierist whose most notable contributions were an anti-Semitic treatise on the “history of financial feudalism” and a book on “the spirit of the beasts,” in the context of the pseudo-science of physiognomy.
Élisabeth de Fontenay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816676040
- eISBN:
- 9781452947655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816676040.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Chapter 6 (The Pathetic Pranks of Bio-Art) is, as its title suggests, a scathing critique of Bio-Art. In Fontenay’s reading, Bio-Art abusively appropriates the legitimate concern for animal rights ...
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Chapter 6 (The Pathetic Pranks of Bio-Art) is, as its title suggests, a scathing critique of Bio-Art. In Fontenay’s reading, Bio-Art abusively appropriates the legitimate concern for animal rights and carelessly avoids the true ethical and political questions posed by genetic engineering.Less
Chapter 6 (The Pathetic Pranks of Bio-Art) is, as its title suggests, a scathing critique of Bio-Art. In Fontenay’s reading, Bio-Art abusively appropriates the legitimate concern for animal rights and carelessly avoids the true ethical and political questions posed by genetic engineering.
Élisabeth de Fontenay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816676040
- eISBN:
- 9781452947655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816676040.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Chapter 1 (Their Secret Elect) is an investigation of the moments when animals appear as a group or in more singular instances in the work of Jacques Derrida. Fontenay carefully suggests that in some ...
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Chapter 1 (Their Secret Elect) is an investigation of the moments when animals appear as a group or in more singular instances in the work of Jacques Derrida. Fontenay carefully suggests that in some of these instances, Derrida may over-generalize and thus elide certain anthropological specificities but praises his continued engagement with the animal question.Less
Chapter 1 (Their Secret Elect) is an investigation of the moments when animals appear as a group or in more singular instances in the work of Jacques Derrida. Fontenay carefully suggests that in some of these instances, Derrida may over-generalize and thus elide certain anthropological specificities but praises his continued engagement with the animal question.
Élisabeth de Fontenay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816676040
- eISBN:
- 9781452947655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816676040.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Chapter 2 (The Improper) is a wide-ranging critique of the ways the human exception has prevented the question of the philosophical status of animals from being addressed but ultimately argues for ...
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Chapter 2 (The Improper) is a wide-ranging critique of the ways the human exception has prevented the question of the philosophical status of animals from being addressed but ultimately argues for the necessity of maintaining its exceptionality.Less
Chapter 2 (The Improper) is a wide-ranging critique of the ways the human exception has prevented the question of the philosophical status of animals from being addressed but ultimately argues for the necessity of maintaining its exceptionality.
Élisabeth de Fontenay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816676040
- eISBN:
- 9781452947655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816676040.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Chapter 3 (Between Possessions and Persons) is a forceful critique of one of the main proponents of animal rights, the Australian philosopher Peter Singer along with his acolyte Paola Cavalieri. ...
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Chapter 3 (Between Possessions and Persons) is a forceful critique of one of the main proponents of animal rights, the Australian philosopher Peter Singer along with his acolyte Paola Cavalieri. Fontenay argues that taking animals into philosophical account should not lead to neglect for what she calls the “human exception” but rather to a revalorization of its vital fragility.Less
Chapter 3 (Between Possessions and Persons) is a forceful critique of one of the main proponents of animal rights, the Australian philosopher Peter Singer along with his acolyte Paola Cavalieri. Fontenay argues that taking animals into philosophical account should not lead to neglect for what she calls the “human exception” but rather to a revalorization of its vital fragility.
Élisabeth de Fontenay
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816676040
- eISBN:
- 9781452947655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816676040.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Chapter 5 (They Are Sleeping and We Are Watching Over Them) investigates how the “animal question” was treated in the works of Adorno and Horkheimer, Aristotle, Leibniz and Husserl, finding in each ...
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Chapter 5 (They Are Sleeping and We Are Watching Over Them) investigates how the “animal question” was treated in the works of Adorno and Horkheimer, Aristotle, Leibniz and Husserl, finding in each of these philosopher’s works a “tempered” version of the human exception.Less
Chapter 5 (They Are Sleeping and We Are Watching Over Them) investigates how the “animal question” was treated in the works of Adorno and Horkheimer, Aristotle, Leibniz and Husserl, finding in each of these philosopher’s works a “tempered” version of the human exception.
