Brian C. J. Moore
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198523307
- eISBN:
- 9780191712456
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523307.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Health Psychology
Over the last twenty years there has been a revolution in our understanding of the mechanisms of sound analysis in the normal cochlea. Along with this, the mechanisms associated with cochlear hearing ...
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Over the last twenty years there has been a revolution in our understanding of the mechanisms of sound analysis in the normal cochlea. Along with this, the mechanisms associated with cochlear hearing loss are also much better understood. However, these improvements in our understanding have been mainly in terms of physiological mechanisms. This book emphasizes the perceptual changes associated with cochlear hearing loss and relates these to the underlying physiological mechanisms. This provides a theoretical framework for understanding and interpreting the perceptual changes. The results obtained with hearing-impaired people have important implications for theories of normal perception, especially in relation to loudness, temporal processing, and pitch perception. The data and theories surveyed are used to draw up guidelines for the design of signal-processing hearing aids to compensate for perceptual abnormalities.Less
Over the last twenty years there has been a revolution in our understanding of the mechanisms of sound analysis in the normal cochlea. Along with this, the mechanisms associated with cochlear hearing loss are also much better understood. However, these improvements in our understanding have been mainly in terms of physiological mechanisms. This book emphasizes the perceptual changes associated with cochlear hearing loss and relates these to the underlying physiological mechanisms. This provides a theoretical framework for understanding and interpreting the perceptual changes. The results obtained with hearing-impaired people have important implications for theories of normal perception, especially in relation to loudness, temporal processing, and pitch perception. The data and theories surveyed are used to draw up guidelines for the design of signal-processing hearing aids to compensate for perceptual abnormalities.
John P. Burkett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189629
- eISBN:
- 9780199850778
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189629.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This book presents microeconomics as an evolving science, interacting with mathematics, psychology, and other disciplines and offering solutions to a growing range of practical problems. It gives ...
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This book presents microeconomics as an evolving science, interacting with mathematics, psychology, and other disciplines and offering solutions to a growing range of practical problems. It gives extensive and innovative coverage of recent research in cognitive psychology and behavioral economics. This research not only documents behavior inconsistent with some elements of traditional theory, but also advances positive theories with superior predictive power. The research covered includes studies of loss aversion, reference-dependent preferences, the context and framing of choice, hyperbolic discounting and inconsistent intertemporal choice, predictable errors in updating probabilities, nonlinear weighting of probabilities, and prospect theory. Covering results from behavioral and experimental economics along with traditional microeconomic doctrine involves re-balancing three key components of economics: issues, theory, and data. In comparison to traditional texts, this book places more emphasis on experimental data, both when they support received theory and when they reveal anomalies. Thus the book covers both feed-lot experiments that generate conventionally shaped isoquants and choice experiments that cast doubt on the predictive value of expected utility theory. This text offers many opportunities to apply high-school algebra in an economic context and to develop basic skills in linear programming and risk modeling. Through footnotes and parenthetical remarks, it also encourages readers to make good use of any calculus they know. Exercises appear where appropriate in the text; solutions and supplemental problems are collected at the ends of chapters.Less
This book presents microeconomics as an evolving science, interacting with mathematics, psychology, and other disciplines and offering solutions to a growing range of practical problems. It gives extensive and innovative coverage of recent research in cognitive psychology and behavioral economics. This research not only documents behavior inconsistent with some elements of traditional theory, but also advances positive theories with superior predictive power. The research covered includes studies of loss aversion, reference-dependent preferences, the context and framing of choice, hyperbolic discounting and inconsistent intertemporal choice, predictable errors in updating probabilities, nonlinear weighting of probabilities, and prospect theory. Covering results from behavioral and experimental economics along with traditional microeconomic doctrine involves re-balancing three key components of economics: issues, theory, and data. In comparison to traditional texts, this book places more emphasis on experimental data, both when they support received theory and when they reveal anomalies. Thus the book covers both feed-lot experiments that generate conventionally shaped isoquants and choice experiments that cast doubt on the predictive value of expected utility theory. This text offers many opportunities to apply high-school algebra in an economic context and to develop basic skills in linear programming and risk modeling. Through footnotes and parenthetical remarks, it also encourages readers to make good use of any calculus they know. Exercises appear where appropriate in the text; solutions and supplemental problems are collected at the ends of chapters.
Deborah R. Becker and Robert E. Drake
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195131215
- eISBN:
- 9780199863808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195131215.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
People who develop severe mental illness later in life may have advanced education and successful careers. The goal of returning to work for a highly trained individual has different challenges than ...
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People who develop severe mental illness later in life may have advanced education and successful careers. The goal of returning to work for a highly trained individual has different challenges than for people who are starting entry-level jobs. This chapter includes an illustration of an individual who developed severe mental illness after working successfully as a professor and wanted to return to his career. The employment specialist and the rest of the team provide hope and encouragement for people to achieve their goals. The team makes recommendations about specific steps toward reaching the goal. While respect and dignity should be part of every encounter a client has with the employment specialist and other practitioners, the team needs to recognize and respond to the sense of loss in societal and economic status that many people who have had careers and advanced training experience.Less
People who develop severe mental illness later in life may have advanced education and successful careers. The goal of returning to work for a highly trained individual has different challenges than for people who are starting entry-level jobs. This chapter includes an illustration of an individual who developed severe mental illness after working successfully as a professor and wanted to return to his career. The employment specialist and the rest of the team provide hope and encouragement for people to achieve their goals. The team makes recommendations about specific steps toward reaching the goal. While respect and dignity should be part of every encounter a client has with the employment specialist and other practitioners, the team needs to recognize and respond to the sense of loss in societal and economic status that many people who have had careers and advanced training experience.
Young‐Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178302
- eISBN:
- 9780199783557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178300.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This concluding chapter summarizes the records of capital formation and economic transformation during the 70-year period, and examines the net gains and losses of Korea's path between 1876 and 1945 ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the records of capital formation and economic transformation during the 70-year period, and examines the net gains and losses of Korea's path between 1876 and 1945 for Koreans. It considers certain scenarios that may have occurred if history took a different turn from what actually took place. For instance, what would have been the prospects for capital formation, economic development, and structural change for Korea had Japan not colonized it? Was it worthwhile for Koreans to have substantial capital formation and speedier economic development and transformation under Japanese colonial rule? The findings in this study go beyond Koreans and their economy under Japanese rule; Japanese imperialism and colonial rule of Korea obviously had major economic and political implications on Japan and Japanese.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the records of capital formation and economic transformation during the 70-year period, and examines the net gains and losses of Korea's path between 1876 and 1945 for Koreans. It considers certain scenarios that may have occurred if history took a different turn from what actually took place. For instance, what would have been the prospects for capital formation, economic development, and structural change for Korea had Japan not colonized it? Was it worthwhile for Koreans to have substantial capital formation and speedier economic development and transformation under Japanese colonial rule? The findings in this study go beyond Koreans and their economy under Japanese rule; Japanese imperialism and colonial rule of Korea obviously had major economic and political implications on Japan and Japanese.
Elizabeth Beck, Sarah Britto, and Arlene Andrews
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195179415
- eISBN:
- 9780199893799
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179415.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
Little is known about the effects of having a loved one on death row, and alternative visions of punishment that offer the possibility for forgiveness and recovery are also underrepresented in our ...
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Little is known about the effects of having a loved one on death row, and alternative visions of punishment that offer the possibility for forgiveness and recovery are also underrepresented in our system of justice and within the academic literature. In the Shadow of Death uses narrative accounts of individuals affected by the death penalty and crime to explore what it means to have a loved one on death row. The in-depth examination of this under-studied population adds to the literature on loss, trauma, grief, and recovery. In addition to theory on trauma and loss, the book also uses restorative justice theory, which holds offenders accountable while searching for ways to mend communities and lives torn apart by crimes, and explores options for the offenders' family members to be brought into the justice equation and the process of healing and recovery. The book uses myriad interviews with offenders' and victims' families, legal teams, and leaders in the abolition and restorative justice movement, as well as court documents that include in-depth psychosocial histories of offenders, in order to help ground a vision of justice rooted in the social fabric of community.Less
Little is known about the effects of having a loved one on death row, and alternative visions of punishment that offer the possibility for forgiveness and recovery are also underrepresented in our system of justice and within the academic literature. In the Shadow of Death uses narrative accounts of individuals affected by the death penalty and crime to explore what it means to have a loved one on death row. The in-depth examination of this under-studied population adds to the literature on loss, trauma, grief, and recovery. In addition to theory on trauma and loss, the book also uses restorative justice theory, which holds offenders accountable while searching for ways to mend communities and lives torn apart by crimes, and explores options for the offenders' family members to be brought into the justice equation and the process of healing and recovery. The book uses myriad interviews with offenders' and victims' families, legal teams, and leaders in the abolition and restorative justice movement, as well as court documents that include in-depth psychosocial histories of offenders, in order to help ground a vision of justice rooted in the social fabric of community.
Timothy Larsen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287871
- eISBN:
- 9780191713422
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287871.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
For fifty years or more, a dominant motif in 19th-century British studies has been the Victorian crisis of faith or loss of faith. From Basil Willey to A. N. Wilson, books have been written that ...
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For fifty years or more, a dominant motif in 19th-century British studies has been the Victorian crisis of faith or loss of faith. From Basil Willey to A. N. Wilson, books have been written that recounted the stories of Victorians who lost their faith. This narrative has become so ingrained that it is often the principal theme presented when religion in 19th-century Britain is discussed in general histories, textbooks, and literary studies. Serving as a corrective to that tired and overblown approach, this book uncovers a new pattern: the Victorian crisis of doubt. A whole succession of freethinking or Secularist leaders in 19th-century England reconverted back to Christianity, including figures well known in social, political, and literary studies such as the radical publisher William Hone and the Chartist Thomas Cooper. As sceptics, they had read, written about, and lectured on all the latest ideas that served to undermine faith such as biblical criticism and Darwinism. Nevertheless, they went on to judge that faith was more intellectually compelling than doubt, and to defend Christian thought in their writings, lectures, and public debates with Secularists. They held an honest faith to match the familiar theme of honest doubt. This was a deep crisis in the popular, freethinking movement: again and again leading Secularist lecturers and editors defected from the cause and re-emerged as able opponents. The book explores in detail their reasons for rejecting scepticism and their responses to the intellectual challenges to faith in their day. This study serves not only to correct an exaggerated emphasis on the Victorian crisis of faith, but also to reveal the intellectual strength of Christianity in the 19th century.Less
For fifty years or more, a dominant motif in 19th-century British studies has been the Victorian crisis of faith or loss of faith. From Basil Willey to A. N. Wilson, books have been written that recounted the stories of Victorians who lost their faith. This narrative has become so ingrained that it is often the principal theme presented when religion in 19th-century Britain is discussed in general histories, textbooks, and literary studies. Serving as a corrective to that tired and overblown approach, this book uncovers a new pattern: the Victorian crisis of doubt. A whole succession of freethinking or Secularist leaders in 19th-century England reconverted back to Christianity, including figures well known in social, political, and literary studies such as the radical publisher William Hone and the Chartist Thomas Cooper. As sceptics, they had read, written about, and lectured on all the latest ideas that served to undermine faith such as biblical criticism and Darwinism. Nevertheless, they went on to judge that faith was more intellectually compelling than doubt, and to defend Christian thought in their writings, lectures, and public debates with Secularists. They held an honest faith to match the familiar theme of honest doubt. This was a deep crisis in the popular, freethinking movement: again and again leading Secularist lecturers and editors defected from the cause and re-emerged as able opponents. The book explores in detail their reasons for rejecting scepticism and their responses to the intellectual challenges to faith in their day. This study serves not only to correct an exaggerated emphasis on the Victorian crisis of faith, but also to reveal the intellectual strength of Christianity in the 19th century.
Michael D. McDonald and Ian Budge
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286720
- eISBN:
- 9780191603327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286728.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The government mandate in its full form fails descriptively because few spontaneous majorities form in support of one party, and there is no guarantee that the plurality party is not actually opposed ...
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The government mandate in its full form fails descriptively because few spontaneous majorities form in support of one party, and there is no guarantee that the plurality party is not actually opposed by most electors. A minimal version might still apply however in terms of retrospective voting — a majority might still vote against a government. This idea has been particularly prominent in the economic voting literature, This chapter examines the evidence for ‘economic’ voting. It confirms previous comparative research by showing there is only limited evidence of consistent effects from growth, unemployment and inflation on voting. This is explained in terms of electoral reactions to any set of economic conditions never being undifferentiated or unproblematic. As there is always some rational argument for voting against incumbents some electors will always do so, accounting for a general fall of incumbent votes towards their long term norm. Median voter positions are not predictable from the state of the economy, but they do match government positions over the long term and indeed provide the equilibrium towards which government policy tends.Less
The government mandate in its full form fails descriptively because few spontaneous majorities form in support of one party, and there is no guarantee that the plurality party is not actually opposed by most electors. A minimal version might still apply however in terms of retrospective voting — a majority might still vote against a government. This idea has been particularly prominent in the economic voting literature, This chapter examines the evidence for ‘economic’ voting. It confirms previous comparative research by showing there is only limited evidence of consistent effects from growth, unemployment and inflation on voting. This is explained in terms of electoral reactions to any set of economic conditions never being undifferentiated or unproblematic. As there is always some rational argument for voting against incumbents some electors will always do so, accounting for a general fall of incumbent votes towards their long term norm. Median voter positions are not predictable from the state of the economy, but they do match government positions over the long term and indeed provide the equilibrium towards which government policy tends.
Edmund Cannon and Ian Tonks
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199216994
- eISBN:
- 9780191711978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216994.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter discusses a variety of reasons why it may be rational to avoid full annuitization. It discusses the interaction of annuities with state pensions, deferring annuitization, expenditure ...
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This chapter discusses a variety of reasons why it may be rational to avoid full annuitization. It discusses the interaction of annuities with state pensions, deferring annuitization, expenditure patterns in retirement, and long-term care costs. It explains the different types of adverse selection that might arise in annuity markets. It stresses that the apparent dislike of annuitizing may be due to lack of comprehension or to psychological reasons that are not strictly rational.Less
This chapter discusses a variety of reasons why it may be rational to avoid full annuitization. It discusses the interaction of annuities with state pensions, deferring annuitization, expenditure patterns in retirement, and long-term care costs. It explains the different types of adverse selection that might arise in annuity markets. It stresses that the apparent dislike of annuitizing may be due to lack of comprehension or to psychological reasons that are not strictly rational.
Robert Stevens
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199211609
- eISBN:
- 9780191705946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211609.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
A commonly held misconception is that the law of torts is concerned with defining those cases where one party may be held liable to compensate another for the loss he has caused through his fault. In ...
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A commonly held misconception is that the law of torts is concerned with defining those cases where one party may be held liable to compensate another for the loss he has caused through his fault. In fact the infringement of rights, not the infliction of loss, is the gist of the law of torts. In judicial decisions and academic writing, injuria and damnum, the wrong and its consequences, the right and the loss, are frequently conflated together. We have a law of torts, not a law of tort, just as we have a law of wrongs, not a law of wrong. This work seeks to demonstrate the importance and truth of conceiving of torts in this two-tiered way.Less
A commonly held misconception is that the law of torts is concerned with defining those cases where one party may be held liable to compensate another for the loss he has caused through his fault. In fact the infringement of rights, not the infliction of loss, is the gist of the law of torts. In judicial decisions and academic writing, injuria and damnum, the wrong and its consequences, the right and the loss, are frequently conflated together. We have a law of torts, not a law of tort, just as we have a law of wrongs, not a law of wrong. This work seeks to demonstrate the importance and truth of conceiving of torts in this two-tiered way.
Timothy Larsen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287871
- eISBN:
- 9780191713422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287871.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter argues that the crisis of doubt in the world of popular freethought was a deep one. A significant percentage of Secularist leaders reconverted.
This chapter argues that the crisis of doubt in the world of popular freethought was a deep one. A significant percentage of Secularist leaders reconverted.
Estelle Hopmeyer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335224
- eISBN:
- 9780199868810
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335224.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes a graduate level course on life-threatening illness, loss, and bereavement taught at the McGill University School of Social Work. It presents current goals, content, format, ...
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This chapter describes a graduate level course on life-threatening illness, loss, and bereavement taught at the McGill University School of Social Work. It presents current goals, content, format, and assignments. It also addresses strategies utilized to assist students in processing and integrating this powerful practice material. In this course students must challenge themselves both as emerging professionals wanting to become skillful in working with individuals and their families, and personally as they are required to face issues related to their own loss history and mortality. Unlike many chapters in the book, this one presents many examples of clinical practice related to death and dying and non-bereavement loss. Examples of specific areas addressed are the impact of culture, sudden stigmatized death (suicide), disenfranchised grief, and psycho-social loss.Less
This chapter describes a graduate level course on life-threatening illness, loss, and bereavement taught at the McGill University School of Social Work. It presents current goals, content, format, and assignments. It also addresses strategies utilized to assist students in processing and integrating this powerful practice material. In this course students must challenge themselves both as emerging professionals wanting to become skillful in working with individuals and their families, and personally as they are required to face issues related to their own loss history and mortality. Unlike many chapters in the book, this one presents many examples of clinical practice related to death and dying and non-bereavement loss. Examples of specific areas addressed are the impact of culture, sudden stigmatized death (suicide), disenfranchised grief, and psycho-social loss.
Patricia Howard
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265536
- eISBN:
- 9780191760327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265536.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Biodiversity and cultural diversity are intertwined. The threats to biodiversity are already observable and are accelerating. The spread of non-native species is an under-examined threat to ...
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Biodiversity and cultural diversity are intertwined. The threats to biodiversity are already observable and are accelerating. The spread of non-native species is an under-examined threat to biodiversity and to food production. Biodiversity tipping points may most likely appear at the regional scale, as in the drying of the Amazon. The failure of ecosystem integrity and inherent resilience offers a further threat, and the reaction of humans to all of these challenges adds fuel to the fire. Over one-third of the whole population depends on biodiversity — and help to maintain it. Yet part of this vital group is being displaced, losing their cultural integrity, and their language. The tipping points of biodiversity loss are also tipping points of cultural distinctiveness loss.Less
Biodiversity and cultural diversity are intertwined. The threats to biodiversity are already observable and are accelerating. The spread of non-native species is an under-examined threat to biodiversity and to food production. Biodiversity tipping points may most likely appear at the regional scale, as in the drying of the Amazon. The failure of ecosystem integrity and inherent resilience offers a further threat, and the reaction of humans to all of these challenges adds fuel to the fire. Over one-third of the whole population depends on biodiversity — and help to maintain it. Yet part of this vital group is being displaced, losing their cultural integrity, and their language. The tipping points of biodiversity loss are also tipping points of cultural distinctiveness loss.
Phil Hankins
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199212934
- eISBN:
- 9780191730368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212934.003.0022
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter relates the personal experience of Phil Hankins who was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this chapter, he talks about how he faces the dilemma and problems ...
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This chapter relates the personal experience of Phil Hankins who was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this chapter, he talks about how he faces the dilemma and problems associated with ALS and how the disease has had a great impact on his life. Herein, he narrates how he performs his daily tasks with the help of his work colleagues, efficient heath care givers, and his supportive family. Aside from recounting the physical losses he has had to deal with, Hankins recounts the emotional traumas he has had to face such as being withdrawn from his family, his diminished role in the family, the strains he has noticed in relationships, his fear of isolation, and his diminished confidence.Less
This chapter relates the personal experience of Phil Hankins who was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this chapter, he talks about how he faces the dilemma and problems associated with ALS and how the disease has had a great impact on his life. Herein, he narrates how he performs his daily tasks with the help of his work colleagues, efficient heath care givers, and his supportive family. Aside from recounting the physical losses he has had to deal with, Hankins recounts the emotional traumas he has had to face such as being withdrawn from his family, his diminished role in the family, the strains he has noticed in relationships, his fear of isolation, and his diminished confidence.
Steffen Ganghof
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240920
- eISBN:
- 9780191600180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240922.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
While tax competition is widely regarded as a major fiscal constraint on the welfare state, in fact, very little is known about its real impact. How have advanced industrialized states reacted to the ...
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While tax competition is widely regarded as a major fiscal constraint on the welfare state, in fact, very little is known about its real impact. How have advanced industrialized states reacted to the growing mobility of parts of their tax base? To what extent has tax competition resulted in a shift of burdens to less mobile tax bases? In answering these questions, the article identifies the different shape and force of tax competition in different areas of taxation, and the differing ways in which countries have responded. The conclusion is that the pressures of international tax competition are real, but so are countervailing economic and political pressures that work against a general ‘race to the bottom’ in the taxation of potentially mobile bases. At the same time, revenue‐preserving adjustment strategies have prevented large‐scale revenue losses at the price of creating politically more controversial structures of taxation.Less
While tax competition is widely regarded as a major fiscal constraint on the welfare state, in fact, very little is known about its real impact. How have advanced industrialized states reacted to the growing mobility of parts of their tax base? To what extent has tax competition resulted in a shift of burdens to less mobile tax bases? In answering these questions, the article identifies the different shape and force of tax competition in different areas of taxation, and the differing ways in which countries have responded. The conclusion is that the pressures of international tax competition are real, but so are countervailing economic and political pressures that work against a general ‘race to the bottom’ in the taxation of potentially mobile bases. At the same time, revenue‐preserving adjustment strategies have prevented large‐scale revenue losses at the price of creating politically more controversial structures of taxation.
Cicely Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198570530
- eISBN:
- 9780191730412
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570530.003.0020
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
In 1975, Cicely Saunders published a chapter based on a talk commissioned by the Religious Department of the BBC's European Services and which was broadcast in Germany on ‘The Day of the Dead’. It ...
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In 1975, Cicely Saunders published a chapter based on a talk commissioned by the Religious Department of the BBC's European Services and which was broadcast in Germany on ‘The Day of the Dead’. It draws on both professional and personal experiences of loss and observes in the introduction: ‘From the moment when a little hoard of flints was placed in the grave of early man, the human race has laid down its dead in grief. And it has done so with the hope that somehow this was not the end, and that somewhere those flints would be needed’. Dying may be hard, but it is a process which can be marked by great achievement in which body and mind, though linked, are secondary to the spirit.Less
In 1975, Cicely Saunders published a chapter based on a talk commissioned by the Religious Department of the BBC's European Services and which was broadcast in Germany on ‘The Day of the Dead’. It draws on both professional and personal experiences of loss and observes in the introduction: ‘From the moment when a little hoard of flints was placed in the grave of early man, the human race has laid down its dead in grief. And it has done so with the hope that somehow this was not the end, and that somewhere those flints would be needed’. Dying may be hard, but it is a process which can be marked by great achievement in which body and mind, though linked, are secondary to the spirit.
Arthur Lupia
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198297840
- eISBN:
- 9780191602016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829784X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Presents a formal theoretical framework that clarifies when principals can, and cannot, use delegation to accomplish desired ends. It shows the conditions (having to do with preferences and ...
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Presents a formal theoretical framework that clarifies when principals can, and cannot, use delegation to accomplish desired ends. It shows the conditions (having to do with preferences and information) under which agents will act in their principals’ interests and how political institutions can alleviate the perils of delegation. Finally, it discusses the implications of its theoretical insights on chains of political delegation.Less
Presents a formal theoretical framework that clarifies when principals can, and cannot, use delegation to accomplish desired ends. It shows the conditions (having to do with preferences and information) under which agents will act in their principals’ interests and how political institutions can alleviate the perils of delegation. Finally, it discusses the implications of its theoretical insights on chains of political delegation.
Craig Copeland and Jack VanDerhei
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199592609
- eISBN:
- 9780191594618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter analyzes the impact of future freezes among corporate defined benefit (DB) pension plans. The authors simulate the impact on expected future pension wealth by assuming all existing ...
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This chapter analyzes the impact of future freezes among corporate defined benefit (DB) pension plans. The authors simulate the impact on expected future pension wealth by assuming all existing private DB plans immediately freeze accruals for new employees. While this indicates the potential reduction in retirement wealth attributable to such plans, it does not recognize that sponsors freezing accruals may increase employer contributions to existing defined contribution (DC) plans or establish new DC plans. Using an empirical distribution of enhanced contributions to DC plans from sponsors freezing their DB plans, they evaluate the nominal annuity that could be purchased at retirement age from these enhanced contributions and back out the net pension loss experienced by employees in the future.Less
This chapter analyzes the impact of future freezes among corporate defined benefit (DB) pension plans. The authors simulate the impact on expected future pension wealth by assuming all existing private DB plans immediately freeze accruals for new employees. While this indicates the potential reduction in retirement wealth attributable to such plans, it does not recognize that sponsors freezing accruals may increase employer contributions to existing defined contribution (DC) plans or establish new DC plans. Using an empirical distribution of enhanced contributions to DC plans from sponsors freezing their DB plans, they evaluate the nominal annuity that could be purchased at retirement age from these enhanced contributions and back out the net pension loss experienced by employees in the future.
Eric A. Finkelstein, Phaedra S. Corso, and Ted R. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195179484
- eISBN:
- 9780199864621
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179484.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Injuries are one of the most serious public health problems facing the United States today. Through premature death, disability, medical cost, and lost productivity, injuries impact the health and ...
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Injuries are one of the most serious public health problems facing the United States today. Through premature death, disability, medical cost, and lost productivity, injuries impact the health and welfare of all Americans. Deaths only begin to tell the story. Although many injuries are minor, a large proportion results in fractures, amputations, burns, or significant injuries that have far-reaching consequences. Now, for the first time in over fifteen years, there are comprehensive estimates of the impact of these injuries in economic terms. This book updates a landmark Report to Congress from 1989. Since that report, no undertaking has addressed the incidence and economic burden of injuries with more timely data, despite major changes in the fields of prevention, reporting and surveillance. Since the mid-eighties, new safety technologies have been developed to prevent injuries or to decrease the severity of injuries, and new policies and laws have been enacted to promote injury prevention. Chapter topics include incidence by detailed categorizations, lifetime medical costs, and productivity losses as a result of injuries, and a discussion of recent trends.Less
Injuries are one of the most serious public health problems facing the United States today. Through premature death, disability, medical cost, and lost productivity, injuries impact the health and welfare of all Americans. Deaths only begin to tell the story. Although many injuries are minor, a large proportion results in fractures, amputations, burns, or significant injuries that have far-reaching consequences. Now, for the first time in over fifteen years, there are comprehensive estimates of the impact of these injuries in economic terms. This book updates a landmark Report to Congress from 1989. Since that report, no undertaking has addressed the incidence and economic burden of injuries with more timely data, despite major changes in the fields of prevention, reporting and surveillance. Since the mid-eighties, new safety technologies have been developed to prevent injuries or to decrease the severity of injuries, and new policies and laws have been enacted to promote injury prevention. Chapter topics include incidence by detailed categorizations, lifetime medical costs, and productivity losses as a result of injuries, and a discussion of recent trends.
Alessandro Minelli
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198566205
- eISBN:
- 9780191713866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566205.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
The single main root of phylogenetics is Hennig's reformulation of the comparative method, but the empirical basis has increased enormously in recent years with the availability of an exponentially ...
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The single main root of phylogenetics is Hennig's reformulation of the comparative method, but the empirical basis has increased enormously in recent years with the availability of an exponentially increasing amount of molecular sequence data, to be analysed through increasingly sophisticated algorithms. Progress has been overcoming the pitfalls of earlier naïve hypotheses, such as the putatively uniform rate of the molecular clock across lineages, as well as problems deriving from gene duplication, gene loss, and horizontal gene transfer. However, the intrinsic limits of the resolution power of sequence comparisons are also emerging, as in the case of geologically old sequences of a series of branchings of the phylogenetic tree, which reduce in practice to multibranched star-shaped phylogenies. The single best source of data for the molecular phylogeny of the Metazoa is arguably the mitochondrial genome, in terms of gene, genome sequences, and also gene orderLess
The single main root of phylogenetics is Hennig's reformulation of the comparative method, but the empirical basis has increased enormously in recent years with the availability of an exponentially increasing amount of molecular sequence data, to be analysed through increasingly sophisticated algorithms. Progress has been overcoming the pitfalls of earlier naïve hypotheses, such as the putatively uniform rate of the molecular clock across lineages, as well as problems deriving from gene duplication, gene loss, and horizontal gene transfer. However, the intrinsic limits of the resolution power of sequence comparisons are also emerging, as in the case of geologically old sequences of a series of branchings of the phylogenetic tree, which reduce in practice to multibranched star-shaped phylogenies. The single best source of data for the molecular phylogeny of the Metazoa is arguably the mitochondrial genome, in terms of gene, genome sequences, and also gene order
Robert D. Cooter and Ariel Porat
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151595
- eISBN:
- 9781400850396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151595.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
This chapter proposes a novel contract, dubbed “anti-insurance,” that perfectly solves the paradox of compensation. Breach of contract by the promisor poses a risk of loss to the promisee. With ...
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This chapter proposes a novel contract, dubbed “anti-insurance,” that perfectly solves the paradox of compensation. Breach of contract by the promisor poses a risk of loss to the promisee. With anti-insurance, promisor's liability for breach is 100 percent and promisee's compensation is 0 percent, as required for efficient incentives. The chapter first illustrates how anti-insurance works with a numerical example and considers some factors affecting its scope. It then presents examples of anti-insurance for losses and gains before comparing anti-insurance with other legal devices that give incentives to the promisee without eroding the promisor's incentives; these include mitigation of damages, foreseeability of damages, comparative fault, and liquidated damages. It concludes by explaining why anti-insurance is not available in the market.Less
This chapter proposes a novel contract, dubbed “anti-insurance,” that perfectly solves the paradox of compensation. Breach of contract by the promisor poses a risk of loss to the promisee. With anti-insurance, promisor's liability for breach is 100 percent and promisee's compensation is 0 percent, as required for efficient incentives. The chapter first illustrates how anti-insurance works with a numerical example and considers some factors affecting its scope. It then presents examples of anti-insurance for losses and gains before comparing anti-insurance with other legal devices that give incentives to the promisee without eroding the promisor's incentives; these include mitigation of damages, foreseeability of damages, comparative fault, and liquidated damages. It concludes by explaining why anti-insurance is not available in the market.
