K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter summarizes several methodological issues, including certain research design and analysis paradigms, related to the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion begins with a brief ...
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This chapter summarizes several methodological issues, including certain research design and analysis paradigms, related to the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion begins with a brief exposition of the relationship between cross-sectional and longitudinal data within the context of the general developmental model, followed by a presentation of the rationale for a variety of simple and sequential schemes for data acquisition and analysis. The problems of internal validity of developmental studies and designs for the measurement and control that plague developmental studies are explored. The chapter ends by exploring the relationship between observed measures and latent (unobserved) variables, and how confirmatory (restricted) factor analysis can be applied to assess construct equivalence across cohorts, age, and time in the study of developmental problems.Less
This chapter summarizes several methodological issues, including certain research design and analysis paradigms, related to the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion begins with a brief exposition of the relationship between cross-sectional and longitudinal data within the context of the general developmental model, followed by a presentation of the rationale for a variety of simple and sequential schemes for data acquisition and analysis. The problems of internal validity of developmental studies and designs for the measurement and control that plague developmental studies are explored. The chapter ends by exploring the relationship between observed measures and latent (unobserved) variables, and how confirmatory (restricted) factor analysis can be applied to assess construct equivalence across cohorts, age, and time in the study of developmental problems.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter presents an overview of the phenomena of adult cognitive development. It lays out the reasons why intelligence in adulthood should be studied by giving a brief history of the study of ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the phenomena of adult cognitive development. It lays out the reasons why intelligence in adulthood should be studied by giving a brief history of the study of adult intelligence. It points out that intellectual competence attains increasing importance from middle adulthood onwards, when level of intellectual competence may determine job retention. It discusses whether independent living within the community remains possible in later life, and considers maintenance of control over financial decision making. A conceptual model is then given to tackle the developmental influences that have an impact on the life course of cognition. The model provides the rationale for the various influences related to cognitive development. An account is then given of the history and objectives of the Seattle Longitudinal Study.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the phenomena of adult cognitive development. It lays out the reasons why intelligence in adulthood should be studied by giving a brief history of the study of adult intelligence. It points out that intellectual competence attains increasing importance from middle adulthood onwards, when level of intellectual competence may determine job retention. It discusses whether independent living within the community remains possible in later life, and considers maintenance of control over financial decision making. A conceptual model is then given to tackle the developmental influences that have an impact on the life course of cognition. The model provides the rationale for the various influences related to cognitive development. An account is then given of the history and objectives of the Seattle Longitudinal Study.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reviews the central core of the Seattle Longitudinal Study: the results from the longitudinal inquiries. The longitudinal studies consist of six seven-year follow-ups, five fourteen-year ...
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This chapter reviews the central core of the Seattle Longitudinal Study: the results from the longitudinal inquiries. The longitudinal studies consist of six seven-year follow-ups, five fourteen-year follow-ups, four twenty-one-year follow-ups, three twenty-eight-year follow-ups, two thirty-five-year follow-ups, and one forty-two-year follow-up. The longitudinal database is integrated to provide estimates of age changes based on the largest available number of study participants for each age interval. To permit comparison with the cross-sectional findings, the base mean-level estimates were set to the observed average values across all cohorts for participants tested at age 53 (the average age of the total sample). The average intra-individual age changes aggregated across all cohorts for which each age interval is available were then cumulated and added to or subtracted from these base values. These predicted values are provided for the total sample as well as being separately by gender.Less
This chapter reviews the central core of the Seattle Longitudinal Study: the results from the longitudinal inquiries. The longitudinal studies consist of six seven-year follow-ups, five fourteen-year follow-ups, four twenty-one-year follow-ups, three twenty-eight-year follow-ups, two thirty-five-year follow-ups, and one forty-two-year follow-up. The longitudinal database is integrated to provide estimates of age changes based on the largest available number of study participants for each age interval. To permit comparison with the cross-sectional findings, the base mean-level estimates were set to the observed average values across all cohorts for participants tested at age 53 (the average age of the total sample). The average intra-individual age changes aggregated across all cohorts for which each age interval is available were then cumulated and added to or subtracted from these base values. These predicted values are provided for the total sample as well as being separately by gender.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter describes some of the methodological studies that were conducted as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion mentions the shift from a sampling-without-replacement paradigm ...
More
This chapter describes some of the methodological studies that were conducted as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion mentions the shift from a sampling-without-replacement paradigm to one that involved sampling with replacement, as well as the issue of the aging of tests and results from an investigation designed to determine whether switching to more recently constructed tests would be appropriate in the context of the longitudinal study (1975 collateral study). The possible effect of repeated measurement designs in understating cognitive decline is considered and analyses that adjust for practice effects are presented. The issue of structural equivalence across cohorts, age, time, and gender is also explored.Less
This chapter describes some of the methodological studies that were conducted as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The discussion mentions the shift from a sampling-without-replacement paradigm to one that involved sampling with replacement, as well as the issue of the aging of tests and results from an investigation designed to determine whether switching to more recently constructed tests would be appropriate in the context of the longitudinal study (1975 collateral study). The possible effect of repeated measurement designs in understating cognitive decline is considered and analyses that adjust for practice effects are presented. The issue of structural equivalence across cohorts, age, time, and gender is also explored.
Martin Killias, Santiago Redondo, and Jerzy Sarnecki
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter summarizes European research that covers the various topic areas included in this book. It starts with an overview of European longitudinal studies, which have been conducted far beyond ...
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This chapter summarizes European research that covers the various topic areas included in this book. It starts with an overview of European longitudinal studies, which have been conducted far beyond the small number of countries that are routinely included in international reviews of research. The chapter also gives an overview of transnational European crime victimization surveys and comparative research on self-reported juvenile delinquency. European countries differ substantially with respect to the volume, trends, and explanations of criminal victimization, violence against women, juvenile delinquency, and homicide. Among the factors routinely addressed is the nexus between migration and crime where Europe’s and America’s experiences differ in many respects. With respect to responses to offending, Europe has a long history of favouring therapeutic rather than punitive approaches, although evaluations often are unsatisfactory or entirely missing. Europe’s remarkably varying crime and incarceration rates, which are well-documented, allow us to asses to what extent prison populations are driven by crime rates or the length of sentences. The findings suggest that both variables play an important role and that especially the rate of inmates convicted of murder strongly affects a country’s prison population. The chapter concludes with a short discussion of the impact on crime of alcohol, drug and welfare policies.Less
This chapter summarizes European research that covers the various topic areas included in this book. It starts with an overview of European longitudinal studies, which have been conducted far beyond the small number of countries that are routinely included in international reviews of research. The chapter also gives an overview of transnational European crime victimization surveys and comparative research on self-reported juvenile delinquency. European countries differ substantially with respect to the volume, trends, and explanations of criminal victimization, violence against women, juvenile delinquency, and homicide. Among the factors routinely addressed is the nexus between migration and crime where Europe’s and America’s experiences differ in many respects. With respect to responses to offending, Europe has a long history of favouring therapeutic rather than punitive approaches, although evaluations often are unsatisfactory or entirely missing. Europe’s remarkably varying crime and incarceration rates, which are well-documented, allow us to asses to what extent prison populations are driven by crime rates or the length of sentences. The findings suggest that both variables play an important role and that especially the rate of inmates convicted of murder strongly affects a country’s prison population. The chapter concludes with a short discussion of the impact on crime of alcohol, drug and welfare policies.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter presents the database for the Seattle Longitudinal Study and details the study participants and the measurement battery. The chapter also discusses, in addition to the cognitive ability ...
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This chapter presents the database for the Seattle Longitudinal Study and details the study participants and the measurement battery. The chapter also discusses, in addition to the cognitive ability measures, the neuropsychological assessment battery; measures of cognitive style; everyday problem solving; self-reported cognitive change; lifestyles, health status, health behaviors, and the subjective environment; as well as measures of personality traits and attitudes.Less
This chapter presents the database for the Seattle Longitudinal Study and details the study participants and the measurement battery. The chapter also discusses, in addition to the cognitive ability measures, the neuropsychological assessment battery; measures of cognitive style; everyday problem solving; self-reported cognitive change; lifestyles, health status, health behaviors, and the subjective environment; as well as measures of personality traits and attitudes.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter presents conclusions from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The lessons learned are reviewed in the context of the five questions considered in this book regarding the life course of ...
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This chapter presents conclusions from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The lessons learned are reviewed in the context of the five questions considered in this book regarding the life course of intellectual competence, and the conclusions reached from interventions in the normal course of adult cognitive development are discussed. The findings from studies designed to learn more about adult cognition in a developmental behavior, genetic, and/or family context are described, along with findings from extensions into identifying the genetic and environmental influences that shape adult intellectual development. The chapter ends by providing information on how to access certain limited data sets from the SLS that are being made available for use by qualified researchers and college teachers for secondary analyses or instructional purposes.Less
This chapter presents conclusions from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The lessons learned are reviewed in the context of the five questions considered in this book regarding the life course of intellectual competence, and the conclusions reached from interventions in the normal course of adult cognitive development are discussed. The findings from studies designed to learn more about adult cognition in a developmental behavior, genetic, and/or family context are described, along with findings from extensions into identifying the genetic and environmental influences that shape adult intellectual development. The chapter ends by providing information on how to access certain limited data sets from the SLS that are being made available for use by qualified researchers and college teachers for secondary analyses or instructional purposes.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This book lays out the reasons why we should study cognitive development in adulthood, and presents the history, latest data, and results from the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS), which now extends ...
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This book lays out the reasons why we should study cognitive development in adulthood, and presents the history, latest data, and results from the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS), which now extends to over forty-five years. The SLS is organized around five questions: does intelligence change uniformly throughout adulthood, or are there different life-course-ability patterns? At what age and at what magnitude can decrement in ability be reliably detected? What are the patterns and magnitude of generational differences? What accounts for individual differences in age-related change in adulthood? Can the intellectual decline that increases with age be reversed by educational intervention? Based on work on the SLS, this book presents a conceptual model. The model represents this book's author's view on the factors that influence cognitive development throughout the human lifespan, and provides a rationale for the various influences that have been investigated — genetic factors, early and current family environment, life styles, the experience of chronic disease, and various personality attributes. The data in this volume include the 1998 longitudinal cycle of the SLS. In light of both new data and revised analyses, psychometric and neuropsychological assessments have been linked in long-term data to aid in the early identification of risk for dementia in later life. The book also presents new data and concludes on the impact of personality on cognition. It includes correlation matrices and web-access information for select data sets.Less
This book lays out the reasons why we should study cognitive development in adulthood, and presents the history, latest data, and results from the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS), which now extends to over forty-five years. The SLS is organized around five questions: does intelligence change uniformly throughout adulthood, or are there different life-course-ability patterns? At what age and at what magnitude can decrement in ability be reliably detected? What are the patterns and magnitude of generational differences? What accounts for individual differences in age-related change in adulthood? Can the intellectual decline that increases with age be reversed by educational intervention? Based on work on the SLS, this book presents a conceptual model. The model represents this book's author's view on the factors that influence cognitive development throughout the human lifespan, and provides a rationale for the various influences that have been investigated — genetic factors, early and current family environment, life styles, the experience of chronic disease, and various personality attributes. The data in this volume include the 1998 longitudinal cycle of the SLS. In light of both new data and revised analyses, psychometric and neuropsychological assessments have been linked in long-term data to aid in the early identification of risk for dementia in later life. The book also presents new data and concludes on the impact of personality on cognition. It includes correlation matrices and web-access information for select data sets.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter discusses the effects of health on the maintenance of intellectual functioning, the role of health behaviors, the effects of cognitive abilities as predictors of physical health, ...
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This chapter discusses the effects of health on the maintenance of intellectual functioning, the role of health behaviors, the effects of cognitive abilities as predictors of physical health, mortality, and medication use, as well as the role of perceptions of social support on health. A series of studies is described that relates the role of disease and intellectual functioning in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The first study implicated cardiovascular disease as associated with earlier onset of decline of intellectual functioning. The second study, concerned with the structural relationship between disease processes and maintenance of intellectual functioning, also implicated cardiovascular and musculoskeletal conditions as leading to excess risk for cognitive decline.Less
This chapter discusses the effects of health on the maintenance of intellectual functioning, the role of health behaviors, the effects of cognitive abilities as predictors of physical health, mortality, and medication use, as well as the role of perceptions of social support on health. A series of studies is described that relates the role of disease and intellectual functioning in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The first study implicated cardiovascular disease as associated with earlier onset of decline of intellectual functioning. The second study, concerned with the structural relationship between disease processes and maintenance of intellectual functioning, also implicated cardiovascular and musculoskeletal conditions as leading to excess risk for cognitive decline.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Although the Seattle Longitudinal Study was designed to focus on cognitive changes in normal community-dwelling populations, it is inevitable that a prospective study of aging will eventually include ...
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Although the Seattle Longitudinal Study was designed to focus on cognitive changes in normal community-dwelling populations, it is inevitable that a prospective study of aging will eventually include in its successive follow-up cycles individuals who are beginning to show cognitive impairment and eventually may develop full-blown symptoms of dementia. This chapter reports some initial findings on the apolipoprotein E genetic marker of dementia as it relates to cognitive decline. Studies involving the neuropsychological assessment of a community-dwelling sample of older adults who have not previously been identified as suffering from cognitive impairment are described, along with the extension analyses that link the clinical measures with the psychometric battery for the study of normal aging. The chapter ends by analyzing studies that obtain postdicted estimates of earlier performance on the neuropsychological measures and speak to the possibility of early detection of risk for cognitive impairment.Less
Although the Seattle Longitudinal Study was designed to focus on cognitive changes in normal community-dwelling populations, it is inevitable that a prospective study of aging will eventually include in its successive follow-up cycles individuals who are beginning to show cognitive impairment and eventually may develop full-blown symptoms of dementia. This chapter reports some initial findings on the apolipoprotein E genetic marker of dementia as it relates to cognitive decline. Studies involving the neuropsychological assessment of a community-dwelling sample of older adults who have not previously been identified as suffering from cognitive impairment are described, along with the extension analyses that link the clinical measures with the psychometric battery for the study of normal aging. The chapter ends by analyzing studies that obtain postdicted estimates of earlier performance on the neuropsychological measures and speak to the possibility of early detection of risk for cognitive impairment.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reports the results of the cognitive intervention studies and their long-term follow-up and replication with new cohorts, as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. These studies lead to ...
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This chapter reports the results of the cognitive intervention studies and their long-term follow-up and replication with new cohorts, as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. These studies lead to the conclusion that, for many persons, cognitive decline in old age may be a function of disuse rather than deterioration of the physiological substrates of cognitive behavior. A brief five-hour training program on the abilities of Inductive Reasoning and Spatial Orientation involving individual tutorials was designed to improve the performance of participants above the age of sixty-four years. Participants were assigned either to training in the ability on which they had declined or randomly to one of the two training conditions if they had declined or remained stable on both abilities.Less
This chapter reports the results of the cognitive intervention studies and their long-term follow-up and replication with new cohorts, as part of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. These studies lead to the conclusion that, for many persons, cognitive decline in old age may be a function of disuse rather than deterioration of the physiological substrates of cognitive behavior. A brief five-hour training program on the abilities of Inductive Reasoning and Spatial Orientation involving individual tutorials was designed to improve the performance of participants above the age of sixty-four years. Participants were assigned either to training in the ability on which they had declined or randomly to one of the two training conditions if they had declined or remained stable on both abilities.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reports findings with respect to the trait of social responsibility and describes the work on personality traits derived from the seventy-five Test of Behavioral Rigidity (TBR) ...
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This chapter reports findings with respect to the trait of social responsibility and describes the work on personality traits derived from the seventy-five Test of Behavioral Rigidity (TBR) questionnaire items included in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Preliminary data on recent work relating the TBR-derived personality factors to the NEO (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness) are presented. New work on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) questionnaire used as a subjective measure of depression in the SLS participants older than 60 years is described.Less
This chapter reports findings with respect to the trait of social responsibility and describes the work on personality traits derived from the seventy-five Test of Behavioral Rigidity (TBR) questionnaire items included in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Preliminary data on recent work relating the TBR-derived personality factors to the NEO (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness) are presented. New work on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) questionnaire used as a subjective measure of depression in the SLS participants older than 60 years is described.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter gives an account of family studies of intellectual abilities in adulthood designed to consider similarities in adult parent-offspring and sibling pairs as well as similarity in married ...
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This chapter gives an account of family studies of intellectual abilities in adulthood designed to consider similarities in adult parent-offspring and sibling pairs as well as similarity in married couples. Of particular interest is new material on changes in the rate of cognitive change across biologically related generations. Married couples were studied for as long as twenty-one years. They showed significant initial within-couple correlations on verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and word fluency, and social responsibility, and on the Index of Educational Aptitude, even when age and education were controlled. Spousal similarity increased by length of marriage on verbal meaning, and attitudinal flexibility, and on the Index of Intellectual Ability.Less
This chapter gives an account of family studies of intellectual abilities in adulthood designed to consider similarities in adult parent-offspring and sibling pairs as well as similarity in married couples. Of particular interest is new material on changes in the rate of cognitive change across biologically related generations. Married couples were studied for as long as twenty-one years. They showed significant initial within-couple correlations on verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and word fluency, and social responsibility, and on the Index of Educational Aptitude, even when age and education were controlled. Spousal similarity increased by length of marriage on verbal meaning, and attitudinal flexibility, and on the Index of Intellectual Ability.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter reports findings regarding cohort and period differences in cognitive abilities as well as on other variables included in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Here, expanded operational ...
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This chapter reports findings regarding cohort and period differences in cognitive abilities as well as on other variables included in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Here, expanded operational definitions are provided for the computation of cohort and period effects and cumulative findings through the seventh study cycle are expanded and updated. Possible applications of the period effect estimates are considered. An example is provided of how corrections for cohort and period effects can be applied to adjust longitudinal estimates to obtain increased generalizability.Less
This chapter reports findings regarding cohort and period differences in cognitive abilities as well as on other variables included in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Here, expanded operational definitions are provided for the computation of cohort and period effects and cumulative findings through the seventh study cycle are expanded and updated. Possible applications of the period effect estimates are considered. An example is provided of how corrections for cohort and period effects can be applied to adjust longitudinal estimates to obtain increased generalizability.
Andrew M. Fearnley
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300117592
- eISBN:
- 9780300210804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300117592.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology / School Psychology
This chapter analyzes the Yale Longitudinal Study (YLS)—which documented the early and middle childhood years of a dozen children in New Haven County, Connecticut—within the context of other similar ...
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This chapter analyzes the Yale Longitudinal Study (YLS)—which documented the early and middle childhood years of a dozen children in New Haven County, Connecticut—within the context of other similar studies that were carried out during the middle decades of the twentieth century. It shows how the YLS became a popular tool for many practitioners in the field of child psychiatry from the 1950s through the mid-1970s when investigating children's cognitive, social, and emotional development. It also examines the role played by the YLS in the transformation of research on children within the mental sciences in the post-World War II era. The chapter argues that longitudinal research was embraced by child psychiatrists because it offered a means of accurately documenting the psychological phenomena involved in child development, including ego formation, development of individuality, and mother-child interactions.Less
This chapter analyzes the Yale Longitudinal Study (YLS)—which documented the early and middle childhood years of a dozen children in New Haven County, Connecticut—within the context of other similar studies that were carried out during the middle decades of the twentieth century. It shows how the YLS became a popular tool for many practitioners in the field of child psychiatry from the 1950s through the mid-1970s when investigating children's cognitive, social, and emotional development. It also examines the role played by the YLS in the transformation of research on children within the mental sciences in the post-World War II era. The chapter argues that longitudinal research was embraced by child psychiatrists because it offered a means of accurately documenting the psychological phenomena involved in child development, including ego formation, development of individuality, and mother-child interactions.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter presents data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study on the similarity of perceptions about family environments of parents and their adult offspring and the similarity in such perceptions ...
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This chapter presents data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study on the similarity of perceptions about family environments of parents and their adult offspring and the similarity in such perceptions of adult siblings reported in adulthood. Perceptions about family environments are considered both with respect to the family of origin (i.e., the family setting experienced by the study participants when they lived with their own parents) and with respect to the current family (i.e., their family unit at the time these data were collected). Included in this chapter also are analyses of the relation of perceived family environments to reported current intensity of contact between parent and offspring and between sibling pairs.Less
This chapter presents data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study on the similarity of perceptions about family environments of parents and their adult offspring and the similarity in such perceptions of adult siblings reported in adulthood. Perceptions about family environments are considered both with respect to the family of origin (i.e., the family setting experienced by the study participants when they lived with their own parents) and with respect to the current family (i.e., their family unit at the time these data were collected). Included in this chapter also are analyses of the relation of perceived family environments to reported current intensity of contact between parent and offspring and between sibling pairs.
Kim Cornish and John Wilding
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195179941
- eISBN:
- 9780199864652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179941.003.007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
Chapter 7 discusses the notion of attention over the period of development from infancy through adolescence and emphasizes the importance of teasing apart attention subcomponents and tracing their ...
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Chapter 7 discusses the notion of attention over the period of development from infancy through adolescence and emphasizes the importance of teasing apart attention subcomponents and tracing their pathways through this entire period. A rich literature exists on age-related changes in the preschool and childhood years that include developmentally sensitive periods characterized by spurts of growth followed by periods of stability. However, different attention subcomponents produce very different developmental trajectories. The relative paucity of research in the adolescent period prevents firm conclusions from being drawn about age trajectories from late childhood to early adulthood, a critical time period that needs more substantive research. As well, future longitudinal designs need to include developmentally sensitive paradigms that can identify subtle changes in performance. It will also need to adopt more sophisticated methods of identifying and evaluating specific attentional functions across a wide age range. [Less
Chapter 7 discusses the notion of attention over the period of development from infancy through adolescence and emphasizes the importance of teasing apart attention subcomponents and tracing their pathways through this entire period. A rich literature exists on age-related changes in the preschool and childhood years that include developmentally sensitive periods characterized by spurts of growth followed by periods of stability. However, different attention subcomponents produce very different developmental trajectories. The relative paucity of research in the adolescent period prevents firm conclusions from being drawn about age trajectories from late childhood to early adulthood, a critical time period that needs more substantive research. As well, future longitudinal designs need to include developmentally sensitive paradigms that can identify subtle changes in performance. It will also need to adopt more sophisticated methods of identifying and evaluating specific attentional functions across a wide age range. [
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter describes the pilot studies that led to the selection and validation of the measures used in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The 1956 baseline study is presented and its findings are ...
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This chapter describes the pilot studies that led to the selection and validation of the measures used in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The 1956 baseline study is presented and its findings are compared with the six cross-sectional replications. For purposes of an orderly presentation, the basic cognitive battery that is common to all study cycles is analyzed. Data for the fifth, sixth, and seventh cycles for the extended cognitive battery and the practical intelligence measures are then presented. Finally, the cross-sectional findings for the measures of cognitive style (Test of Behavioral Rigidity, TBR) are discussed.Less
This chapter describes the pilot studies that led to the selection and validation of the measures used in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. The 1956 baseline study is presented and its findings are compared with the six cross-sectional replications. For purposes of an orderly presentation, the basic cognitive battery that is common to all study cycles is analyzed. Data for the fifth, sixth, and seventh cycles for the extended cognitive battery and the practical intelligence measures are then presented. Finally, the cross-sectional findings for the measures of cognitive style (Test of Behavioral Rigidity, TBR) are discussed.
Sean A P Clouston
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199656516
- eISBN:
- 9780191748042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656516.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Counterfactual analysis attempts to replicate the circumstances of a randomized controlled trial using observational data. Though largely limited to cross-sectional data, recent work has begun to ...
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Counterfactual analysis attempts to replicate the circumstances of a randomized controlled trial using observational data. Though largely limited to cross-sectional data, recent work has begun to employ counterfactual methods with longitudinal data, where selection remains a source of bias. The most robust post hoc models use an estimation of the probability of treatment, called the propensity score, to create comparable groups or to match comparable individuals. The added complexity involved in analysing longitudinal data is critically examined. Propensity score analysis is extended for use with longitudinal mixed-effects models using subclassification. Models use balanced treatment blocks, defined by similar within-group but different between-group propensity scores, to define separate selection groups, specified as random effects in a mixed-effects model. Limitations and critiques of propensity score analysis are considered. A supplemental example is provided online that uses life course data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study.Less
Counterfactual analysis attempts to replicate the circumstances of a randomized controlled trial using observational data. Though largely limited to cross-sectional data, recent work has begun to employ counterfactual methods with longitudinal data, where selection remains a source of bias. The most robust post hoc models use an estimation of the probability of treatment, called the propensity score, to create comparable groups or to match comparable individuals. The added complexity involved in analysing longitudinal data is critically examined. Propensity score analysis is extended for use with longitudinal mixed-effects models using subclassification. Models use balanced treatment blocks, defined by similar within-group but different between-group propensity scores, to define separate selection groups, specified as random effects in a mixed-effects model. Limitations and critiques of propensity score analysis are considered. A supplemental example is provided online that uses life course data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study.
K. Warner Schaie
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156737
- eISBN:
- 9780199786817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The Life Complexity Inventory (LCI) has been used since 1974 to characterize the microenvironment of participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Early analyses of this instrument identified eight ...
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The Life Complexity Inventory (LCI) has been used since 1974 to characterize the microenvironment of participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Early analyses of this instrument identified eight lifestyle factors that were related to measures of intellectual abilities. Low-to-modest positive correlations were found between amount of leisure activity and levels of cognitive functioning. Positive lifestyle characteristics were also correlated with high levels of cognitive functioning, with the dimensions of prestige, social status, and work characteristics showing the highest correlations. This chapter discusses lifestyle variables that affect intellectual functioning. Family similarity in lifestyles was examined for parent-offspring and sibling dyads, along with the effects of work characteristics and retirement on cognitive functions.Less
The Life Complexity Inventory (LCI) has been used since 1974 to characterize the microenvironment of participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Early analyses of this instrument identified eight lifestyle factors that were related to measures of intellectual abilities. Low-to-modest positive correlations were found between amount of leisure activity and levels of cognitive functioning. Positive lifestyle characteristics were also correlated with high levels of cognitive functioning, with the dimensions of prestige, social status, and work characteristics showing the highest correlations. This chapter discusses lifestyle variables that affect intellectual functioning. Family similarity in lifestyles was examined for parent-offspring and sibling dyads, along with the effects of work characteristics and retirement on cognitive functions.
