James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195165869
- eISBN:
- 9780199868025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165869.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
The US Department of Defense (DoD) is one of the largest users of computers and telecommunications in the world and the largest within the federal government. The story of how the DoD promoted the ...
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The US Department of Defense (DoD) is one of the largest users of computers and telecommunications in the world and the largest within the federal government. The story of how the DoD promoted the development of new computing technologies from the 1940s through the 1990s has been studied by historians. This chapter focuses on the use of computers and telecommunications in order to demonstrate the extent to which this department relied on computing to do its work, and the degree to which its uses of the technology changed how the DoD evolved over time. The organization of the DoD, patterns of research and development, inventory control and logistics, weapons systems and ordnance, training, combat and non-combat applications, information age warfare, and IT deployment are discussed.Less
The US Department of Defense (DoD) is one of the largest users of computers and telecommunications in the world and the largest within the federal government. The story of how the DoD promoted the development of new computing technologies from the 1940s through the 1990s has been studied by historians. This chapter focuses on the use of computers and telecommunications in order to demonstrate the extent to which this department relied on computing to do its work, and the degree to which its uses of the technology changed how the DoD evolved over time. The organization of the DoD, patterns of research and development, inventory control and logistics, weapons systems and ordnance, training, combat and non-combat applications, information age warfare, and IT deployment are discussed.
Adam Moore
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501742170
- eISBN:
- 9781501716393
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501742170.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
In a dramatic unveiling of the little-known world of contracted military logistics, this book examines the lives of the global army of laborers who support US overseas wars. The book brings to the ...
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In a dramatic unveiling of the little-known world of contracted military logistics, this book examines the lives of the global army of laborers who support US overseas wars. The book brings to the reader the experience of the hundreds of thousands of men and women who perform jobs such as truck drivers and administrative assistants at bases located in warzones in the Middle East and Africa. It highlights the changes the U.S. military has undergone since the Vietnam War, when the ratio of contractors to uniformed personnel was roughly 1:6. In Afghanistan it has been as high as 4:1. This growth in logistics contracting represents a fundamental change in how the United States fights wars, with the military now dependent on a huge pool of contractors recruited from around the world. It also has social, economic, and political implications that extend well beyond the battlefields. Focusing on workers from the Philippines and Bosnia, two major sources of “third country national” military labor, the book explains the rise of large-scale logistics outsourcing since the end of the Cold War; describes the networks, infrastructures, and practices that span the spaces through which people, information, and goods circulate; and reveals the experiences of foreign workers, from the hidden dynamics of labor activism on bases, to the economic and social impacts these jobs have on their families and the communities they hail from. Through extensive fieldwork and interviews, the book gives voice to the agency and aspirations of the many thousands of foreigners who labor for the US military.Less
In a dramatic unveiling of the little-known world of contracted military logistics, this book examines the lives of the global army of laborers who support US overseas wars. The book brings to the reader the experience of the hundreds of thousands of men and women who perform jobs such as truck drivers and administrative assistants at bases located in warzones in the Middle East and Africa. It highlights the changes the U.S. military has undergone since the Vietnam War, when the ratio of contractors to uniformed personnel was roughly 1:6. In Afghanistan it has been as high as 4:1. This growth in logistics contracting represents a fundamental change in how the United States fights wars, with the military now dependent on a huge pool of contractors recruited from around the world. It also has social, economic, and political implications that extend well beyond the battlefields. Focusing on workers from the Philippines and Bosnia, two major sources of “third country national” military labor, the book explains the rise of large-scale logistics outsourcing since the end of the Cold War; describes the networks, infrastructures, and practices that span the spaces through which people, information, and goods circulate; and reveals the experiences of foreign workers, from the hidden dynamics of labor activism on bases, to the economic and social impacts these jobs have on their families and the communities they hail from. Through extensive fieldwork and interviews, the book gives voice to the agency and aspirations of the many thousands of foreigners who labor for the US military.
Richard Coopey, Sean O'Connell, and Dilwyn Porter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198296508
- eISBN:
- 9780191716638
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296508.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
Since its inception in the late 19th century, Britain's mail order industry both exploited and generated social networks in building its businesses. The common foundation of the sector was the agency ...
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Since its inception in the late 19th century, Britain's mail order industry both exploited and generated social networks in building its businesses. The common foundation of the sector was the agency system; sales were made through catalogues held by agents, ordinary people in families, neighbourhoods, pubs, clubs, and workplaces. Through this agency system, mail order firms in Britain were able to tap social networks both to build a customer base and also obtain vital information on creditworthiness. This history of the British mail order industry combines business and social history to explain fully the features and workings of this industry. It shows how British general mail order industry firms such as Kay and Co., Empire Stores, Littlewoods, and Grattan grew from a range of businesses as diverse as watch sales or football pools. A range of business innovations and strategies were developed throughout the 20th century, including technological development and labour process rationalization. Indeed, the sector was in the vanguard of many aspects of change from supply chain logistics to computerization. The social and gender profile of the home shopper also changed markedly as the industry developed. These changes are charted — from the male-dominated origins of the industry to the growing influence of women both within the firm and, more importantly — as the centre of the mail order market. The book also draws parallels and contrasts with the much more widely studied mail order industry of the United States. The final section of the book examines the rise of internet shopping and the new challenges and opportunities it provided for the mail order industry.Less
Since its inception in the late 19th century, Britain's mail order industry both exploited and generated social networks in building its businesses. The common foundation of the sector was the agency system; sales were made through catalogues held by agents, ordinary people in families, neighbourhoods, pubs, clubs, and workplaces. Through this agency system, mail order firms in Britain were able to tap social networks both to build a customer base and also obtain vital information on creditworthiness. This history of the British mail order industry combines business and social history to explain fully the features and workings of this industry. It shows how British general mail order industry firms such as Kay and Co., Empire Stores, Littlewoods, and Grattan grew from a range of businesses as diverse as watch sales or football pools. A range of business innovations and strategies were developed throughout the 20th century, including technological development and labour process rationalization. Indeed, the sector was in the vanguard of many aspects of change from supply chain logistics to computerization. The social and gender profile of the home shopper also changed markedly as the industry developed. These changes are charted — from the male-dominated origins of the industry to the growing influence of women both within the firm and, more importantly — as the centre of the mail order market. The book also draws parallels and contrasts with the much more widely studied mail order industry of the United States. The final section of the book examines the rise of internet shopping and the new challenges and opportunities it provided for the mail order industry.
Rachel Kerr
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199263059
- eISBN:
- 9780191601422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263051.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses the process of creating the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. It charts the process from the adoption of Resolution 827 on May 25, 1993 to the end of ...
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This chapter discusses the process of creating the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. It charts the process from the adoption of Resolution 827 on May 25, 1993 to the end of the establishment in 1996. Tremendous logistical, financial, and political problems were overcome to transform the Tribunal from a ‘nebulous idea’ of the Security Council into a reality. These include finding premises, building courtrooms, recruiting staff, coping with a limited budget, and appointing a prosecutor.Less
This chapter discusses the process of creating the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. It charts the process from the adoption of Resolution 827 on May 25, 1993 to the end of the establishment in 1996. Tremendous logistical, financial, and political problems were overcome to transform the Tribunal from a ‘nebulous idea’ of the Security Council into a reality. These include finding premises, building courtrooms, recruiting staff, coping with a limited budget, and appointing a prosecutor.
Steven Gunn, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199207503
- eISBN:
- 9780191708848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207503.003.002
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter analyses the development of military and fiscal institutions in England and the Netherlands. Their armies were composed of different mixtures of noble retinues, militias, garrison and ...
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This chapter analyses the development of military and fiscal institutions in England and the Netherlands. Their armies were composed of different mixtures of noble retinues, militias, garrison and artillery forces, mercenaries, auxiliaries, and standing companies; their navies likewise a blend of converted merchant ships and purpose-built warships. It was England that developed the more permanent navy in this period, the Netherlands the more permanent army. Their arsenals, navies, and logistics showed some signs of increasing bureaucracy. War drove on fiscal expansion and demesne revenues, taxation, coinage debasement, and borrowing were all exploited as rulers sought to construct a tax state. The process involved tense negotiation with their subjects in representative institutions, and rebellions and showed clear limits to the growth of state power.Less
This chapter analyses the development of military and fiscal institutions in England and the Netherlands. Their armies were composed of different mixtures of noble retinues, militias, garrison and artillery forces, mercenaries, auxiliaries, and standing companies; their navies likewise a blend of converted merchant ships and purpose-built warships. It was England that developed the more permanent navy in this period, the Netherlands the more permanent army. Their arsenals, navies, and logistics showed some signs of increasing bureaucracy. War drove on fiscal expansion and demesne revenues, taxation, coinage debasement, and borrowing were all exploited as rulers sought to construct a tax state. The process involved tense negotiation with their subjects in representative institutions, and rebellions and showed clear limits to the growth of state power.
Steven Gunn, David Grummitt, and Hans Cools
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199207503
- eISBN:
- 9780191708848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207503.003.005
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter shows how towns contributed to the war effort in more indirect ways. They generally kept watches and maintained warning beacons, but they were wary of hosting garrisons or billeting ...
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This chapter shows how towns contributed to the war effort in more indirect ways. They generally kept watches and maintained warning beacons, but they were wary of hosting garrisons or billeting other troops until they felt immediately threatened, for troops threatened to bring both disorder and political subjection. Keeping prisoners of war and supplying food and carts for army logistics might each be a source of profit or a burden. English towns drew less benefit from the arms trade than those in the Netherlands. Refugees and discharged soldiers strained urban poor relief systems, but encouraged their elaboration.Less
This chapter shows how towns contributed to the war effort in more indirect ways. They generally kept watches and maintained warning beacons, but they were wary of hosting garrisons or billeting other troops until they felt immediately threatened, for troops threatened to bring both disorder and political subjection. Keeping prisoners of war and supplying food and carts for army logistics might each be a source of profit or a burden. English towns drew less benefit from the arms trade than those in the Netherlands. Refugees and discharged soldiers strained urban poor relief systems, but encouraged their elaboration.
MICHAEL WHITBY
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264027
- eISBN:
- 9780191734908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
In Late Antiquity, the Balkans were transformed from a relatively prosperous region to one of great insecurity, with emperors increasingly inclined to ignore problems as long as they did not threaten ...
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In Late Antiquity, the Balkans were transformed from a relatively prosperous region to one of great insecurity, with emperors increasingly inclined to ignore problems as long as they did not threaten the security of Constantinople itself; the Roman troops in the Balkans might appear inadequate in both quality and quantity for dealing with the challenges from beyond the Danube, particularly those posed by the great federations of Huns and Avars. Huns and Avars both shattered the Roman Empire's defences, but the process took time. Overall, the performance of the Roman army in the defence of the Balkans might seem mixed for such a significant area, although periods of considerable success should be recognized. Logistics as well as strategic and tactical thinking were powerful advantages for the Romans, and were exploited right through until the early seventh century.Less
In Late Antiquity, the Balkans were transformed from a relatively prosperous region to one of great insecurity, with emperors increasingly inclined to ignore problems as long as they did not threaten the security of Constantinople itself; the Roman troops in the Balkans might appear inadequate in both quality and quantity for dealing with the challenges from beyond the Danube, particularly those posed by the great federations of Huns and Avars. Huns and Avars both shattered the Roman Empire's defences, but the process took time. Overall, the performance of the Roman army in the defence of the Balkans might seem mixed for such a significant area, although periods of considerable success should be recognized. Logistics as well as strategic and tactical thinking were powerful advantages for the Romans, and were exploited right through until the early seventh century.
Matthews James
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199655748
- eISBN:
- 9780199949953
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655748.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter analyzes the methods the two sides used to conscript men in the territories they controlled and examines the process from call-up to placement in a combatant unit. The militia phase of ...
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This chapter analyzes the methods the two sides used to conscript men in the territories they controlled and examines the process from call-up to placement in a combatant unit. The militia phase of the Spanish Civil War only lasted for the early months of fighting and both Nationalists and Republicans quickly realized the need to mobilize the male population under their control. Both sides operated almost identical recruiting methods during the civil war. The reasons for this are twofold. Firstly, a system of recruitment was already in place in Spain for mass conscription in the case of international war. It was practical for both sides to use existing structures to mobilize during the civil war. Secondly, and in contrast to the decentralized militia recruitment on both sides, professional military officers who had studied identical doctrines were responsible for mobilization.Less
This chapter analyzes the methods the two sides used to conscript men in the territories they controlled and examines the process from call-up to placement in a combatant unit. The militia phase of the Spanish Civil War only lasted for the early months of fighting and both Nationalists and Republicans quickly realized the need to mobilize the male population under their control. Both sides operated almost identical recruiting methods during the civil war. The reasons for this are twofold. Firstly, a system of recruitment was already in place in Spain for mass conscription in the case of international war. It was practical for both sides to use existing structures to mobilize during the civil war. Secondly, and in contrast to the decentralized militia recruitment on both sides, professional military officers who had studied identical doctrines were responsible for mobilization.
Graciana del Castillo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237739
- eISBN:
- 9780191717239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237739.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
The objective of Chapters 11-15 is to facilitate preparation of a strategy for post-conflict economic reconstruction by including activities and policy guidelines that governments could adopt to ...
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The objective of Chapters 11-15 is to facilitate preparation of a strategy for post-conflict economic reconstruction by including activities and policy guidelines that governments could adopt to maximize chances of success. Policymakers will be constantly opting among different policy options and need to be well informed about them. Lessons from the different case studies are presented in relation to different aspects of the strategy, and best practices are discerned, many of which are not so under normal development. This chapter discusses the basic assumptions and premises and the ‘11 c's’ that are critical for effective reconstruction; the political and security constraints; the need for a realistic assessment of economic and social conditions; the need to build support and consensus for reconstruction, build local capacity, and minimize distortions. It also discusses issues relating to sovereign decisions and ‘ownership’, national logistics and planning; the pace and sequence of reform; and property rights.Less
The objective of Chapters 11-15 is to facilitate preparation of a strategy for post-conflict economic reconstruction by including activities and policy guidelines that governments could adopt to maximize chances of success. Policymakers will be constantly opting among different policy options and need to be well informed about them. Lessons from the different case studies are presented in relation to different aspects of the strategy, and best practices are discerned, many of which are not so under normal development. This chapter discusses the basic assumptions and premises and the ‘11 c's’ that are critical for effective reconstruction; the political and security constraints; the need for a realistic assessment of economic and social conditions; the need to build support and consensus for reconstruction, build local capacity, and minimize distortions. It also discusses issues relating to sovereign decisions and ‘ownership’, national logistics and planning; the pace and sequence of reform; and property rights.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter looks at the period from the landings of the predominantly Indian force in November 1914 through to the wholesale changes of early 1916, which saw the replacement of commanders and the ...
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This chapter looks at the period from the landings of the predominantly Indian force in November 1914 through to the wholesale changes of early 1916, which saw the replacement of commanders and the switch of operational control from Delhi to London. After an encouraging start, with comparatively few British and Indian casualties, high levels of disease began to hinder the expeditionary force and the lightly-equipped and under-staffed medical services were unable to cope. Commanders had not given much thought to medical arrangements or logistics and there were great delays in the disposal of casualties down the line to the base in Basra. The chapter examines the reasons for these failures and their consequences for morale and military operations.Less
This chapter looks at the period from the landings of the predominantly Indian force in November 1914 through to the wholesale changes of early 1916, which saw the replacement of commanders and the switch of operational control from Delhi to London. After an encouraging start, with comparatively few British and Indian casualties, high levels of disease began to hinder the expeditionary force and the lightly-equipped and under-staffed medical services were unable to cope. Commanders had not given much thought to medical arrangements or logistics and there were great delays in the disposal of casualties down the line to the base in Basra. The chapter examines the reasons for these failures and their consequences for morale and military operations.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199575824
- eISBN:
- 9780191595158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575824.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in ...
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From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in Mesopotamia now took medicine seriously and integrated disease prevention and casualty disposal more effectively into operational planning. After years of censorship, there was also greater openness and the theatre was opened to voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross, which played a major role in the evacuation of casualties. Sanitary work was placed on a more systematic footing, too, with much greater attention to hygiene among front line troops. All this had a remarkable effect upon health and morale in the theatre but, at the end of 1916, one serious problem remained: high rates of scurvy among Indian troops. This problem was not resolved until transport and logistics were improved. The chapter concludes by examining the Mesopotamia Commission and its verdict upon the medical aspects of the operation.Less
From 1916 the very dismal medical situation in Mesopotamia began to improve due to a massive injection of manpower and resources and a wholesale change of command. The headquarters staff in Mesopotamia now took medicine seriously and integrated disease prevention and casualty disposal more effectively into operational planning. After years of censorship, there was also greater openness and the theatre was opened to voluntary organizations such as the Red Cross, which played a major role in the evacuation of casualties. Sanitary work was placed on a more systematic footing, too, with much greater attention to hygiene among front line troops. All this had a remarkable effect upon health and morale in the theatre but, at the end of 1916, one serious problem remained: high rates of scurvy among Indian troops. This problem was not resolved until transport and logistics were improved. The chapter concludes by examining the Mesopotamia Commission and its verdict upon the medical aspects of the operation.
Dara Orenstein
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226662879
- eISBN:
- 9780226663067
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226663067.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Environmental History
This book is an account of that most generic and underappreciated site in American commerce and industry: the warehouse. It traces the progression from the nineteenth century's bonded warehouses to ...
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This book is an account of that most generic and underappreciated site in American commerce and industry: the warehouse. It traces the progression from the nineteenth century's bonded warehouses to today's foreign-trade zones, enclaves of warehouses and factories where goods can be simultaneously on US soil and off US customs territory. These zones--nearly 800 of which are scattered across the country, and which constitute a significant if little-known subset of the 3,000 that dot the world--anchor the book because they are emblematic of why warehouses have begun to supplant factories in the age of Amazon and Walmart. Circulation is so crucial to the logistics of how and where goods are made that it is increasingly inseparable from production, to the point that warehouses are now some of the most pivotal spaces of global capitalism. Drawing from cultural geography, cultural history, and political economy, Out of Stock demonstrates the centrality of warehouses for corporations, workers, cities, and empires.Less
This book is an account of that most generic and underappreciated site in American commerce and industry: the warehouse. It traces the progression from the nineteenth century's bonded warehouses to today's foreign-trade zones, enclaves of warehouses and factories where goods can be simultaneously on US soil and off US customs territory. These zones--nearly 800 of which are scattered across the country, and which constitute a significant if little-known subset of the 3,000 that dot the world--anchor the book because they are emblematic of why warehouses have begun to supplant factories in the age of Amazon and Walmart. Circulation is so crucial to the logistics of how and where goods are made that it is increasingly inseparable from production, to the point that warehouses are now some of the most pivotal spaces of global capitalism. Drawing from cultural geography, cultural history, and political economy, Out of Stock demonstrates the centrality of warehouses for corporations, workers, cities, and empires.
Ulrich Glassman and Helmut Voelzkow
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199259403
- eISBN:
- 9780191603020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199259402.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter examines the rise, decline, and restructuring of the steel industry in Duisburg. Structural policy initiatives led to the shift from steel production to a logistics cluster. The former ...
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This chapter examines the rise, decline, and restructuring of the steel industry in Duisburg. Structural policy initiatives led to the shift from steel production to a logistics cluster. The former steel city was attractive for larger enterprises of the logistics branch due to its market proximity and connection to different means of transportation.Less
This chapter examines the rise, decline, and restructuring of the steel industry in Duisburg. Structural policy initiatives led to the shift from steel production to a logistics cluster. The former steel city was attractive for larger enterprises of the logistics branch due to its market proximity and connection to different means of transportation.
Roger B. Manning
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261499
- eISBN:
- 9780191718625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261499.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Professional officers who kept abreast of military innovations understood the need to discipline their soldiers and keep them focused on achieving military goals. Armies which foraged and plundered ...
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Professional officers who kept abreast of military innovations understood the need to discipline their soldiers and keep them focused on achieving military goals. Armies which foraged and plundered often became involved in secondary wars with local communities, and forfeited the goodwill of those who might offer intelligence and assistance. Regular payment of troops and developed systems of supply obviated the need for plunder, while improved discipline reduced the incidence of mutiny. The articles of war of various British and Irish armies — which were based upon mainland European models — attempted to regulate crimes and depredations by soldiers, generally secured the more humane treatment of prisoners of war, and restrained plundering and atrocities committed against civilian populations. Ireland was an exception to this trend to improve discipline and limit the destructiveness of war. Here, the parliamentary forces, which became captives of their own anti-Catholic propaganda and the determination of Cromwell to achieve total victory, pursued a policy of ‘fire and sword’ and committed atrocities which made the war in Ireland more bitter.Less
Professional officers who kept abreast of military innovations understood the need to discipline their soldiers and keep them focused on achieving military goals. Armies which foraged and plundered often became involved in secondary wars with local communities, and forfeited the goodwill of those who might offer intelligence and assistance. Regular payment of troops and developed systems of supply obviated the need for plunder, while improved discipline reduced the incidence of mutiny. The articles of war of various British and Irish armies — which were based upon mainland European models — attempted to regulate crimes and depredations by soldiers, generally secured the more humane treatment of prisoners of war, and restrained plundering and atrocities committed against civilian populations. Ireland was an exception to this trend to improve discipline and limit the destructiveness of war. Here, the parliamentary forces, which became captives of their own anti-Catholic propaganda and the determination of Cromwell to achieve total victory, pursued a policy of ‘fire and sword’ and committed atrocities which made the war in Ireland more bitter.
Alnoor Bhimani
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260386
- eISBN:
- 9780191601231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260389.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter examines the impact of e-business and e-logistics on management control systems. The following trends will affect management control systems: partnership in control, collaboration within ...
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This chapter examines the impact of e-business and e-logistics on management control systems. The following trends will affect management control systems: partnership in control, collaboration within the value chain, enterprise extension, information sharing, process specialisation, integrated service providers, and auditing for management control systems. The characteristics of firms that operate in the digital economy, and trends in e-logistics are discussed.Less
This chapter examines the impact of e-business and e-logistics on management control systems. The following trends will affect management control systems: partnership in control, collaboration within the value chain, enterprise extension, information sharing, process specialisation, integrated service providers, and auditing for management control systems. The characteristics of firms that operate in the digital economy, and trends in e-logistics are discussed.
Simon Head
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195179835
- eISBN:
- 9780199850211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179835.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter examines the role of enterprise resource planning (ERP) in industrial management in the U.S. in the new economy. ERP grew out of the reengineering of the early 1990s, taking the single ...
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This chapter examines the role of enterprise resource planning (ERP) in industrial management in the U.S. in the new economy. ERP grew out of the reengineering of the early 1990s, taking the single business processes that were the concern of reengineers. The most well-known maker of ERP software was SAP whose products comprised three chief elements which include logistics, financials and human resources. Since the mid-1990s ERP has been the driving force in the reshaping of American business, particularly in service industries.Less
This chapter examines the role of enterprise resource planning (ERP) in industrial management in the U.S. in the new economy. ERP grew out of the reengineering of the early 1990s, taking the single business processes that were the concern of reengineers. The most well-known maker of ERP software was SAP whose products comprised three chief elements which include logistics, financials and human resources. Since the mid-1990s ERP has been the driving force in the reshaping of American business, particularly in service industries.
Michael Storper, Thomas Kemeny, Naji Philip Makarem, and Taner Osman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780804789400
- eISBN:
- 9780804796026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804789400.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
Regional economic development is shaped by many policies, which are implemented by national governments, regional and state governments, and local governments. But local economic development policies ...
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Regional economic development is shaped by many policies, which are implemented by national governments, regional and state governments, and local governments. But local economic development policies in Greater Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area since 1970 had little to do with the economic divergence of these two regions. In reality, many so-called economic development policies have little to do with economic development as such, instead emphasizing land use changes and competition for sales tax revenue rather than industry and job development. Many of the problems with local planning and development policies in the United States in general are exemplified by the comparison of the San Francisco Bay Area and Greater Los Angeles.Less
Regional economic development is shaped by many policies, which are implemented by national governments, regional and state governments, and local governments. But local economic development policies in Greater Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area since 1970 had little to do with the economic divergence of these two regions. In reality, many so-called economic development policies have little to do with economic development as such, instead emphasizing land use changes and competition for sales tax revenue rather than industry and job development. Many of the problems with local planning and development policies in the United States in general are exemplified by the comparison of the San Francisco Bay Area and Greater Los Angeles.
Howard G. Brown
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205425
- eISBN:
- 9780191676628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205425.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the changes in military supply administration in France during the French Revolution. The analysis reveals the relative importance of military and political factors in the ...
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This chapter examines the changes in military supply administration in France during the French Revolution. The analysis reveals the relative importance of military and political factors in the state's progress towards a nationalized and over-centralized supply administration. This chapter suggests that centralization and rationalization were natural by-products of modernization and that they facilitated a more efficient transfer of resources from civilian to military ends. This process led to the growth in state elites' control over all aspects of military administration during the period between 1792 and 1794.Less
This chapter examines the changes in military supply administration in France during the French Revolution. The analysis reveals the relative importance of military and political factors in the state's progress towards a nationalized and over-centralized supply administration. This chapter suggests that centralization and rationalization were natural by-products of modernization and that they facilitated a more efficient transfer of resources from civilian to military ends. This process led to the growth in state elites' control over all aspects of military administration during the period between 1792 and 1794.
Jay Winter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693627
- eISBN:
- 9780191741258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693627.003.0020
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
German defeat was built into the structure of the war effort of the Kaiserreich. The fact that defeat was deferred for so long was due to two phenomena: (1) Allied blunders and misconceptions were as ...
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German defeat was built into the structure of the war effort of the Kaiserreich. The fact that defeat was deferred for so long was due to two phenomena: (1) Allied blunders and misconceptions were as disastrous as those of the German leadership. These failures enabled Germany to avoid the logical consequence of her profound strategic disadvantages, which arose out of the greater capacity of the Allies to solve the problems of supply and distribution, at the heart of industrial warfare. (2) The strength and sophistication of the German army, in particular in defensive positions, enabled it to hold its own and to win on the Eastern front long after its overall strategic position in the war had become untenable. After March 1918, everything came apart. Front and home front unraveled at the same time, requiring Germany to seek out an Armistice ending a war she could never have won.Less
German defeat was built into the structure of the war effort of the Kaiserreich. The fact that defeat was deferred for so long was due to two phenomena: (1) Allied blunders and misconceptions were as disastrous as those of the German leadership. These failures enabled Germany to avoid the logical consequence of her profound strategic disadvantages, which arose out of the greater capacity of the Allies to solve the problems of supply and distribution, at the heart of industrial warfare. (2) The strength and sophistication of the German army, in particular in defensive positions, enabled it to hold its own and to win on the Eastern front long after its overall strategic position in the war had become untenable. After March 1918, everything came apart. Front and home front unraveled at the same time, requiring Germany to seek out an Armistice ending a war she could never have won.
Charles R. Shrader
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813165752
- eISBN:
- 9780813165950
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813165752.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
In A War of Logistics: Parachutes and Porters in Indochina, 1945–1954, the author argues that the First Indochina War was a war of logistics in which strategic and operational plans and their outcome ...
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In A War of Logistics: Parachutes and Porters in Indochina, 1945–1954, the author argues that the First Indochina War was a war of logistics in which strategic and operational plans and their outcome depended substantially on the effectiveness of the logistical organization and preparations of each side. The opposing sides brought very different logistical strengths and weaknesses in the conflict. The French employed the latest military technology, including aerial resupply, but the Viet Minh relied on simpler, proven methods, including the extensive use of human porters. In the end, the Viet Minh system proved more successful, being better adapted to the climate and terrain of Indochina. The decisive defeat of the French Union forces at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954 was emblematic of the comparative logistical effectiveness of the systems employed by the two sides.Less
In A War of Logistics: Parachutes and Porters in Indochina, 1945–1954, the author argues that the First Indochina War was a war of logistics in which strategic and operational plans and their outcome depended substantially on the effectiveness of the logistical organization and preparations of each side. The opposing sides brought very different logistical strengths and weaknesses in the conflict. The French employed the latest military technology, including aerial resupply, but the Viet Minh relied on simpler, proven methods, including the extensive use of human porters. In the end, the Viet Minh system proved more successful, being better adapted to the climate and terrain of Indochina. The decisive defeat of the French Union forces at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954 was emblematic of the comparative logistical effectiveness of the systems employed by the two sides.
