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This concluding chapter argues that strategy making in a global environment imposes many challenges on strategy makers, from deciding how to organize for global competition to choosing the optimal geographic locations for performing value chain activities. The book has identified a series of issues, scenarios, and decision areas associated with global strategy choices. In doing so, it presents a future-oriented perspective and one that provides insights for both the student of management and the practitioner of global strategy.

Chapter 1 introduces the empirical and theoretical background of the project with its focus on the connection between land and urban politics. Persistent state land tenure in China has triggered fierce competition among state actors for land rents and territorial control, and provides an opportunity to reconsider theories of the state, power, and territory. Key differences between the concepts of “urbanization of the local state” and “state‐led urbanization” are also discussed. On the societal front, the land‐based regime of accumulation has fuelled distributional politics over land in different types of places, which offers an opportunity to add to geographers' theorization of location, locale, place, and territory. The second part is a methodological note on the challenges of doing fieldwork on the politics of land in China, and the author's strategies for data collection and interpretation. The chapter ends with an organizational overview of the book and brief summaries of each chapter.

This chapter tests the Entrepreneurial Performance Hypothesis, which suggests that the performance of knowledge-based startups should be superior when they are able to access knowledge spillovers through geographic proximity to universities as a source of knowledge. It is shown that the exact relationship between location and entrepreneurial performance is complex. The impact of geographic proximity on entrepreneurial performance is shaped by the amount and type of knowledge produced at a university. If the research output of a university is meagre, close proximity to a university will not bestow significant performance benefits. However, close proximity to a university with strong research output and spillover mechanisms enhances entrepreneurial performance.

The rate of a pendulum clock is affected by air pressure. As the air pressure increases, the clock slows down, and vice versa. The basic cause is that the pendulum floats in a sea of air, and when the density of the air changes, the effective weight of the pendulum changes by a small but significant amount. A pendulum's sensitivity to air pressure depends on bob shape and density, and is in the range of 0.2-0.4 second per day per inch of mercury. A pendulum clock is normally set to run true over some length of time, meaning a nominally zero time error is obtained at the average air pressure during that time period. This chapter shows that a clock's time error varies considerably with location. In addition, the predominant effect of air pressure is long-term time error, not short term, as any effects of one year or more in duration are considered long term.

Aquinas treats quantity as the reified accident to which it essentially pertains to be divided into distinct parts at a distance from one another. Quantity thus explains the divisibility of matter and mediates the relation of substances and qualities to place. This chapter examines Ockham's moves to deconstruct Aquinas' picture and to expose reified quantity as an explanatory fifth wheel. It also explores the implications of Ockham's own view that material substances are divided into parts in and of themselves, and that their parts are present to place (if at all) immediately. Like Scotus, Ockham defends the metaphysical possibility of the multiple location as well as the definitive location of bodies. Ockham maintains that Christ's Body is on eucharistic altars definitively, and further contends that — since presence and proximity are key for Aristotelian causal exposure — definitive placement will mean the presence of all the parts at each place and lead to more causal exposure than circumscriptive placement would.

This chapter continues the discussion of knowledge, shifting the focus to the global allocation of knowledge-based resources. It argues that the current wave of globalization promises to change the way MNEs decide on the preferred location for their value added functions and activities. Recent trends in the management of knowledge resources have important implications for the formulation and execution of global strategy. In particular, the controversial topic of offshoring gives rise to a new set of strategic issues. The chapter proposes that the decision to use offshoring for functions with a large knowledge component should be a function of country-specific considerations. The considerations should center on the ability to leverage the unique location specific characteristics to add superior value to the function and to the firm. The chapter also examines the type of knowledge functions that can be outsourced and the major decisions necessary to execute an outsourcing entry strategy.

In daily practice the embodied interactions and embodied self-understandings of Christians were subject to the status-conscious corporal pedagogy of the Roman Empire. Socially located experiences inform what a body knows. Nonetheless, corporal epistemology—what a body knows—exceeds inscription by social location. While social location is inevitably implicated in corporal knowing, what is known in the body is not exhausted by location in a social grid. In disturbing ways, the practice of torture relies on parallel logic, that is, on the conviction that truth can be beaten out of bodies and squeezed from flesh. In light of ongoing debates about torture, claims about corporal knowing are not anodyne claims. The epilogue nonetheless acknowledges the diverse phenomena of corporal knowing and the significance of those phenomena for a cultural history of Christian origins.

Having concentrated mainly on measuring the amount of behaviour animals do, this chapter looks at a variety of measurements that can be made, such as when behaviour occurs, the sequence in which animals behave, where behaviour occurs, and which other animals they are associating with. There are plenty of examples to illustrate how important studies can be done with the minimum of equipment.

This chapter surveys the factors that have given rise to foreign sourcing and analyses the divergent manner in which national institutional environments, as well as international regulatory bodies, have shaped the coordination and governance of global production networks (GPNs). It shows how, in building GPNs, firms' various strategic concerns, particularly cost reduction, flexibility (in terms of capacity variation), and management of the extremely volatile competitive environment, have interacted with both domestic and global institutional opportunities and constraints to result in a complex web of influences. Additionally, the nationally diverse capabilities, resources and strategies of retail customers are shown to exert a strong influence on power relations in the GPN. In outlining different national sourcing strategies, the chapter explores both the mode of sourcing and the locational choices of firms. Finally, it analyses the nature of relationships in the network between western buyer firms and their contractors in low-wage countries.

This chapter explores the claim that bodily awareness is a perceptual faculty or, more realistically, set of faculties. It shows that there are a number of ways to construe the widely accepted claim that bodily awareness is a perceptual faculty. Bodily awareness can be construed as a faculty which enables us to perceive properties of our bodies — its shape, location, movement, as well as phenomenal pain properties, tickle properties, and the like. Unless one is a sceptic about secondary properties, or has a specific reason for thinking that there could not be phenomenal perceptible properties of our bodies, there is no impediment to doing so.

This chapter, the longest in the book, presents the Representational Level of FDG, which is a layered structure indicating the part-whole relations among semantic categories. After a discussion of the hierarchically related categories, the chapter progresses to those that enter into equipollent relations, and finally to reflexive language.

This chapter provides a brief case history for AH and describes the preliminary results that led to a focus on her processing of visual location and orientation information. AH was an 18-year-old freshman at Johns Hopkins University when the study began in December 1991. When testing ended in May 1995, she was 21 years old and had just graduated from Johns Hopkins. Her neurological status, educational history, and impaired location and orientation processing are described. AH was strikingly impaired across a variety of direct-copy tasks with diverse stimulus materials. Despite the fact that the stimuli remained in view while she produced her copies, she made frequent and blatant errors even for very simple stimuli. AH's direct-copy errors systematically involved mislocation or misorientation of stimulus objects or their parts. Moreover, the location and orientation errors were not random but instead took the form of left-right or up-down reflections. These results clearly demonstrated that AH suffered from some form of impairment that affected her processing of location and orientation information.

This chapter presents results concerning AH's head and eye movements and the consequences of these movements for her visual location perception. It shows that AH often moved her head and eyes in the wrong direction when attempting to orient toward a visual stimulus. It then reports a far more surprising result: AH's misperceptions of object location often remained stable across head and eye movements. For this latter result, the chapter offers a speculative interpretation concerning the processes that generate high-level visual location representations. Finally, it discusses the implications of AH's performance for issues concerning the levels of the visual system implicated in conscious visual experience.

This chapter evaluates the defective verbal paradigms in the Hungarian language. The first section of the chapter provides an overview of the defectiveness in Hungarian, with emphasis on the systematic, phonotactically motivated defectiveness of the paradigms of some verbal stems. The aim of this section is to be as theoretically neutral and descriptive as possible to facilitate a good comparison with other types of defectiveness in other languages. The second section of the chapter discusses the results of the experiments which are conducted in order to determine the various aspects of the defectiveness in the verbal paradigm. Some of the aspects tested include: the gap locations such as the occurrence and variation of forms in other designated cells of the verbal paradigm, and the correlations between the occurrence of forms in some designated cells; and the gap properties such as the differences in the classification of some verb stems into various stem-classes, and the range of variation exhibited by the forms that native Hungarian speakers accept as fill-ins for the gaps that are present in the paradigms of the defective verbs.