Andrea Braides
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507840
- eISBN:
- 9780191709890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507840.003.0017
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter provides an introduction to the localization method of Gamma-convergence. It presents a brief account of the localization methods of Gamma-convergence that allows for the proof of ...
More
This chapter provides an introduction to the localization method of Gamma-convergence. It presents a brief account of the localization methods of Gamma-convergence that allows for the proof of general compactness theorems when direct characterizations are not available: energies are localized on open sets, where Gamma-limits indexed by the set are proved to exist defining a set function; subadditivity and regularity properties of this set function ensure that it is a measure by the De Giorgi-Letta measure criterion; integral representation theorems allow to give a description of the Gamma-limit.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to the localization method of Gamma-convergence. It presents a brief account of the localization methods of Gamma-convergence that allows for the proof of general compactness theorems when direct characterizations are not available: energies are localized on open sets, where Gamma-limits indexed by the set are proved to exist defining a set function; subadditivity and regularity properties of this set function ensure that it is a measure by the De Giorgi-Letta measure criterion; integral representation theorems allow to give a description of the Gamma-limit.
Huatong Sun
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199744763
- eISBN:
- 9780199932993
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744763.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
A demanding challenge in cross-cultural design is how to make a usable technology meaningful to local users. This book examines the disconnect of action and meaning in cross-cultural design and ...
More
A demanding challenge in cross-cultural design is how to make a usable technology meaningful to local users. This book examines the disconnect of action and meaning in cross-cultural design and presents an innovative framework “Culturally Localized User Experience (CLUE)” to tackle the problem. Drawing from three strands of practice theories—activity theory, British cultural studies, and rhetorical genre theory, the CLUE approach regards local culture as the dynamic nexus of contextual interactions and integrates action and meaning through a dialogical, cyclical design process in order to design a technology that would engage local users within meaningful social practices. With five in-depth case studies of mobile text messaging use in American and Chinese contexts, this book demonstrates that a technology creating for a culturally localized user experience mediates both instrumental practices and social meanings. It calls for a change in cross-cultural design practices from simply applying cultural conventions in design to localizing for social affordances with rich understandings of use activities in context. Meanwhile, the vivid user stories at sites of technology-in-use show the power of “user localization” in connecting design and use, which the book believes essential for the success of an emerging technology like mobile messaging in an era of participatory culture. This book is divided into three parts: theoretical grounding for key concepts, case histories, and scholarly implications. It explores how to create culture-sensitive technology for local users in this increasingly globalized world with a rising participatory culture.Less
A demanding challenge in cross-cultural design is how to make a usable technology meaningful to local users. This book examines the disconnect of action and meaning in cross-cultural design and presents an innovative framework “Culturally Localized User Experience (CLUE)” to tackle the problem. Drawing from three strands of practice theories—activity theory, British cultural studies, and rhetorical genre theory, the CLUE approach regards local culture as the dynamic nexus of contextual interactions and integrates action and meaning through a dialogical, cyclical design process in order to design a technology that would engage local users within meaningful social practices. With five in-depth case studies of mobile text messaging use in American and Chinese contexts, this book demonstrates that a technology creating for a culturally localized user experience mediates both instrumental practices and social meanings. It calls for a change in cross-cultural design practices from simply applying cultural conventions in design to localizing for social affordances with rich understandings of use activities in context. Meanwhile, the vivid user stories at sites of technology-in-use show the power of “user localization” in connecting design and use, which the book believes essential for the success of an emerging technology like mobile messaging in an era of participatory culture. This book is divided into three parts: theoretical grounding for key concepts, case histories, and scholarly implications. It explores how to create culture-sensitive technology for local users in this increasingly globalized world with a rising participatory culture.
V. F. Gantmakher
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567561
- eISBN:
- 9780191718267
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567561.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This book contains modern concepts about the physics of electrons in solids. It is written using a minimum of mathematics, with the emphasis on various physical models aimed at stimulating creative ...
More
This book contains modern concepts about the physics of electrons in solids. It is written using a minimum of mathematics, with the emphasis on various physical models aimed at stimulating creative thinking. The book aims to aid in the choice of the most efficient scheme of an experiment or the optimal algorithm of a calculation. Boltzmann and hopping types of conductivity are compared. The qualitative theory of weak localization is presented and its links with the true localization and metal-insulator transitions. Processes that determine the structure of impurity bands are revealed. The concepts introduced in this book are applied to descriptions of granular metals and quasicrystals, as well as the integer quantum Hall effect, emphasizing their universality.Less
This book contains modern concepts about the physics of electrons in solids. It is written using a minimum of mathematics, with the emphasis on various physical models aimed at stimulating creative thinking. The book aims to aid in the choice of the most efficient scheme of an experiment or the optimal algorithm of a calculation. Boltzmann and hopping types of conductivity are compared. The qualitative theory of weak localization is presented and its links with the true localization and metal-insulator transitions. Processes that determine the structure of impurity bands are revealed. The concepts introduced in this book are applied to descriptions of granular metals and quasicrystals, as well as the integer quantum Hall effect, emphasizing their universality.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0025
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter explains why the dynamics and evolution of the formation of electron bubbles has been investigated by looking at how the electron mobility changes as a function of the density of helium ...
More
This chapter explains why the dynamics and evolution of the formation of electron bubbles has been investigated by looking at how the electron mobility changes as a function of the density of helium gas.Less
This chapter explains why the dynamics and evolution of the formation of electron bubbles has been investigated by looking at how the electron mobility changes as a function of the density of helium gas.
Michael McCloskey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195168693
- eISBN:
- 9780199871513
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168693.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The findings discussed in the preceding chapter demonstrate that AH made highly systematic location and orientation errors in a wide variety of tasks with visual stimuli. This chapter shows that ...
More
The findings discussed in the preceding chapter demonstrate that AH made highly systematic location and orientation errors in a wide variety of tasks with visual stimuli. This chapter shows that whereas AH is severely impaired in perceiving the location and orientation of visual stimuli, she is intact in processing nonvisual location and orientation information. This pattern of results points clearly to a selective deficit in visual perception. A second conclusion, which emerged from the arrows experiment, is that AH's visual deficit affects her performance not only in tasks with visual stimuli but also in tasks where spatial vision may play a role in production of responses, such as tasks with drawing responses.Less
The findings discussed in the preceding chapter demonstrate that AH made highly systematic location and orientation errors in a wide variety of tasks with visual stimuli. This chapter shows that whereas AH is severely impaired in perceiving the location and orientation of visual stimuli, she is intact in processing nonvisual location and orientation information. This pattern of results points clearly to a selective deficit in visual perception. A second conclusion, which emerged from the arrows experiment, is that AH's visual deficit affects her performance not only in tasks with visual stimuli but also in tasks where spatial vision may play a role in production of responses, such as tasks with drawing responses.
David B. Audretsch, Max C. Keilbach, and Erik E. Lehmann
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195183511
- eISBN:
- 9780199783663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183511.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter asks whether the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship also has a spatial component in that the startups tend to cluster within geographic proximity to knowledge sources. It ...
More
This chapter asks whether the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship also has a spatial component in that the startups tend to cluster within geographic proximity to knowledge sources. It examines whether the role of location in transmitting knowledge spillovers to entrepreneurial startups is heterogeneous, and varies systematically across different scientific and academic fields and for different spillover mechanisms. Evidence provides general support for the Localization Hypothesis. Universities with greater investment in knowledge and where the regional investment in knowledge is greater tend to generate more technology startups, suggesting that university spillovers tend to be localized and spatially constrained. However, the contribution of geographical proximity to accessing and absorbing university spillovers is apparently highly nuanced and varies systematically across different scientific fields and academic disciplines as well as different spillover mechanisms. The exact role that geographic proximity plays in facilitating university spillovers depends on the degree to which the type of knowledge and actual spillover mechanism are based on tacit, rather than codified knowledge.Less
This chapter asks whether the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship also has a spatial component in that the startups tend to cluster within geographic proximity to knowledge sources. It examines whether the role of location in transmitting knowledge spillovers to entrepreneurial startups is heterogeneous, and varies systematically across different scientific and academic fields and for different spillover mechanisms. Evidence provides general support for the Localization Hypothesis. Universities with greater investment in knowledge and where the regional investment in knowledge is greater tend to generate more technology startups, suggesting that university spillovers tend to be localized and spatially constrained. However, the contribution of geographical proximity to accessing and absorbing university spillovers is apparently highly nuanced and varies systematically across different scientific fields and academic disciplines as well as different spillover mechanisms. The exact role that geographic proximity plays in facilitating university spillovers depends on the degree to which the type of knowledge and actual spillover mechanism are based on tacit, rather than codified knowledge.
Andrew Inkpen and Kannan Ramaswamy
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167207
- eISBN:
- 9780199789825
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167207.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter extends the discussion of strategic approaches by focusing on the organizational demands of global strategies, with an emphasis on MNE structural choices. It begins with a case study to ...
More
This chapter extends the discussion of strategic approaches by focusing on the organizational demands of global strategies, with an emphasis on MNE structural choices. It begins with a case study to provide an example of the variety of organizational options available to MNEs. It then discusses national responsiveness and global integration as conflicting imperatives. The challenges associated with MNE organizational change from country-centered to globally-oriented is examined, followed by a discussion of the evolution of MNE organizations and the emergence of the transnational concept as an organizing model. The strategy and role of the MNE subsidiary is examined along with a discussion of the reasons why the traditional country-based authority and power of subsidiaries is waning. The chapter concludes with some consideration of how the MNE of the future will manage the inevitability of increased organizational complexity.Less
This chapter extends the discussion of strategic approaches by focusing on the organizational demands of global strategies, with an emphasis on MNE structural choices. It begins with a case study to provide an example of the variety of organizational options available to MNEs. It then discusses national responsiveness and global integration as conflicting imperatives. The challenges associated with MNE organizational change from country-centered to globally-oriented is examined, followed by a discussion of the evolution of MNE organizations and the emergence of the transnational concept as an organizing model. The strategy and role of the MNE subsidiary is examined along with a discussion of the reasons why the traditional country-based authority and power of subsidiaries is waning. The chapter concludes with some consideration of how the MNE of the future will manage the inevitability of increased organizational complexity.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing ...
More
This chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing multinationals and the evolution of their internationalization strategies, focusing on the rapid growth of such investment from the mid-1980s and their goals in establishing overseas subsidiaries. It argues that many earlier analyses were too optimistic in their expectations of upgrading, especially in the light of the ebb, flow, and international repositioning of investment as Japanese companies respond to changing economic conditions at home and the wider international division of labour, with its regional rivalries and new centres of low-cost production. Thus, some subsidiaries will remain routine manufacturing plants, some may move up the value chain and others may face contraction or closure. These different trajectories will help shape the production regimes and employment relations of specific subsidiaries, mediating any process of global localization.Less
This chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing multinationals and the evolution of their internationalization strategies, focusing on the rapid growth of such investment from the mid-1980s and their goals in establishing overseas subsidiaries. It argues that many earlier analyses were too optimistic in their expectations of upgrading, especially in the light of the ebb, flow, and international repositioning of investment as Japanese companies respond to changing economic conditions at home and the wider international division of labour, with its regional rivalries and new centres of low-cost production. Thus, some subsidiaries will remain routine manufacturing plants, some may move up the value chain and others may face contraction or closure. These different trajectories will help shape the production regimes and employment relations of specific subsidiaries, mediating any process of global localization.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter compares two large assembly factories that implemented important elements of the Japanese production model and showed a continuing commitment to new products and investment by their ...
More
This chapter compares two large assembly factories that implemented important elements of the Japanese production model and showed a continuing commitment to new products and investment by their parent companies. Nevertheless, day to day work within these workplaces differs markedly from idealized accounts of Japanese production methods, especially in regard to team-working and forms of worker involvement, and the evolution of employment relations reveals persistent sources of tension and uncertainty. This prompts a reappraisal of the limits of transfer and the extent of localization of production and employment practices at such subsidiaries, and analysis of what constitutes ‘good enough’ production when enterprise and sector norms of performance co-exist with intractable features of employment relations. Finally, the chapter addresses differences between the two factories in management alliances, employment relations and work organization, and relates such differences to the timing of investment, wider corporate orientations, sector recipes, and the exigencies of management-worker relations.Less
This chapter compares two large assembly factories that implemented important elements of the Japanese production model and showed a continuing commitment to new products and investment by their parent companies. Nevertheless, day to day work within these workplaces differs markedly from idealized accounts of Japanese production methods, especially in regard to team-working and forms of worker involvement, and the evolution of employment relations reveals persistent sources of tension and uncertainty. This prompts a reappraisal of the limits of transfer and the extent of localization of production and employment practices at such subsidiaries, and analysis of what constitutes ‘good enough’ production when enterprise and sector norms of performance co-exist with intractable features of employment relations. Finally, the chapter addresses differences between the two factories in management alliances, employment relations and work organization, and relates such differences to the timing of investment, wider corporate orientations, sector recipes, and the exigencies of management-worker relations.
Vladimir Dobrosavljevic, Nandini Trivedi, and James M. Valles, Jr. (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592593
- eISBN:
- 9780191741050
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592593.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
Quantum phase transitions describe the violent rearrangement of electrons or atoms as they evolve from well defined excitations in one phase to a completely different set of excitations in another. ...
More
Quantum phase transitions describe the violent rearrangement of electrons or atoms as they evolve from well defined excitations in one phase to a completely different set of excitations in another. The book chapters give insights into how a coherent metallic or superconducting state can be driven into an incoherent insulating state by increasing disorder, magnetic field, carrier concentration and inter-electron interactions. They illustrate the primary methods employed to develop a multi-faceted theory of many interacting particle systems. They describe how recent experiments probing the microscopic structure, transport, charge and spin dynamics have yielded guiding insights. What sets this book apart is this strong dialog between experiment and theory, which reveals the recent progress and emergent opportunities to solve some major problems in many body physics. The pedagogical style of the chapters has been set for graduate students starting in this dynamic field.Less
Quantum phase transitions describe the violent rearrangement of electrons or atoms as they evolve from well defined excitations in one phase to a completely different set of excitations in another. The book chapters give insights into how a coherent metallic or superconducting state can be driven into an incoherent insulating state by increasing disorder, magnetic field, carrier concentration and inter-electron interactions. They illustrate the primary methods employed to develop a multi-faceted theory of many interacting particle systems. They describe how recent experiments probing the microscopic structure, transport, charge and spin dynamics have yielded guiding insights. What sets this book apart is this strong dialog between experiment and theory, which reveals the recent progress and emergent opportunities to solve some major problems in many body physics. The pedagogical style of the chapters has been set for graduate students starting in this dynamic field.
David A. Cleveland
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520277410
- eISBN:
- 9780520957084
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520277410.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
We are in the middle of a major, long-term food crisis—how do we get out of it? The goal of Balancing on a Planet is to empower readers to analyze the challenges facing the agrifood system so they ...
More
We are in the middle of a major, long-term food crisis—how do we get out of it? The goal of Balancing on a Planet is to empower readers to analyze the challenges facing the agrifood system so they can ask better questions, find more useful answers, and participate in discussion and decision making more effectively in order to contribute to solving the food crisis. This book is an interdisciplinary primer on critical thinking and effective action for the future of our global agrifood system that integrates biophysical, social, economic, cultural, and philosophical components. It explains the fundamental concepts needed for understanding the history, current situation, and possible futures of our agrifood systems—from local to global—and analyzes opposing perspectives. It covers a range of topics, including population, the Neolithic and subsequent revolutions, sustainability, plant breeding and biotechnology, agroecosystems management, common property management, climate change, and localization. A key component of the book is a thorough analysis of the assumptions underlying different perspectives on problems related to food and agriculture around the world and a discussion of alternative solutions. For example, the author argues that combining selected aspects of small-scale traditional agriculture with modern scientific agriculture can help balance our biological need for food with its environmental impact—and it can continue to fulfill cultural, social, and psychological needs related to food.Less
We are in the middle of a major, long-term food crisis—how do we get out of it? The goal of Balancing on a Planet is to empower readers to analyze the challenges facing the agrifood system so they can ask better questions, find more useful answers, and participate in discussion and decision making more effectively in order to contribute to solving the food crisis. This book is an interdisciplinary primer on critical thinking and effective action for the future of our global agrifood system that integrates biophysical, social, economic, cultural, and philosophical components. It explains the fundamental concepts needed for understanding the history, current situation, and possible futures of our agrifood systems—from local to global—and analyzes opposing perspectives. It covers a range of topics, including population, the Neolithic and subsequent revolutions, sustainability, plant breeding and biotechnology, agroecosystems management, common property management, climate change, and localization. A key component of the book is a thorough analysis of the assumptions underlying different perspectives on problems related to food and agriculture around the world and a discussion of alternative solutions. For example, the author argues that combining selected aspects of small-scale traditional agriculture with modern scientific agriculture can help balance our biological need for food with its environmental impact—and it can continue to fulfill cultural, social, and psychological needs related to food.
Dirk Hundertmark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199239252
- eISBN:
- 9780191716911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239252.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Analysis
Anderson localization is another physical problem that has spurred much mathematical research. The issue here is how disorder, such as random changes in the spacing of a crystal, influences the ...
More
Anderson localization is another physical problem that has spurred much mathematical research. The issue here is how disorder, such as random changes in the spacing of a crystal, influences the movement of electrons and thus the crystal's conductivity. In 1977, Anderson was awarded the Nobel prize for his investigations on this subject. This chapter introduces the physical model, based on a random Schrodinger operator, and carefully reviews different notions of localization as well as rigorous proofs of localization. A very readable introduction to finite-volume criteria for localization via percolation arguments is followed by an elegant proof of localization for large disorder.Less
Anderson localization is another physical problem that has spurred much mathematical research. The issue here is how disorder, such as random changes in the spacing of a crystal, influences the movement of electrons and thus the crystal's conductivity. In 1977, Anderson was awarded the Nobel prize for his investigations on this subject. This chapter introduces the physical model, based on a random Schrodinger operator, and carefully reviews different notions of localization as well as rigorous proofs of localization. A very readable introduction to finite-volume criteria for localization via percolation arguments is followed by an elegant proof of localization for large disorder.
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155357
- eISBN:
- 9781400846283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155357.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter considers the status quo—the punishments and rewards used by steward states as part of their foreign policy to advance human rights today. Although they are not the only stewards, the ...
More
This chapter considers the status quo—the punishments and rewards used by steward states as part of their foreign policy to advance human rights today. Although they are not the only stewards, the chapter focuses on the United States and the European Union and the ways that they already use their political authority, resources, and reach for human rights promotion. The limits of punishments, such as military intervention and nonmilitary punishments, and rewards are discussed, along with two important lessons about how stewards can be more effective: one concerns localization, and the other is about setting priorities. The chapter argues that a more strategic use of state power has enormous potential to enhance the effectiveness of stewardship.Less
This chapter considers the status quo—the punishments and rewards used by steward states as part of their foreign policy to advance human rights today. Although they are not the only stewards, the chapter focuses on the United States and the European Union and the ways that they already use their political authority, resources, and reach for human rights promotion. The limits of punishments, such as military intervention and nonmilitary punishments, and rewards are discussed, along with two important lessons about how stewards can be more effective: one concerns localization, and the other is about setting priorities. The chapter argues that a more strategic use of state power has enormous potential to enhance the effectiveness of stewardship.
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155357
- eISBN:
- 9781400846283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155357.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter examines how engagement with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)—such as local chapters of multinational human rights organizations and especially homegrown NGOs—can lead to ...
More
This chapter examines how engagement with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)—such as local chapters of multinational human rights organizations and especially homegrown NGOs—can lead to localization. It first explains how localization through NGOs actually leads to legitimacy and the congruence of local with international policies around human rights. It then considers what NGOs actually do and put their operations into perspective and highlights some of the troubles that arise when NGOs play these roles. It also argues why there is value to legitimizing the use of state power (and thus advocacy) in a local context and evaluates practical strategies that foreign stewards can adopt to localize how they wield their power for human rights. The chapter argues that NGOs can directly assist in implementing foreign-backed punishments, rewards, and other forms of diplomacy for human rights promotion, while improving the possibility that those policies resonate with local issues, customs, and practices.Less
This chapter examines how engagement with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)—such as local chapters of multinational human rights organizations and especially homegrown NGOs—can lead to localization. It first explains how localization through NGOs actually leads to legitimacy and the congruence of local with international policies around human rights. It then considers what NGOs actually do and put their operations into perspective and highlights some of the troubles that arise when NGOs play these roles. It also argues why there is value to legitimizing the use of state power (and thus advocacy) in a local context and evaluates practical strategies that foreign stewards can adopt to localize how they wield their power for human rights. The chapter argues that NGOs can directly assist in implementing foreign-backed punishments, rewards, and other forms of diplomacy for human rights promotion, while improving the possibility that those policies resonate with local issues, customs, and practices.
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155357
- eISBN:
- 9781400846283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155357.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter explores how engagement with national human rights institutions (NHRIs) can lead to localization. It first describes the different types of NHRIs, including ombudsmen and human rights ...
More
This chapter explores how engagement with national human rights institutions (NHRIs) can lead to localization. It first describes the different types of NHRIs, including ombudsmen and human rights commissions, and puts them into perspective. It then considers how NHRIs could actually help localize foreign stewardship for human rights promotion and highlights some of the challenges they present, along with some strategies for navigating those difficulties. It also examines how NHRIs and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) interact, paying attention to the benefits of cooperation and the problems that arise from an adversarial and even competitive relationship. Compared to NGOs, NHRIs are particularly intriguing because they have formal roles in national governance processes, and thus might be particularly effective conduits between international pressures and national policy and behavior.Less
This chapter explores how engagement with national human rights institutions (NHRIs) can lead to localization. It first describes the different types of NHRIs, including ombudsmen and human rights commissions, and puts them into perspective. It then considers how NHRIs could actually help localize foreign stewardship for human rights promotion and highlights some of the challenges they present, along with some strategies for navigating those difficulties. It also examines how NHRIs and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) interact, paying attention to the benefits of cooperation and the problems that arise from an adversarial and even competitive relationship. Compared to NGOs, NHRIs are particularly intriguing because they have formal roles in national governance processes, and thus might be particularly effective conduits between international pressures and national policy and behavior.
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155357
- eISBN:
- 9781400846283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155357.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter examines whether a stewardship strategy is good for international law. To date, most discussions of human rights promotion strategies are strongly rooted in the belief that the process ...
More
This chapter examines whether a stewardship strategy is good for international law. To date, most discussions of human rights promotion strategies are strongly rooted in the belief that the process must be universal and the rights indivisible. While universalism is attractive because it involves everyone, it is also a liability. It can lead to fraud and defiance, and it obscures the fact that allocating finite resources to alleviate suffering requires choices. The chapter explains how international law and state power can work in tandem to promote and protect human rights. It argues that putting the two together—anchored on a clear strategy of triage and active localization efforts by stewards—can make the aspirations of human rights protection more of a reality.Less
This chapter examines whether a stewardship strategy is good for international law. To date, most discussions of human rights promotion strategies are strongly rooted in the belief that the process must be universal and the rights indivisible. While universalism is attractive because it involves everyone, it is also a liability. It can lead to fraud and defiance, and it obscures the fact that allocating finite resources to alleviate suffering requires choices. The chapter explains how international law and state power can work in tandem to promote and protect human rights. It argues that putting the two together—anchored on a clear strategy of triage and active localization efforts by stewards—can make the aspirations of human rights protection more of a reality.
Steven Horst
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195317114
- eISBN:
- 9780199871520
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317114.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter argues for the plausibility of Cognitive Pluralism as a general principle of cognitive architecture, and argues further that scientific pluralism is plausibly seen as a special case of ...
More
This chapter argues for the plausibility of Cognitive Pluralism as a general principle of cognitive architecture, and argues further that scientific pluralism is plausibly seen as a special case of this general principle. Cognitive Pluralism is compared with existing ideas of modularity.Less
This chapter argues for the plausibility of Cognitive Pluralism as a general principle of cognitive architecture, and argues further that scientific pluralism is plausibly seen as a special case of this general principle. Cognitive Pluralism is compared with existing ideas of modularity.
Adam G. Cooper
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546626
- eISBN:
- 9780191720208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546626.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
Luther's theology is not sufficiently appreciated for its intensely incarnational and sacramental character. Recent Luther research has uncovered the intellectual roots of his thought in patristic ...
More
Luther's theology is not sufficiently appreciated for its intensely incarnational and sacramental character. Recent Luther research has uncovered the intellectual roots of his thought in patristic and medieval sacramental theology, and his resultant and vigorous anti-spiritualizing impulse. Luther redefines ‘spiritual’ to mean not ‘non-material’, but impregnated with the Holy Spirit. In localizing himself in specific material and liturgical realities, God fills them with Spirit, imbues them with deifying power, and constitutes them as ‘the bodily word of the Gospel.’Less
Luther's theology is not sufficiently appreciated for its intensely incarnational and sacramental character. Recent Luther research has uncovered the intellectual roots of his thought in patristic and medieval sacramental theology, and his resultant and vigorous anti-spiritualizing impulse. Luther redefines ‘spiritual’ to mean not ‘non-material’, but impregnated with the Holy Spirit. In localizing himself in specific material and liturgical realities, God fills them with Spirit, imbues them with deifying power, and constitutes them as ‘the bodily word of the Gospel.’
William Davis Gaillard
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Functional Imaging with MRI using BOLD techniques plays an increasing role in clinical practice. fMRI may be used for interictal source localization but is more commonly used to identify eloquent ...
More
Functional Imaging with MRI using BOLD techniques plays an increasing role in clinical practice. fMRI may be used for interictal source localization but is more commonly used to identify eloquent areas to be spared during epilepsy surgery. fMRI is used to identify primary sensory cortex –visual, sensory, and auditory and to identify motor cortex. There are several language paradigms that may be used to identify frontal (“expressive”) and temporal (“receptive”) speech. These methods have excellent agreement with Wada and predict post operative naming outcomes. There are circumstances in which fMRI is not helpful as the BOLD response may be disrupted by several pathological processes. fMRI memory tasks have good agreement with Wada, demonstrate material specificity, show functional capacity to be more important than functional reserve, and may predict outcomes of specific memory tasks.Less
Functional Imaging with MRI using BOLD techniques plays an increasing role in clinical practice. fMRI may be used for interictal source localization but is more commonly used to identify eloquent areas to be spared during epilepsy surgery. fMRI is used to identify primary sensory cortex –visual, sensory, and auditory and to identify motor cortex. There are several language paradigms that may be used to identify frontal (“expressive”) and temporal (“receptive”) speech. These methods have excellent agreement with Wada and predict post operative naming outcomes. There are circumstances in which fMRI is not helpful as the BOLD response may be disrupted by several pathological processes. fMRI memory tasks have good agreement with Wada, demonstrate material specificity, show functional capacity to be more important than functional reserve, and may predict outcomes of specific memory tasks.
Robert C. Knowlton and Lawrence W. Ver Hoef
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195342765
- eISBN:
- 9780199863617
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342765.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
As long as valid assumptions can be made about a focal source, MEG can transform the challenge of EEG based 2D inference of lateralization or regional localization to 3D sublobar indication of ...
More
As long as valid assumptions can be made about a focal source, MEG can transform the challenge of EEG based 2D inference of lateralization or regional localization to 3D sublobar indication of epilepsy-related spike generators. As such MEG spike source imaging provides a unique tool for targeting epileptogenic tissue for the surgical treatment of epilepsy. This information can be particularly valuable for patients with neocortical epilepsy in whom intracranial EEG (icEEG) investigations are commonly necessary. MEG localization of spikes may provide more accurate electrode sampling of the cortex responsible for seizures, and as a result, increase epilepsy localization and surgical resection accuracy. Combined with mapping of eloquent cortical function, MEG can play a role in multiple aspects of the preoperative (non-invasive) decision-making—potential to improve (1) patient selection, (2) ICEEG yield, and (3) increase the net number of seizure-free outcomes. Work remains to determine the validity of various analysis methods (stratified on different types of spike sources), and the cost effectiveness of MEG in epilepsy surgery, but it can be concluded that any patients able to proced to surgery that otherwise would not without MEG would contribute evidence to added clinical utility even if the cure rate is unchanged.Less
As long as valid assumptions can be made about a focal source, MEG can transform the challenge of EEG based 2D inference of lateralization or regional localization to 3D sublobar indication of epilepsy-related spike generators. As such MEG spike source imaging provides a unique tool for targeting epileptogenic tissue for the surgical treatment of epilepsy. This information can be particularly valuable for patients with neocortical epilepsy in whom intracranial EEG (icEEG) investigations are commonly necessary. MEG localization of spikes may provide more accurate electrode sampling of the cortex responsible for seizures, and as a result, increase epilepsy localization and surgical resection accuracy. Combined with mapping of eloquent cortical function, MEG can play a role in multiple aspects of the preoperative (non-invasive) decision-making—potential to improve (1) patient selection, (2) ICEEG yield, and (3) increase the net number of seizure-free outcomes. Work remains to determine the validity of various analysis methods (stratified on different types of spike sources), and the cost effectiveness of MEG in epilepsy surgery, but it can be concluded that any patients able to proced to surgery that otherwise would not without MEG would contribute evidence to added clinical utility even if the cure rate is unchanged.
