Frank Arntzenius
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199696604
- eISBN:
- 9780191738333
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696604.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Science
Much of this book can be seen as an attempt to show that physics is geometry, an attempt to show that the fundamental structure of the physical world is purely geometrical structure. Along the way, ...
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Much of this book can be seen as an attempt to show that physics is geometry, an attempt to show that the fundamental structure of the physical world is purely geometrical structure. Along the way, some non-standard views about the structure of spacetime and its inhabitants are examined, such as the idea that space and time, literally, are pointless, the idea that quantum mechanics is a completely local and separable theory, the idea that antiparticles are just particles travelling back in time, and the idea that time has no structure whatsoever. The main thrust of the book is that there are good reasons to believe that spaces other than spacetime exist, and that it is the existence of these additional spaces that allows one to reduce all of physics to geometry. Philosophy, metaphysics in particular, plays an important role in this book: the assumption that the fundamental laws of physics are simple in terms of the fundamental physical properties and relations is pivotal. Without this assumption one gets nowhere. That is to say, when trying to extract the fundamental structure of the world from theories of physics one ignores philosophy at one’s peril!Less
Much of this book can be seen as an attempt to show that physics is geometry, an attempt to show that the fundamental structure of the physical world is purely geometrical structure. Along the way, some non-standard views about the structure of spacetime and its inhabitants are examined, such as the idea that space and time, literally, are pointless, the idea that quantum mechanics is a completely local and separable theory, the idea that antiparticles are just particles travelling back in time, and the idea that time has no structure whatsoever. The main thrust of the book is that there are good reasons to believe that spaces other than spacetime exist, and that it is the existence of these additional spaces that allows one to reduce all of physics to geometry. Philosophy, metaphysics in particular, plays an important role in this book: the assumption that the fundamental laws of physics are simple in terms of the fundamental physical properties and relations is pivotal. Without this assumption one gets nowhere. That is to say, when trying to extract the fundamental structure of the world from theories of physics one ignores philosophy at one’s peril!
Mathias Frisch
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195172157
- eISBN:
- 9780199835294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195172159.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
A summary of the main arguments of the previous chapters is presented. Among these are that a theory’s formalism may be inconsistent and yet allow the construction of highly reliable models of the ...
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A summary of the main arguments of the previous chapters is presented. Among these are that a theory’s formalism may be inconsistent and yet allow the construction of highly reliable models of the phenomena of a certain domain. It is shown that there are scientifically meaningful distinctions between various causal locality principles that cannot be captured in causal terms. The most promising explanation for the temporal asymmetry exhibited by the total fields in the presence of radiating charges appeals to a causal constraint, namely that the field component physically associated with a radiating source is fully retarded.Less
A summary of the main arguments of the previous chapters is presented. Among these are that a theory’s formalism may be inconsistent and yet allow the construction of highly reliable models of the phenomena of a certain domain. It is shown that there are scientifically meaningful distinctions between various causal locality principles that cannot be captured in causal terms. The most promising explanation for the temporal asymmetry exhibited by the total fields in the presence of radiating charges appeals to a causal constraint, namely that the field component physically associated with a radiating source is fully retarded.
David Albert Jones
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199213009
- eISBN:
- 9780191707179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213009.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter highlights emerging themes from the study, including regional variations; the relationship between the regions and London, the centre and localities; the role of clergy as gatherers and ...
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This chapter highlights emerging themes from the study, including regional variations; the relationship between the regions and London, the centre and localities; the role of clergy as gatherers and disseminators of information, both from and to the centre and localities; and the role of clergy as opinion-formers. It is suggested that clergy were unifying influences in society. The clergy were closely integrated with their local economies and local society, but they formed a distinct social and professional group, which distanced them from their neighbours. The clergy were not an archaic group compared to other professional bodies, but provided something of a model for the reformation and regulation of the legal and medical professions in the 1820s and 1830s.Less
This chapter highlights emerging themes from the study, including regional variations; the relationship between the regions and London, the centre and localities; the role of clergy as gatherers and disseminators of information, both from and to the centre and localities; and the role of clergy as opinion-formers. It is suggested that clergy were unifying influences in society. The clergy were closely integrated with their local economies and local society, but they formed a distinct social and professional group, which distanced them from their neighbours. The clergy were not an archaic group compared to other professional bodies, but provided something of a model for the reformation and regulation of the legal and medical professions in the 1820s and 1830s.
Elizabeth Frazer
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295648
- eISBN:
- 9780191599316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295642.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Communitarian politics has emphasized the importance and the value of locality and in spite of recent acknowledgements that local relationships can be problematic from the point of view of justice ...
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Communitarian politics has emphasized the importance and the value of locality and in spite of recent acknowledgements that local relationships can be problematic from the point of view of justice and efficiency, an emphasis on locality constantly creeps back into communitarianism. The same contradictions and problems recur in public policy initiatives focused on locality and community. The value of locality, therefore, needs to be critically analysed in detail.Less
Communitarian politics has emphasized the importance and the value of locality and in spite of recent acknowledgements that local relationships can be problematic from the point of view of justice and efficiency, an emphasis on locality constantly creeps back into communitarianism. The same contradictions and problems recur in public policy initiatives focused on locality and community. The value of locality, therefore, needs to be critically analysed in detail.
Juan Uriagereka
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199593521
- eISBN:
- 9780191731402
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593521.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Since Juan Uriagereka originated the multiple spell-out model in 1999 it has been one of the most influential lines of research in syntactic theorizing. The model simplified a crucial element of the ...
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Since Juan Uriagereka originated the multiple spell-out model in 1999 it has been one of the most influential lines of research in syntactic theorizing. The model simplified a crucial element of the minimalist account of language making it a more accurate reflection of syntax and its acquisition. This book explores important consequences of the multiple spell-out hypothesis and of the linked notion of cyclicity. It combines the latest thinking in linguistics with perspectives drawn from physics, biology, and animal behaviour, aiming thereby to advance the field first described by Noam Chomsky as biolinguistics. Without simplifying, this book seeks to present the issues and their broader biological significance. The subjects discussed include the linearization of structure, the punctuated nature of a derivation (the multiple spell-out model), cyclicity and its consequences for locality, and the definition of c-command and its relevance to various types of grammatical dependency. The book discusses the evolutionary implications of Uriagereka's work, considering, for example, whether the punctuated nature of the derivation is a resolution of conflicting demands that yield an equilibrium found in nature more generally.Less
Since Juan Uriagereka originated the multiple spell-out model in 1999 it has been one of the most influential lines of research in syntactic theorizing. The model simplified a crucial element of the minimalist account of language making it a more accurate reflection of syntax and its acquisition. This book explores important consequences of the multiple spell-out hypothesis and of the linked notion of cyclicity. It combines the latest thinking in linguistics with perspectives drawn from physics, biology, and animal behaviour, aiming thereby to advance the field first described by Noam Chomsky as biolinguistics. Without simplifying, this book seeks to present the issues and their broader biological significance. The subjects discussed include the linearization of structure, the punctuated nature of a derivation (the multiple spell-out model), cyclicity and its consequences for locality, and the definition of c-command and its relevance to various types of grammatical dependency. The book discusses the evolutionary implications of Uriagereka's work, considering, for example, whether the punctuated nature of the derivation is a resolution of conflicting demands that yield an equilibrium found in nature more generally.
Mathias Frisch
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195172157
- eISBN:
- 9780199835294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195172159.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter examines several locality conditions. It argues that two of these principles are irreducibly causal: the principle that all causal propagation takes place at a finite velocity of which ...
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This chapter examines several locality conditions. It argues that two of these principles are irreducibly causal: the principle that all causal propagation takes place at a finite velocity of which relativistic locality is a special case, and spatiotemporal locality, according to which no causal influences can be transmitted across spatiotemporal ‘gaps’. Neither of the two causal principles can be reduced to the noncausal condition of diachronic locality.Less
This chapter examines several locality conditions. It argues that two of these principles are irreducibly causal: the principle that all causal propagation takes place at a finite velocity of which relativistic locality is a special case, and spatiotemporal locality, according to which no causal influences can be transmitted across spatiotemporal ‘gaps’. Neither of the two causal principles can be reduced to the noncausal condition of diachronic locality.
Barry Stephenson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199732753
- eISBN:
- 9780199777310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732753.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Religion and Society
Wittenberg’s Luther festivals are important tools in dealing with economic, social, and cultural problems in the era of a reunified Germany. This chapter examines the civic dimensions of Luther ...
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Wittenberg’s Luther festivals are important tools in dealing with economic, social, and cultural problems in the era of a reunified Germany. This chapter examines the civic dimensions of Luther festivity, arguing that the festivals have played a role in revitalizing the public sphere in Wittenberg.Less
Wittenberg’s Luther festivals are important tools in dealing with economic, social, and cultural problems in the era of a reunified Germany. This chapter examines the civic dimensions of Luther festivity, arguing that the festivals have played a role in revitalizing the public sphere in Wittenberg.
Vanessa Barker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195370027
- eISBN:
- 9780199871315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195370027.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter summarizes the key findings of the study and points to theoretical, empirical, and public policy implications. It highlights the role of civic engagement, social trust, the resiliency of ...
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This chapter summarizes the key findings of the study and points to theoretical, empirical, and public policy implications. It highlights the role of civic engagement, social trust, the resiliency of path dependencies, black incorporation, and crime control discourse rooted in particular places as key explanatory factors in American penal sanctioning. The research shows that higher levels of civic engagement tend to support milder punishments whereas lower levels tend to support more coercive criminal justice policies. Contrary to conventional policy proscriptions, this chapter argues that the public needs to be more, not less, involved in penal reform as public support is necessary for the legitimacy of state action and is especially critical in policy areas fraught with moral and emotional dilemmas. Crime and punishment raise unresolved moral questions about pain, suffering, the value of human life, justice, safety, and security. These questions should be resolved through a democratic process, and specifically a deliberative democratic process.Less
This chapter summarizes the key findings of the study and points to theoretical, empirical, and public policy implications. It highlights the role of civic engagement, social trust, the resiliency of path dependencies, black incorporation, and crime control discourse rooted in particular places as key explanatory factors in American penal sanctioning. The research shows that higher levels of civic engagement tend to support milder punishments whereas lower levels tend to support more coercive criminal justice policies. Contrary to conventional policy proscriptions, this chapter argues that the public needs to be more, not less, involved in penal reform as public support is necessary for the legitimacy of state action and is especially critical in policy areas fraught with moral and emotional dilemmas. Crime and punishment raise unresolved moral questions about pain, suffering, the value of human life, justice, safety, and security. These questions should be resolved through a democratic process, and specifically a deliberative democratic process.
Ken Safir
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195166132
- eISBN:
- 9780199788460
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166132.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book establishes the need for a competitive approach to the distribution and interpretation of anaphoric relations in natural language, and makes a particular proposal about the sort of ...
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This book establishes the need for a competitive approach to the distribution and interpretation of anaphoric relations in natural language, and makes a particular proposal about the sort of competitive theory of anaphora that might be on the right track. Linguists are especially interested in anaphoric relations because they provide evidence for the existence of an innate human language faculty in that they are conditioned by both structural relationships in natural language syntax and choices of morphological form. This work is another attempt to develop an explanatory theory of anaphoric relations general enough to capture the deep similarities across languages, while at the same time one flexible enough to account for the variety of patterns that have been observed to be possible. Rejecting binding theory and predicate-based approaches to Principle B and Principle C, which are both derived in this approach from the Form-to-Interpretation Principle, the competitive approach does however exploit c-command and dependent identity relations to determine which morphological forms that represent dependent identity are in competition for a given anaphoric interpretation. The morphology of anaphors, pronouns and referring expressions then plays a role in how they compete. For example, where a reflexive anaphor is possible, as in “John praised himself”, less dependent forms, like “him” and “John” are excluded for the interpretation where John is the x such that x praised x. This simple approach (with its antecedents in the literature that are explored in some detail) is then defended across a wide range of languages and constructions where it provides unique explanatory force, and in so doing, apparent counterexamples are addressed, many in detail. Ancillary proposals about the morphology of anaphors and the locality of anaphoric relations are then defended, and the variety of anaphoric interpretations are explored with respect to their role in determining the nature of dependent identity and the conditions on dependency competitions regulated by the Form-to-Interpretation Principle. The role of competitive algorithms in the architecture of generative grammar is then explored, and other minimalist approaches to anaphora are compared with this one.Less
This book establishes the need for a competitive approach to the distribution and interpretation of anaphoric relations in natural language, and makes a particular proposal about the sort of competitive theory of anaphora that might be on the right track. Linguists are especially interested in anaphoric relations because they provide evidence for the existence of an innate human language faculty in that they are conditioned by both structural relationships in natural language syntax and choices of morphological form. This work is another attempt to develop an explanatory theory of anaphoric relations general enough to capture the deep similarities across languages, while at the same time one flexible enough to account for the variety of patterns that have been observed to be possible. Rejecting binding theory and predicate-based approaches to Principle B and Principle C, which are both derived in this approach from the Form-to-Interpretation Principle, the competitive approach does however exploit c-command and dependent identity relations to determine which morphological forms that represent dependent identity are in competition for a given anaphoric interpretation. The morphology of anaphors, pronouns and referring expressions then plays a role in how they compete. For example, where a reflexive anaphor is possible, as in “John praised himself”, less dependent forms, like “him” and “John” are excluded for the interpretation where John is the x such that x praised x. This simple approach (with its antecedents in the literature that are explored in some detail) is then defended across a wide range of languages and constructions where it provides unique explanatory force, and in so doing, apparent counterexamples are addressed, many in detail. Ancillary proposals about the morphology of anaphors and the locality of anaphoric relations are then defended, and the variety of anaphoric interpretations are explored with respect to their role in determining the nature of dependent identity and the conditions on dependency competitions regulated by the Form-to-Interpretation Principle. The role of competitive algorithms in the architecture of generative grammar is then explored, and other minimalist approaches to anaphora are compared with this one.
Graeme Segal
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199534920
- eISBN:
- 9780191716010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534920.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Geometry / Topology
This chapter focuses on locality in quantum field theory. Many of the ideas involved are well exemplified in the study of bundles on Riemann surfaces which Nigel Hitchin is famous for. The chapter ...
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This chapter focuses on locality in quantum field theory. Many of the ideas involved are well exemplified in the study of bundles on Riemann surfaces which Nigel Hitchin is famous for. The chapter begins, there, especially as the question of locality relates to an aspect of his work that has not been talked about so far, namely, its role in so-called ‘geometric Langlands theory’.Less
This chapter focuses on locality in quantum field theory. Many of the ideas involved are well exemplified in the study of bundles on Riemann surfaces which Nigel Hitchin is famous for. The chapter begins, there, especially as the question of locality relates to an aspect of his work that has not been talked about so far, namely, its role in so-called ‘geometric Langlands theory’.
Corey Ross
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278213
- eISBN:
- 9780191707933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278213.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter moves beyond the question of availability to consider how patterns of uptake, different programme offerings, and different audience preferences reflected the social distinctions in ...
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This chapter moves beyond the question of availability to consider how patterns of uptake, different programme offerings, and different audience preferences reflected the social distinctions in Weimar society. By focusing on the highly fragmented press landscape in Germany, the problems of popularizing the radio programme, and the disparate fare on offer in different types of cinema, it demonstrates that audiences were certainly not the passive and amorphous entity many contemporary reformers had in mind when they devised their schemes to uplift popular tastes. Rather, ‘mass culture’ during the 1920s was mediated through older structures of region, class, neighbourhood, and gender, and how people partook in it was powerfully moulded by these social factors.Less
This chapter moves beyond the question of availability to consider how patterns of uptake, different programme offerings, and different audience preferences reflected the social distinctions in Weimar society. By focusing on the highly fragmented press landscape in Germany, the problems of popularizing the radio programme, and the disparate fare on offer in different types of cinema, it demonstrates that audiences were certainly not the passive and amorphous entity many contemporary reformers had in mind when they devised their schemes to uplift popular tastes. Rather, ‘mass culture’ during the 1920s was mediated through older structures of region, class, neighbourhood, and gender, and how people partook in it was powerfully moulded by these social factors.
Richard Healey
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199287963
- eISBN:
- 9780191713453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287963.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter introduces the Aharonov-Bohm effect and explains why it poses a challenge to classical conceptions of how electricity and magnetism act on charged particles. It offers a critical ...
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This chapter introduces the Aharonov-Bohm effect and explains why it poses a challenge to classical conceptions of how electricity and magnetism act on charged particles. It offers a critical analysis of attempts to give a gauge-invariant, local account of the effect, and also of the view that the effect may be understood simply by appeals to geometry and topology. After analyzing what might be meant by ‘locality’ in this context, it distinguishes three different interpretations of electromagnetism and how it acts in the Aharonov-Bohm effect. It concludes with a preliminary defense of the view that classical electromagnetism is best understood here as postulating new, non-localized properties.Less
This chapter introduces the Aharonov-Bohm effect and explains why it poses a challenge to classical conceptions of how electricity and magnetism act on charged particles. It offers a critical analysis of attempts to give a gauge-invariant, local account of the effect, and also of the view that the effect may be understood simply by appeals to geometry and topology. After analyzing what might be meant by ‘locality’ in this context, it distinguishes three different interpretations of electromagnetism and how it acts in the Aharonov-Bohm effect. It concludes with a preliminary defense of the view that classical electromagnetism is best understood here as postulating new, non-localized properties.
Christopher Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546916
- eISBN:
- 9780191720826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546916.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the process by which the settlement put in place in 1388-90 slowly came apart in the mid-1390s, as Richard II used his acknowledged status as king and man to reassert his ...
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This chapter examines the process by which the settlement put in place in 1388-90 slowly came apart in the mid-1390s, as Richard II used his acknowledged status as king and man to reassert his authority. It examines how the king used his position to entertain the grievances of those dissatisfied with the existing balance of power, for example in Gascony and in the English localities. It considers how Richard was subsequently able to re-perform a series of rites of passage which had failed to establish his manhood in his teens, notably with his expedition to Ireland and with his second marriage, to Isabel of France. By 1397 the king had established his adult power on a reasonably secure basis; it only remained to be seen whether he would use his position to preserve the status quo, or to pursue manly revenge against those who had defied him in 1386-8.Less
This chapter examines the process by which the settlement put in place in 1388-90 slowly came apart in the mid-1390s, as Richard II used his acknowledged status as king and man to reassert his authority. It examines how the king used his position to entertain the grievances of those dissatisfied with the existing balance of power, for example in Gascony and in the English localities. It considers how Richard was subsequently able to re-perform a series of rites of passage which had failed to establish his manhood in his teens, notably with his expedition to Ireland and with his second marriage, to Isabel of France. By 1397 the king had established his adult power on a reasonably secure basis; it only remained to be seen whether he would use his position to preserve the status quo, or to pursue manly revenge against those who had defied him in 1386-8.
Corey Ross
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278213
- eISBN:
- 9780191707933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278213.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This concluding chapter draws out a number of themes that run throughout the book. Only by approaching the rise of the media within a longer-term framework and considering what was unique about ...
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This concluding chapter draws out a number of themes that run throughout the book. Only by approaching the rise of the media within a longer-term framework and considering what was unique about Germany in international perspective can one adequately appreciate their social role. It advances a number of arguments: that the social and political impact of the media were powerfully influenced by local conditions; that they supported both processes of democratization and populist dictatorship; that their social impact depended on the precise nature of production and consumption; and that the major turning points in the story tended to be periods of upheaval and depression. In many respects mass culture under the Nazis was very much a part of broader trends; what most distinguished it was the violent and racist context in which it operated.Less
This concluding chapter draws out a number of themes that run throughout the book. Only by approaching the rise of the media within a longer-term framework and considering what was unique about Germany in international perspective can one adequately appreciate their social role. It advances a number of arguments: that the social and political impact of the media were powerfully influenced by local conditions; that they supported both processes of democratization and populist dictatorship; that their social impact depended on the precise nature of production and consumption; and that the major turning points in the story tended to be periods of upheaval and depression. In many respects mass culture under the Nazis was very much a part of broader trends; what most distinguished it was the violent and racist context in which it operated.
Julian Goodare
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199243549
- eISBN:
- 9780191714160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243549.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the styles of government, and particularly about different ways in which laws could be enforced, in Scotland during the 16th and 17th centuries. Not all laws were expected to be ...
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This chapter examines the styles of government, and particularly about different ways in which laws could be enforced, in Scotland during the 16th and 17th centuries. Not all laws were expected to be enforced in full, and a typology of law enforcement patterns is given. There is also a critique of conventional accounts of central and local power, arguing that centralisation was not experienced by the localities as an external force; it occurred in the localities. First, the chapter explains what the enforcement or implementation of law actually meant. It then discusses what is meant by ‘executive powers’, how government was carried out in the localities, whether law was always enforced in the sense of making people do what they did not want to do. Many governmental commands do not seem to have been fully obeyed; hence, the question is whether this should make us sceptical about the power of government, or we should look more carefully at what government was trying to achieve when it issued the commands.Less
This chapter examines the styles of government, and particularly about different ways in which laws could be enforced, in Scotland during the 16th and 17th centuries. Not all laws were expected to be enforced in full, and a typology of law enforcement patterns is given. There is also a critique of conventional accounts of central and local power, arguing that centralisation was not experienced by the localities as an external force; it occurred in the localities. First, the chapter explains what the enforcement or implementation of law actually meant. It then discusses what is meant by ‘executive powers’, how government was carried out in the localities, whether law was always enforced in the sense of making people do what they did not want to do. Many governmental commands do not seem to have been fully obeyed; hence, the question is whether this should make us sceptical about the power of government, or we should look more carefully at what government was trying to achieve when it issued the commands.
Julian Goodare
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199243549
- eISBN:
- 9780191714160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243549.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter looks at traditional local government institutions in Scotland, notably the sheriff, baron, and regality courts controlled by the nobility. These courts gained some new powers but mainly ...
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This chapter looks at traditional local government institutions in Scotland, notably the sheriff, baron, and regality courts controlled by the nobility. These courts gained some new powers but mainly became much more accountable to the centre. Royal authority pervaded the localities of the kingdom. Most Scots were not told what to do by Queen Mary or King James or their regents or councillors personally, but by people acting in their name and carrying symbols of royal authority, such as letters under the royal signet. At the sharp end of law enforcement were the messengers at arms and local courts' officers. They, if anyone, carried the authority of the crown into the localities, as the executive officers of the courts. There were various types of officers: royal heralds and pursuivants, messengers at arms, sheriffs, barons, burghs, and other local courts.Less
This chapter looks at traditional local government institutions in Scotland, notably the sheriff, baron, and regality courts controlled by the nobility. These courts gained some new powers but mainly became much more accountable to the centre. Royal authority pervaded the localities of the kingdom. Most Scots were not told what to do by Queen Mary or King James or their regents or councillors personally, but by people acting in their name and carrying symbols of royal authority, such as letters under the royal signet. At the sharp end of law enforcement were the messengers at arms and local courts' officers. They, if anyone, carried the authority of the crown into the localities, as the executive officers of the courts. There were various types of officers: royal heralds and pursuivants, messengers at arms, sheriffs, barons, burghs, and other local courts.
Gert-Matthias Wegner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331370
- eISBN:
- 9780199868087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331370.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Newar culture is arguably the most complex urban culture in the Himalayan region. Several occupational castes observe specific musical duties in accordance with the ritual calendar and during the big ...
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Newar culture is arguably the most complex urban culture in the Himalayan region. Several occupational castes observe specific musical duties in accordance with the ritual calendar and during the big town rituals. This chapter examines how the processional music of the Buddhist Bajrācarya, Sākya, and Sāymi castes relates to urban space in the Newar town of Bhaktapur in the Kathmandu Valley and highlights the significance of ritual and the locality in such performances.Less
Newar culture is arguably the most complex urban culture in the Himalayan region. Several occupational castes observe specific musical duties in accordance with the ritual calendar and during the big town rituals. This chapter examines how the processional music of the Buddhist Bajrācarya, Sākya, and Sāymi castes relates to urban space in the Newar town of Bhaktapur in the Kathmandu Valley and highlights the significance of ritual and the locality in such performances.
Colin Copus
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719071867
- eISBN:
- 9781781701379
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719071867.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This book is the result of national research conducted amongst England's directly elected mayors and the councillors that serve alongside them. It assesses the impact on local politics of this new ...
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This book is the result of national research conducted amongst England's directly elected mayors and the councillors that serve alongside them. It assesses the impact on local politics of this new office and fills a gap in our understanding of how the Local Government Act 2000 has influenced local governance. The book also draws from a range of research that has focused on elected mayors—in England and overseas—to set out how the powers, roles and responsibilities of mayors and mayoral councils would need to change if English local politics is to reconnect fundamentally with citizens. It not only explores how English elected mayors are currently operating, but how the office could develop and, as such, contributes to the debate about the governance of the English localities.Less
This book is the result of national research conducted amongst England's directly elected mayors and the councillors that serve alongside them. It assesses the impact on local politics of this new office and fills a gap in our understanding of how the Local Government Act 2000 has influenced local governance. The book also draws from a range of research that has focused on elected mayors—in England and overseas—to set out how the powers, roles and responsibilities of mayors and mayoral councils would need to change if English local politics is to reconnect fundamentally with citizens. It not only explores how English elected mayors are currently operating, but how the office could develop and, as such, contributes to the debate about the governance of the English localities.
Ivan A. Sag
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577743
- eISBN:
- 9780191722844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577743.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter argues that grammar is a set of local constraints. The Sign‐Based Construction Grammar architecture is feature‐based and model‐theoretic, utilizing constructs (mother–daughter ...
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This chapter argues that grammar is a set of local constraints. The Sign‐Based Construction Grammar architecture is feature‐based and model‐theoretic, utilizing constructs (mother–daughter configurations) as the structures over which grammatical dependencies are defined in localist terms. I examine a number of non‐local dependencies (agreement, case assignment, control, and filler–gap dependencies), providing localist analyses that embody precise hypotheses about the nature of non‐locality in language.Less
This chapter argues that grammar is a set of local constraints. The Sign‐Based Construction Grammar architecture is feature‐based and model‐theoretic, utilizing constructs (mother–daughter configurations) as the structures over which grammatical dependencies are defined in localist terms. I examine a number of non‐local dependencies (agreement, case assignment, control, and filler–gap dependencies), providing localist analyses that embody precise hypotheses about the nature of non‐locality in language.
David Hodgson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199845309
- eISBN:
- 9780199932269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199845309.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, General
In Chapter 7, I consider whether the general picture of the world suggested by the physical sciences is compatible with my position. I argue that the best contemporary physical theories support two ...
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In Chapter 7, I consider whether the general picture of the world suggested by the physical sciences is compatible with my position. I argue that the best contemporary physical theories support two propositions favourable to my contentions, namely that causation is not local and that the world is not deterministic, and I contend that the Conway/Kochen free will theorem strongly supports rejection of determinism. I also argue that the so-called block universe view, denying reality to the passage of time and suggesting an unchanging (and in that sense deterministic) universe, is not reasonably tenable.Less
In Chapter 7, I consider whether the general picture of the world suggested by the physical sciences is compatible with my position. I argue that the best contemporary physical theories support two propositions favourable to my contentions, namely that causation is not local and that the world is not deterministic, and I contend that the Conway/Kochen free will theorem strongly supports rejection of determinism. I also argue that the so-called block universe view, denying reality to the passage of time and suggesting an unchanging (and in that sense deterministic) universe, is not reasonably tenable.
