Reinhard B. Neder and Thomas Proffen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233694
- eISBN:
- 9780191715563
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233694.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
In recent years it has become apparent that merely knowing and understanding the average atomic structure is insufficient for comprehending material properties fully. Deviations from this average ...
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In recent years it has become apparent that merely knowing and understanding the average atomic structure is insufficient for comprehending material properties fully. Deviations from this average structure play an important role regarding these properties. To understand the defect or local structure one has to study diffuse scattering and go beyond the classic interpretation of Bragg intensities. Although there is an increasing interest in analysing disordered materials, as expressed by a number of recent text books, the practical aspects of this analysis are not yet widely known. A detailed step-by-step guide that explains how to simulate disordered materials has been missing. This book covers the full range; from basic steps such as how to build a computer model of the crystal to complex disorder models such as domains, stacking faults, and nanoparticles. It also explains how to use advanced refinement techniques to determine the parameters of a disordered structure. This book provides many examples of the simulation of disordered materials including the input files for DISCUS and explains the concepts and pitfalls encountered when simulating disordered materials.Less
In recent years it has become apparent that merely knowing and understanding the average atomic structure is insufficient for comprehending material properties fully. Deviations from this average structure play an important role regarding these properties. To understand the defect or local structure one has to study diffuse scattering and go beyond the classic interpretation of Bragg intensities. Although there is an increasing interest in analysing disordered materials, as expressed by a number of recent text books, the practical aspects of this analysis are not yet widely known. A detailed step-by-step guide that explains how to simulate disordered materials has been missing. This book covers the full range; from basic steps such as how to build a computer model of the crystal to complex disorder models such as domains, stacking faults, and nanoparticles. It also explains how to use advanced refinement techniques to determine the parameters of a disordered structure. This book provides many examples of the simulation of disordered materials including the input files for DISCUS and explains the concepts and pitfalls encountered when simulating disordered materials.
A.M. Stoneham
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507802
- eISBN:
- 9780191709920
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507802.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter pulls together those aspects of the structures of common crystals that are especially relevant for defect studies, including local structures near substitutional and interstitial sites, ...
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This chapter pulls together those aspects of the structures of common crystals that are especially relevant for defect studies, including local structures near substitutional and interstitial sites, and also electrostatic potentials.Less
This chapter pulls together those aspects of the structures of common crystals that are especially relevant for defect studies, including local structures near substitutional and interstitial sites, and also electrostatic potentials.
Colin Copus, Alistair Jones, and Rachel Wall
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781529217186
- eISBN:
- 9781529217216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529217186.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
As a creature of Statute, English local government is subject to change imposed by central government, much of which comes from the need to respond to two competing factors: technocracy and ...
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As a creature of Statute, English local government is subject to change imposed by central government, much of which comes from the need to respond to two competing factors: technocracy and democracy. In all major re-organisations of local government attempts to find a structural fit between these two mutually antagonistic factors have seen the latter lose out to the former. But to be able to merge councils with relative ease the government needs to frame an argument that expresses a logic for amalgamations. That narrative, which is being performed by the government during a current proposed local government reorganisation, is also reflected among some councillors and local political elites who by adopting the narrative and objectives of the centre are complicit in the ever-increasing size of English local government. The paper explores that narrative and the consequences of the framing of the debate for English local government.Less
As a creature of Statute, English local government is subject to change imposed by central government, much of which comes from the need to respond to two competing factors: technocracy and democracy. In all major re-organisations of local government attempts to find a structural fit between these two mutually antagonistic factors have seen the latter lose out to the former. But to be able to merge councils with relative ease the government needs to frame an argument that expresses a logic for amalgamations. That narrative, which is being performed by the government during a current proposed local government reorganisation, is also reflected among some councillors and local political elites who by adopting the narrative and objectives of the centre are complicit in the ever-increasing size of English local government. The paper explores that narrative and the consequences of the framing of the debate for English local government.
Jenny M. Luke
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496818911
- eISBN:
- 9781496818959
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
Delivering babies was merely one aspect of the broad role of African American midwives in the twentieth-century South. Yet little has been written about the type of care they provided, or how ...
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Delivering babies was merely one aspect of the broad role of African American midwives in the twentieth-century South. Yet little has been written about the type of care they provided, or how midwifery and maternity care evolved under the increasing presence of local and federal health care structures. Using evidence from nursing, medical, and public health journals of the era; primary sources from state and county departments of health; and personal accounts from varied practitioners, Delivered by Midwives: African American Midwifery in the Twentieth-Century South provides a new perspective on the childbirth experience of African American women and their maternity care providers during the twentieth century. Moving beyond the usual racial dichotomy, the monograph exposes a more complex shift in childbirth culture to reveal the changing expectations and agency of African American women in their rejection of a two-tier maternity care system, and their demands to be part of an inclusive, desegregated society. This book identifies valuable aspects of a maternity care model that were discarded in the name of progress. Today concern about maternal mortality and persistent racial disparities have forced a reassessment of maternity care and elements of the long-abandoned care model are being reincorporated into modern practice, answering current health care dilemmas by heeding lessons from the past.Less
Delivering babies was merely one aspect of the broad role of African American midwives in the twentieth-century South. Yet little has been written about the type of care they provided, or how midwifery and maternity care evolved under the increasing presence of local and federal health care structures. Using evidence from nursing, medical, and public health journals of the era; primary sources from state and county departments of health; and personal accounts from varied practitioners, Delivered by Midwives: African American Midwifery in the Twentieth-Century South provides a new perspective on the childbirth experience of African American women and their maternity care providers during the twentieth century. Moving beyond the usual racial dichotomy, the monograph exposes a more complex shift in childbirth culture to reveal the changing expectations and agency of African American women in their rejection of a two-tier maternity care system, and their demands to be part of an inclusive, desegregated society. This book identifies valuable aspects of a maternity care model that were discarded in the name of progress. Today concern about maternal mortality and persistent racial disparities have forced a reassessment of maternity care and elements of the long-abandoned care model are being reincorporated into modern practice, answering current health care dilemmas by heeding lessons from the past.
David M. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346018
- eISBN:
- 9781447302872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346018.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter investigates the magnitude of paid informal work and estimates of its scale, which have remained relatively constant since the early 1980s, ranging from 6 percent to 8 percent of GDP, ...
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This chapter investigates the magnitude of paid informal work and estimates of its scale, which have remained relatively constant since the early 1980s, ranging from 6 percent to 8 percent of GDP, despite fundamental changes in the economy and labour market over this period. It notes that Harding and Jenkins point out that a lack of regulation has been the historical norm, and changes in institutional boundaries and regulations cause a corresponding realignment of formal/informal relationships. It also examines factors based in the local economic structure, and the internal factors based in the estate's social composition that sustain demand for informal labour, goods, and services. It points out that what matters is not how many people or firms participate in informal working practices, but how those practices operate on the fringes of, yet inseparable from, the wider economy. It also explores why the informal economy works for some and not for others, and how the responses of people to a series of wider economic changes and employment insecurity draw upon resources based in localised forms of knowledge and relationships.Less
This chapter investigates the magnitude of paid informal work and estimates of its scale, which have remained relatively constant since the early 1980s, ranging from 6 percent to 8 percent of GDP, despite fundamental changes in the economy and labour market over this period. It notes that Harding and Jenkins point out that a lack of regulation has been the historical norm, and changes in institutional boundaries and regulations cause a corresponding realignment of formal/informal relationships. It also examines factors based in the local economic structure, and the internal factors based in the estate's social composition that sustain demand for informal labour, goods, and services. It points out that what matters is not how many people or firms participate in informal working practices, but how those practices operate on the fringes of, yet inseparable from, the wider economy. It also explores why the informal economy works for some and not for others, and how the responses of people to a series of wider economic changes and employment insecurity draw upon resources based in localised forms of knowledge and relationships.
Ingrid Gould Ellen and Brendan O’Flaherty
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199778386
- eISBN:
- 9780199332588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778386.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter describes New York's housing policies, exploring how and why they differ from those in Los Angeles and other large cities, and whether they have shaped how New York's housing market has ...
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This chapter describes New York's housing policies, exploring how and why they differ from those in Los Angeles and other large cities, and whether they have shaped how New York's housing market has weathered the recent downturn. The policies considered are public housing, in rem properties, other subsidized housing, rent control, housing allowances, city capital subsidies for construction and rehabilitation, special needs housing, local tax structures, and building codes. The chapter is organized as follows. Section I describes the city's housing policies and contrasts them with those in Los Angeles and other large cities in the U.S. Section II compares how the housing markets in New York and Los Angeles have fared during the recent downturn and considers whether differences in policies have shaped differences in outcomes. Section III explores some likely explanations for New York's set of housing policies, while the final section concludes.Less
This chapter describes New York's housing policies, exploring how and why they differ from those in Los Angeles and other large cities, and whether they have shaped how New York's housing market has weathered the recent downturn. The policies considered are public housing, in rem properties, other subsidized housing, rent control, housing allowances, city capital subsidies for construction and rehabilitation, special needs housing, local tax structures, and building codes. The chapter is organized as follows. Section I describes the city's housing policies and contrasts them with those in Los Angeles and other large cities in the U.S. Section II compares how the housing markets in New York and Los Angeles have fared during the recent downturn and considers whether differences in policies have shaped differences in outcomes. Section III explores some likely explanations for New York's set of housing policies, while the final section concludes.
