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Locally Global Planning

John L. Pollock

in Thinking about Acting: Logical Foundations for Rational Decision Making

This chapter reiterates the proposition that practical cognition should not aim at finding optimal solutions to practical problems. A rational cognizer should instead look for good solutions, and ... More

This chapter reiterates the proposition that practical cognition should not aim at finding optimal solutions to practical problems. A rational cognizer should instead look for good solutions, and replace them with better solutions if any are found. Solutions come in the form of plans. In general, a change to the master plan may consist of deleting several local plans and adding several others. This theory is still fairly schematic. It leaves most details to the imagination of the reader, and in philosophy, that is often a recipe for disaster. When philosophical theories fail, it is not because they did not look good in the abstract—it is because it is impossible to make the details work. This chapter simply gives a preliminary sketch of how a resource bounded agent can actually perform locally global planning.Less

Participation and conflict in the formation of neighbourhood areas and forums in ‘super-diverse’ cities

Claire Colomb

in Localism and Neighbourhood Planning: Power to the People?

This chapter evaluates whether neighbourhood planning has the potential to bring about more inclusive forms of public participation in and engagement with planning, or, on the contrary, to stir up ... More

This chapter evaluates whether neighbourhood planning has the potential to bring about more inclusive forms of public participation in and engagement with planning, or, on the contrary, to stir up social conflict. Neighbourhood planning ‘assumes a latent willingness and capacity within local communities to engage in plan-making and/or that these capacities can be developed’. Yet, these assumptions cannot be taken for granted, in particular, in towns and cities with a very diverse population in ethnic, class, and socio-economic terms. The chapter focuses on London and specifically discusses the first steps of the neighbourhood planning process: the formation of neighbourhood forums, their application for recognition by local planning authorities (in London, the borough councils) and, once formally designated, their initial outreach activities as part of the evidence-gathering process for the drafting of a neighbourhood plan. It addresses the following questions: who gets involved in neighbourhood planning processes, where and with what agenda (and who does not)? What specific tensions and politics emerge in the process of neighbourhood forum formation and application for recognition, and how do local authorities deal with these?Less

Paths to improving the ideological and political dimensions of planning

Tim Marshall

in The Politics and Ideology of Planning

The book has uncovered many aspects of the functioning of planning in England which are seen as highly dysfunctional in terms of achieving good results in planning. It has been argued that this is ... More

The book has uncovered many aspects of the functioning of planning in England which are seen as highly dysfunctional in terms of achieving good results in planning. It has been argued that this is due in part to the ideological and political mis-structuring of planning. This chapter makes a range of suggestions as to how these problems could be addressed. It draws in part on a recent review of the planning system, the Raynsford Review. That Review argued for the strengthening of local government, to make it the key actor in guiding a strong planning system, and in implementing change in every field, especially to create affordable housing and address the climate crisis. The chapter extends these proposals, in areas such as finding ways to improve the media system locally for planning and the associated scope for improvement of public deliberation. There is also a need to regulate the lobbying and pressure group world, to create something a bit closer to a level playing field of influence on central and local planning.Less

Flexible local planning:: Linking community initiative with municipal planning in Volda, Norway

Jørgen Amdam

in Community action and planning: Contexts, drivers and outcomes

The author brings different actors and scales together in a depiction of Volda (Norway) as a complex adaptive system, arguing that the effects of scale can be nullified where there is a genuine ... More

The author brings different actors and scales together in a depiction of Volda (Norway) as a complex adaptive system, arguing that the effects of scale can be nullified where there is a genuine devolution of power to community actors; that, essentially, there are decisions that are best made at a community scale though ‘self-governed community development’. Such mechanisms are specific to context, but many conceptions of planning allow the separation of strategic from local development decisions, and the argument that power should be devolved as far as possible is not an unusual one. These debates, however, inevitably return to the view that community action will always exist within the shadow of hierarchical authority.Less

Development Plans: Their Legal Significance After the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004

Ashley Bowes

in A Practical Approach to Planning Law

The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 introduced a sea change from the development plan system of the past. The new system provided for the replacement of the non-statutory regional ... More

The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 introduced a sea change from the development plan system of the past. The new system provided for the replacement of the non-statutory regional guidance, structure plans, local plans, waste plans, mineral plans, and unitary development plans by regional spatial strategies and local development documents. As stated earlier, the Local Democracy Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 renamed the regional spatial strategies as regional strategies but basically retained the same system. The Localism Act 2011 has however swept away the whole system of regional strategies and regional authorities and replaced them simply with a duty on local authorities to co-operate. Less

Hydraulic Fracturing and Boomtown Planning in Western North Dakota

Teresa Córdova

in When Fracking Comes to Town: Governance, Planning, and Economic Impacts of the US Shale Boom

This chapter turns to Williston, North Dakota. The case of Williston shows that communities can address many relevant issues of the boom-bust cycle through planning and policy choices. The case study ... More

This chapter turns to Williston, North Dakota. The case of Williston shows that communities can address many relevant issues of the boom-bust cycle through planning and policy choices. The case study examines the crucial role that local and state officials and civic leaders have in mitigating the strongest forces of boom and busts. Williston learned how to use local planning for power when the shale oil boom was turning to a bust by 2014. The actions of local and state officials enabled Williston to move through a downturn in the industry and not become a “bust” community. With sound planning and economic development practice, coupled with important changes in taxes and regulations, the area did not experience the “wild rides” of the resource bust, but learned how social cohesion could sustain the downside of an extractive economy.Less

Local Planning in Beaver County and the Shell Cracker Plant

Sabina E. Deitrick and Rebecca Matsco

in When Fracking Comes to Town: Governance, Planning, and Economic Impacts of the US Shale Boom

This chapter considers how state progrowth forces reduced planning and environmental policy power at the local level. It analyzes the planning and governance responses in a small community that was ... More

This chapter considers how state progrowth forces reduced planning and environmental policy power at the local level. It analyzes the planning and governance responses in a small community that was selected by state officials to be the new location for a multi-billion-dollar cracker facility. The location of the facility, Potter Township, is a small municipality in Beaver County in Western Pennsylvania. With little prospect of stopping the project, local officials and the community sought to expand their capacity in planning and public administration through several concerted efforts to create benefits from the project that went beyond the actual project. Local officials moved beyond reactive stances in their will to act, showing that capacity itself is a fluid concept in planning and governance.Less

| | Patterns and Prospects

in Grounds for Review: The Garden Festival in Urban Planning and Design

This chapter identifies common themes, universal concepts, and traditions as well as emergent trends in garden festivals. The focus is on the open space production of these events. A key question is ... More

This chapter identifies common themes, universal concepts, and traditions as well as emergent trends in garden festivals. The focus is on the open space production of these events. A key question is how and to what extent planning correlates with the ultimate quality of the final site condition, given that garden festivals are essentially self-contained processes that do not always reflect, or follow, local planning policies. The chapter also attempts to cull from selected projects innovative or validating aesthetics of the spatial aspects of the urban experience. Given that there can be considerable debate over just what qualifies as ‘aesthetic’, here it is required that the urban landscape be understandable at a human scale and that it may be apprehended in terms of visual, as well as functional, patterns.Less

The Evolution of Development Plans

Ashley Bowes

in A Practical Approach to Planning Law

Development plans play a vital part in the system for the control of development. They constitute the main backcloth against which applications for planning permission are determined and decisions ... More

Development plans play a vital part in the system for the control of development. They constitute the main backcloth against which applications for planning permission are determined and decisions are made on whether or not to issue an enforcement notice to terminate unauthorized development. The strength of the development plan system is that it ensures that there is both a rational and a consistent basis for making those decisions. Less

| | Introduction

in Grounds for Review: The Garden Festival in Urban Planning and Design

This introductory chapter begins by describing what garden festivals are and how they raise awareness of urban land issues and design. It then outlines the four stages of the festival process. First, ... More

This introductory chapter begins by describing what garden festivals are and how they raise awareness of urban land issues and design. It then outlines the four stages of the festival process. First, there is site acquisition and reclamation, including infrastructure development and the establishment of landscape design and site masterplan. The second stage centres on scheduling, marketing, publicity, and promotion. The third stage is the festival period itself, while the final stage involves festival closure and the dismantling of the site, the dissolution of the festival company and the sale of targeted assets. The discussions then turn to festival economics; sanctioning of festivals; the connection between garden festivals and local planning policies, festivals as exhibitions, and the impact of festivals on urban life.Less

Conclusion: Lessons and Extensions

Sabina E. Deitrick and Ilia Murtazashvili

in When Fracking Comes to Town: Governance, Planning, and Economic Impacts of the US Shale Boom

This concluding chapter pulls together the conclusions of the case studies discussed throughout this book. The shale boom has created many studies on environmental and health impacts, but far less on ... More

This concluding chapter pulls together the conclusions of the case studies discussed throughout this book. The shale boom has created many studies on environmental and health impacts, but far less on what happens in local communities in practical terms of governance, planning, and economic impacts. Stepping outside the usual range of outcomes considered in economic studies of boom and bust dynamics—typically employment and earnings—heightens the challenge of understanding a resource boom. Such a broader approach is essential to understand the governance, planning, and economic impacts of hydraulic fracturing. Furthermore, these cases demonstrate the role and importance of local and state officials, civic leaders, and resident stakeholders in challenging—and often untested—conditions. This chapter offers recommendations and the role of continuing research on understanding the practice and impacts of shale gas production in local and state planning and governance.Less

Threats Within: Black Southerners, 1954–1956

Elizabeth Gillespie McRae

in Mothers of Massive Resistance: White Women and the Politics of White Supremacy

White segregationist women nationwide believed that the Brown decision threatened their private, public, and political authority. Long committed to the Jim Crow order, they emerged as the mass in ... More

White segregationist women nationwide believed that the Brown decision threatened their private, public, and political authority. Long committed to the Jim Crow order, they emerged as the mass in massive resistance. They painted the family as the center of political life, with parental authority eroded by a federal government. Because school integration eroded their ability to secure the benefits of white supremacy for their children, it compromised their ability to be good mothers. They called for school choice, lobbied for local choice plans, and worked for the white Citizens’ Councils. At times their political language minimized racial identity and replaced it with a particular gender identity, prioritizing motherhood and burying whiteness and offering a color-blind discourse for a national audience. But Brown also put black children at the forefront of the movement, forcing white segregationist women to cast aside a language of maternal concern for one that degraded black schoolchildren.Less