John Prest
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201755
- eISBN:
- 9780191675003
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201755.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This is a study of local government and permissive legislation in 19th-century Britain. It argues that permissive legislation facilitated local initiative and debate, and that local initiatives were ...
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This is a study of local government and permissive legislation in 19th-century Britain. It argues that permissive legislation facilitated local initiative and debate, and that local initiatives were often more effective than national legislation. In the 18th century, every locality which wished to improve or police its streets had to obtain its own private Act of Parliament. By the 19th century, when the construction of a habitable urban environment had become a matter of urgency, Parliament had recourse to ‘permissive’ or ‘adoptive’ legislation, which the localities were free to adopt, or not, as they chose. Parliament facilitated, but did not require, local action, and so long as initiative and responsibility remained in local hands, relations between central and local government were relaxed. In the 1850s and 1860s, the House of Commons conceived itself to be an imperial parliament, not a vestry, and Local Boards thought of themselves as parliaments in miniature. Thereafter, Parliament's preference for a permissive system gradually yielded to a concern with equality of provision. Twentieth-century historians have largely written from the point of view of the centralizers and the permanent officials in the Department of State. This book puts the emphasis back upon Parliament, where the decisions were taken, and the localities themselves, where their consequences were felt.Less
This is a study of local government and permissive legislation in 19th-century Britain. It argues that permissive legislation facilitated local initiative and debate, and that local initiatives were often more effective than national legislation. In the 18th century, every locality which wished to improve or police its streets had to obtain its own private Act of Parliament. By the 19th century, when the construction of a habitable urban environment had become a matter of urgency, Parliament had recourse to ‘permissive’ or ‘adoptive’ legislation, which the localities were free to adopt, or not, as they chose. Parliament facilitated, but did not require, local action, and so long as initiative and responsibility remained in local hands, relations between central and local government were relaxed. In the 1850s and 1860s, the House of Commons conceived itself to be an imperial parliament, not a vestry, and Local Boards thought of themselves as parliaments in miniature. Thereafter, Parliament's preference for a permissive system gradually yielded to a concern with equality of provision. Twentieth-century historians have largely written from the point of view of the centralizers and the permanent officials in the Department of State. This book puts the emphasis back upon Parliament, where the decisions were taken, and the localities themselves, where their consequences were felt.
Sheena Asthana
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346742
- eISBN:
- 9781447304258
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346742.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
In recent years, tackling health inequalities has become a key policy objective in the UK. However, doubts remain about how best to translate broad policy recommendations into practice. One key area ...
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In recent years, tackling health inequalities has become a key policy objective in the UK. However, doubts remain about how best to translate broad policy recommendations into practice. One key area of uncertainty concerns the role of local-level initiatives. This book identifies the key targets for intervention through a detailed exploration of the pathways and processes that give rise to health inequalities across the lifecourse. It sets this against an examination of both local practice and the national policy context, to establish what works in health inequalities policy, how and why. The book provides a comprehensive account of theory, policy and practice. It spans the lifecourse from the early years to old age and explores the links between biological, psychological, social, educational and economic factors and a range of health outcomes. In addition, the book describes key policy initiatives, assesses research evidence of ‘what works’, examines the limitations of the existing evidence base and highlights key areas of debate.Less
In recent years, tackling health inequalities has become a key policy objective in the UK. However, doubts remain about how best to translate broad policy recommendations into practice. One key area of uncertainty concerns the role of local-level initiatives. This book identifies the key targets for intervention through a detailed exploration of the pathways and processes that give rise to health inequalities across the lifecourse. It sets this against an examination of both local practice and the national policy context, to establish what works in health inequalities policy, how and why. The book provides a comprehensive account of theory, policy and practice. It spans the lifecourse from the early years to old age and explores the links between biological, psychological, social, educational and economic factors and a range of health outcomes. In addition, the book describes key policy initiatives, assesses research evidence of ‘what works’, examines the limitations of the existing evidence base and highlights key areas of debate.
Sören Urbansky
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691181684
- eISBN:
- 9780691195445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181684.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter examines the development of Sino-Soviet relations and their impact on the Argun borderland from the post-Mao and post-Brezhnev years to the early 1990s. It explores how the boundary ...
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This chapter examines the development of Sino-Soviet relations and their impact on the Argun borderland from the post-Mao and post-Brezhnev years to the early 1990s. It explores how the boundary between the two communist states gradually became permeable again through center-driven political and economic reconciliation between the two countries and how, with slackening control at the border and the simultaneous political and economic power breakdown of the Soviet Union, informal cross-border contacts grew as well. While the border was still heavily guarded, the borderland soon slipped out of the control of the metropole, at least on the Soviet side of the barbed-wire fence. Indeed, the chapter argues that local initiatives accelerated the process of rapprochement between the two sides. Officially approved contact channels were quickly replaced by zones created by the local border people.Less
This chapter examines the development of Sino-Soviet relations and their impact on the Argun borderland from the post-Mao and post-Brezhnev years to the early 1990s. It explores how the boundary between the two communist states gradually became permeable again through center-driven political and economic reconciliation between the two countries and how, with slackening control at the border and the simultaneous political and economic power breakdown of the Soviet Union, informal cross-border contacts grew as well. While the border was still heavily guarded, the borderland soon slipped out of the control of the metropole, at least on the Soviet side of the barbed-wire fence. Indeed, the chapter argues that local initiatives accelerated the process of rapprochement between the two sides. Officially approved contact channels were quickly replaced by zones created by the local border people.
Ronald van Kempen, Karien Dekker, and Stephen Hall (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347756
- eISBN:
- 9781447303237
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347756.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
All over Europe, post-Second World War large-scale housing estates face physical, economic, social, and cultural problems. This book presents the key findings of a major EU-funded research programme ...
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All over Europe, post-Second World War large-scale housing estates face physical, economic, social, and cultural problems. This book presents the key findings of a major EU-funded research programme into the restructuring of twenty-nine large-scale housing estates in Northern, Western, Southern, and Eastern Europe. Policy and practice between and within the ten countries studied – UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Spain, and France – is compared. While existing literature focuses on the negative aspects of large-scale housing estates, this book starts from the premise that the estates can be transformed into attractive places to live and focuses on the possibilities of sustainability and renewal through social, physical, and policy actions. Specifically, it explains the origins and nature of contemporary problems on the estates; examines which policy objectives, measures, and processes have had the greatest impact; assesses and compares a wide range of local, regional, and national initiatives; discusses current ideas and philosophies, such as ‘place making’ and ‘collaborative planning’ that are likely to influence future policy and practice; and provides good-practice guidance for neighbourhood sustainability and renewal. The book provides unique comparative insights into the present and future position of large-scale housing estates in Europe.Less
All over Europe, post-Second World War large-scale housing estates face physical, economic, social, and cultural problems. This book presents the key findings of a major EU-funded research programme into the restructuring of twenty-nine large-scale housing estates in Northern, Western, Southern, and Eastern Europe. Policy and practice between and within the ten countries studied – UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Spain, and France – is compared. While existing literature focuses on the negative aspects of large-scale housing estates, this book starts from the premise that the estates can be transformed into attractive places to live and focuses on the possibilities of sustainability and renewal through social, physical, and policy actions. Specifically, it explains the origins and nature of contemporary problems on the estates; examines which policy objectives, measures, and processes have had the greatest impact; assesses and compares a wide range of local, regional, and national initiatives; discusses current ideas and philosophies, such as ‘place making’ and ‘collaborative planning’ that are likely to influence future policy and practice; and provides good-practice guidance for neighbourhood sustainability and renewal. The book provides unique comparative insights into the present and future position of large-scale housing estates in Europe.
Pauline Adema
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781604731200
- eISBN:
- 9781604733334
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781604731200.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
According to this book, you smell Gilroy, California, before you see it. The book examines the role of food and festivals in creating a place brand or marketable identity. The author scrutinizes how ...
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According to this book, you smell Gilroy, California, before you see it. The book examines the role of food and festivals in creating a place brand or marketable identity. The author scrutinizes how Gilroy successfully transformed a negative association with the pungent garlic bulb into a highly successful tourism and marketing campaign, and explores how local initiatives led to the iconization of the humble product there. The city, a well-established agricultural center and bedroom community south of San Francisco, rapidly built a place-brand identity based on its now-famous moniker, “Garlic Capital of the World.” To understand Gilroy’s success in transforming a local crop into a tourist draw, the book contrasts the development of this now-thriving festival with events surrounding the launch and demise of the PigFest in Coppell, Texas. Indeed, the Garlic Festival is so successful that the event is all that many people know about Gilroy. The author explores the creation and subsequent selling of foodscapes or food-themed place identities. This seemingly ubiquitous practice is readily visible across the country at festivals celebrating edibles such as tomatoes, peaches, spinach, and even cauliflower. Food, the author contends, is an attractive focus for image makers charged with community building and place differentiation. Not only is it good to eat; food can be a palatable and marketable symbol for a town or region.Less
According to this book, you smell Gilroy, California, before you see it. The book examines the role of food and festivals in creating a place brand or marketable identity. The author scrutinizes how Gilroy successfully transformed a negative association with the pungent garlic bulb into a highly successful tourism and marketing campaign, and explores how local initiatives led to the iconization of the humble product there. The city, a well-established agricultural center and bedroom community south of San Francisco, rapidly built a place-brand identity based on its now-famous moniker, “Garlic Capital of the World.” To understand Gilroy’s success in transforming a local crop into a tourist draw, the book contrasts the development of this now-thriving festival with events surrounding the launch and demise of the PigFest in Coppell, Texas. Indeed, the Garlic Festival is so successful that the event is all that many people know about Gilroy. The author explores the creation and subsequent selling of foodscapes or food-themed place identities. This seemingly ubiquitous practice is readily visible across the country at festivals celebrating edibles such as tomatoes, peaches, spinach, and even cauliflower. Food, the author contends, is an attractive focus for image makers charged with community building and place differentiation. Not only is it good to eat; food can be a palatable and marketable symbol for a town or region.
Amanda L. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501747496
- eISBN:
- 9781501747519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501747496.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This chapter discusses the fundamental transformation of the role of the seroras in the eighteenth century. Whereas the seroras survived Tridentine reform relatively unscathed, they were not so ...
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This chapter discusses the fundamental transformation of the role of the seroras in the eighteenth century. Whereas the seroras survived Tridentine reform relatively unscathed, they were not so fortunate under the later Bourbon reforms. Fiscally pragmatic rather than directly confessional, the Bourbon reforms led to a drastic reorganization of local religious life. Some initiatives championed under the Bourbon reforms were well underway through regional reorganization and local initiative well before they were issued by official proclamation. In these cases, the Bourbon reforms merely expedited the inevitable. Aimed to achieve essential cost-saving measures across the empire, the Bourbon reforms as they played out through the Consejo de Castilla consolidated church lands, redrafted parish benefice plans, and decreased numbers of lower-order clergy and church functionaries. All these measures affected the seroras, and although localities and Basque church officials jointly championed their seroras, the Bourbon reforms ultimately signaled an end to the vocation. Eventually, the seroras were replaced by sacristans.Less
This chapter discusses the fundamental transformation of the role of the seroras in the eighteenth century. Whereas the seroras survived Tridentine reform relatively unscathed, they were not so fortunate under the later Bourbon reforms. Fiscally pragmatic rather than directly confessional, the Bourbon reforms led to a drastic reorganization of local religious life. Some initiatives championed under the Bourbon reforms were well underway through regional reorganization and local initiative well before they were issued by official proclamation. In these cases, the Bourbon reforms merely expedited the inevitable. Aimed to achieve essential cost-saving measures across the empire, the Bourbon reforms as they played out through the Consejo de Castilla consolidated church lands, redrafted parish benefice plans, and decreased numbers of lower-order clergy and church functionaries. All these measures affected the seroras, and although localities and Basque church officials jointly championed their seroras, the Bourbon reforms ultimately signaled an end to the vocation. Eventually, the seroras were replaced by sacristans.
