J. Eric Oliver, Shang E. Ha, and Zachary Callen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143552
- eISBN:
- 9781400842544
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143552.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Local government is the hidden leviathan of American politics: it accounts for nearly a tenth of gross domestic product, it collects nearly as much in taxes as the federal government, and its ...
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Local government is the hidden leviathan of American politics: it accounts for nearly a tenth of gross domestic product, it collects nearly as much in taxes as the federal government, and its decisions have an enormous impact on Americans' daily lives. Yet political scientists have few explanations for how people vote in local elections, particularly in the smaller cities, towns, and suburbs where most Americans live. Drawing on a wide variety of data sources and case studies, this book offers the first comprehensive analysis of electoral politics in America's municipalities. Arguing that current explanations of voting behavior are ill suited for most local contests, the book puts forward a new theory that highlights the crucial differences between local, state, and national democracies. Being small in size, limited in power, and largely unbiased in distributing their resources, local governments are “managerial democracies” with a distinct style of electoral politics. Instead of hinging on the partisanship, ideology, and group appeals that define national and state elections, local elections are based on the custodial performance of civic-oriented leaders and on their personal connections to voters with similarly deep community ties. Explaining not only the dynamics of local elections, Oliver's findings also upend many long-held assumptions about community power and local governance, including the importance of voter turnout and the possibilities for grassroots political change.Less
Local government is the hidden leviathan of American politics: it accounts for nearly a tenth of gross domestic product, it collects nearly as much in taxes as the federal government, and its decisions have an enormous impact on Americans' daily lives. Yet political scientists have few explanations for how people vote in local elections, particularly in the smaller cities, towns, and suburbs where most Americans live. Drawing on a wide variety of data sources and case studies, this book offers the first comprehensive analysis of electoral politics in America's municipalities. Arguing that current explanations of voting behavior are ill suited for most local contests, the book puts forward a new theory that highlights the crucial differences between local, state, and national democracies. Being small in size, limited in power, and largely unbiased in distributing their resources, local governments are “managerial democracies” with a distinct style of electoral politics. Instead of hinging on the partisanship, ideology, and group appeals that define national and state elections, local elections are based on the custodial performance of civic-oriented leaders and on their personal connections to voters with similarly deep community ties. Explaining not only the dynamics of local elections, Oliver's findings also upend many long-held assumptions about community power and local governance, including the importance of voter turnout and the possibilities for grassroots political change.
Eric Post
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691182353
- eISBN:
- 9780691185491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691182353.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter addresses the role of time in horizontal species interactions. Horizontal, or lateral, species interactions are those involving individuals within a single trophic level in the same ...
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This chapter addresses the role of time in horizontal species interactions. Horizontal, or lateral, species interactions are those involving individuals within a single trophic level in the same local community or species assemblage. These involve primarily interference interactions such as competition for resources required by more than one member of the local assemblage. The chapter then considers the allocation of time within an individual organism's life history cycle. The use of time by the individual must address potentially strongly competing interests. In a competitive context, while earlier timing of life history events may in and of itself present a competitive advantage among conspecifics, its value as a strategy in interspecific competition relates to its effect on phenological duration. This is because duration determines overlap within the phenological community.Less
This chapter addresses the role of time in horizontal species interactions. Horizontal, or lateral, species interactions are those involving individuals within a single trophic level in the same local community or species assemblage. These involve primarily interference interactions such as competition for resources required by more than one member of the local assemblage. The chapter then considers the allocation of time within an individual organism's life history cycle. The use of time by the individual must address potentially strongly competing interests. In a competitive context, while earlier timing of life history events may in and of itself present a competitive advantage among conspecifics, its value as a strategy in interspecific competition relates to its effect on phenological duration. This is because duration determines overlap within the phenological community.
Roger Brownsword
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199276806
- eISBN:
- 9780191707605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276806.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter completes the discussion of the regulatory challenges presented by modern technologies by considering some particular puzzles for regulatory cosmopolitanism. The first test case focuses ...
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This chapter completes the discussion of the regulatory challenges presented by modern technologies by considering some particular puzzles for regulatory cosmopolitanism. The first test case focuses on the interpretation of the moral exclusion (against patentability) that is characteristic of European patent regimes, both regionally and locally. The second test case also concerns local moral exclusion but, this time, against the principle of market access that is enshrined in regional and international free trade agreements. The third case involves a more direct assertion of power by the local community. In this case, a nation state endeavours to enforce its own local standards, particularly where the effectiveness of its own local regulation threatens to be undermined by the technology of the internet, a technology that knows no physical borders.Less
This chapter completes the discussion of the regulatory challenges presented by modern technologies by considering some particular puzzles for regulatory cosmopolitanism. The first test case focuses on the interpretation of the moral exclusion (against patentability) that is characteristic of European patent regimes, both regionally and locally. The second test case also concerns local moral exclusion but, this time, against the principle of market access that is enshrined in regional and international free trade agreements. The third case involves a more direct assertion of power by the local community. In this case, a nation state endeavours to enforce its own local standards, particularly where the effectiveness of its own local regulation threatens to be undermined by the technology of the internet, a technology that knows no physical borders.
MARC BRODIE
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199270552
- eISBN:
- 9780191710254
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199270552.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter examines some further influential, historical ‘models’ of politics in the East End. It shows the importance of the exact ‘mix’ of beliefs and local community dynamics in creating the ...
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This chapter examines some further influential, historical ‘models’ of politics in the East End. It shows the importance of the exact ‘mix’ of beliefs and local community dynamics in creating the varying responses across groups and areas in the — certainly less than uniform — politics of East London. The chapter considers the accepted ‘model’ of costermonger Conservatism, the existence of the Jewish ‘block’ vote, and Irish voters.Less
This chapter examines some further influential, historical ‘models’ of politics in the East End. It shows the importance of the exact ‘mix’ of beliefs and local community dynamics in creating the varying responses across groups and areas in the — certainly less than uniform — politics of East London. The chapter considers the accepted ‘model’ of costermonger Conservatism, the existence of the Jewish ‘block’ vote, and Irish voters.
Wing-hoi Chan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622099180
- eISBN:
- 9789882206984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099180.003.0014
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
Using the “reinvention” of Tai O village in Lantau Island as an example, this chapter takes a micro look at the processes by which an urban population's fascination with a rural community has become ...
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Using the “reinvention” of Tai O village in Lantau Island as an example, this chapter takes a micro look at the processes by which an urban population's fascination with a rural community has become for some an idiom for building non-local links, links that may mock the very idea of the local community. Tai O's rope-driven ferry and the debate over the building of the anchorage illustrate that non-local interests in history, nature, and culture can be at odds with the attitudes and priorities of many locals. However, in this case, appeals to outside imaginings of “local community” and the channels established through promoting “local culture” became powerful tools for causes previously rejected by the local political hierarchy or government.Less
Using the “reinvention” of Tai O village in Lantau Island as an example, this chapter takes a micro look at the processes by which an urban population's fascination with a rural community has become for some an idiom for building non-local links, links that may mock the very idea of the local community. Tai O's rope-driven ferry and the debate over the building of the anchorage illustrate that non-local interests in history, nature, and culture can be at odds with the attitudes and priorities of many locals. However, in this case, appeals to outside imaginings of “local community” and the channels established through promoting “local culture” became powerful tools for causes previously rejected by the local political hierarchy or government.
Nigel Fielding
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198260271
- eISBN:
- 9780191682087
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260271.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Community policing seems always in vogue, yet its essential qualities remain elusive. There has been a rush to evaluate community policing before commentators have got to grips with what community ...
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Community policing seems always in vogue, yet its essential qualities remain elusive. There has been a rush to evaluate community policing before commentators have got to grips with what community police officers do which is distinctive. This book demonstrates, in detail, how community police officers go about such matters as gathering crime-relevant information from people in the local community, how they apply informal social control to public disorder situations, and how they ‘play’ the police organization itself in order to obtain resources they need and to secure their own advancement. However, such a brief is not sufficient in itself. The point is to use such a discussion of working practices to assess the conceptual apparatus which has been developed to understand community policing, and to evaluate the potential of community policing to achieve the objectives which policy-makers have set for it. That is the agenda of this book.Less
Community policing seems always in vogue, yet its essential qualities remain elusive. There has been a rush to evaluate community policing before commentators have got to grips with what community police officers do which is distinctive. This book demonstrates, in detail, how community police officers go about such matters as gathering crime-relevant information from people in the local community, how they apply informal social control to public disorder situations, and how they ‘play’ the police organization itself in order to obtain resources they need and to secure their own advancement. However, such a brief is not sufficient in itself. The point is to use such a discussion of working practices to assess the conceptual apparatus which has been developed to understand community policing, and to evaluate the potential of community policing to achieve the objectives which policy-makers have set for it. That is the agenda of this book.
Matthew Butler
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262986
- eISBN:
- 9780191734656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262986.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the history of rural education in Michoacán, Mexico during the period from 1920 to 1929. It explains that during the 1920s, revolutionaries invested more efforts in educational ...
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This chapter examines the history of rural education in Michoacán, Mexico during the period from 1920 to 1929. It explains that during the 1920s, revolutionaries invested more efforts in educational reform than in agrarismo as a means of achieving national reconstruction. It discusses the educational programmes of the Secretaría de Educación Publica (SEP) and suggests that local communities reacted to the SEP in various ways which reflected their own historical trajectories, agrarian and political aspirations, and cultural expectations.Less
This chapter examines the history of rural education in Michoacán, Mexico during the period from 1920 to 1929. It explains that during the 1920s, revolutionaries invested more efforts in educational reform than in agrarismo as a means of achieving national reconstruction. It discusses the educational programmes of the Secretaría de Educación Publica (SEP) and suggests that local communities reacted to the SEP in various ways which reflected their own historical trajectories, agrarian and political aspirations, and cultural expectations.
Roger D. Stone
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217997
- eISBN:
- 9780520936072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217997.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
This chapter focuses on the role played by various local communities in the conservation of forests in Latin America. The “Pilot Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rain Forest,” started with the help ...
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This chapter focuses on the role played by various local communities in the conservation of forests in Latin America. The “Pilot Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rain Forest,” started with the help of G7 countries in 1991, entrusted the World Bank to undertake the responsibility of managing the entire rehabilitation of the Brazilian Amazon forests, and one of the principal reasons for its success is the participation of the indigenous people while designing it. The Chiquitanos of Lomerio in Boliva drove away loggers and formed the Centro Intercomunal Campesino del Oriente de Lomerio (Inter-Communal Headquarters of the Communities of Eastern Lomerio, or CICOL) to manage their own lands, which consist of some 340,000 mostly forested hectares, with technical assistance and financial aid from the APCOB and Dutch government respectively. The local communities of Yucata´n Peninsula in Mexico established a large number of forestry activities, ranging from extracting and processing mahogany to marketing chicle, honey, and allspice, which in turn gave them more encouragement to save forests.Less
This chapter focuses on the role played by various local communities in the conservation of forests in Latin America. The “Pilot Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rain Forest,” started with the help of G7 countries in 1991, entrusted the World Bank to undertake the responsibility of managing the entire rehabilitation of the Brazilian Amazon forests, and one of the principal reasons for its success is the participation of the indigenous people while designing it. The Chiquitanos of Lomerio in Boliva drove away loggers and formed the Centro Intercomunal Campesino del Oriente de Lomerio (Inter-Communal Headquarters of the Communities of Eastern Lomerio, or CICOL) to manage their own lands, which consist of some 340,000 mostly forested hectares, with technical assistance and financial aid from the APCOB and Dutch government respectively. The local communities of Yucata´n Peninsula in Mexico established a large number of forestry activities, ranging from extracting and processing mahogany to marketing chicle, honey, and allspice, which in turn gave them more encouragement to save forests.
Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, Margaret Lock, Mamphela Ramphele, and Pamela Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520223295
- eISBN:
- 9780520924857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520223295.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
This chapter studies how people ravaged by violence resume everyday life. It forms links between collective disorder and rehabilitation work, and shows how local communities are refashioned after a ...
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This chapter studies how people ravaged by violence resume everyday life. It forms links between collective disorder and rehabilitation work, and shows how local communities are refashioned after a riot. The riot studied in this chapter happens in Dharavi, a shanty town in Bombay. This chapter discusses how this event of national importance is experienced in a local setting and comments on the controversy.Less
This chapter studies how people ravaged by violence resume everyday life. It forms links between collective disorder and rehabilitation work, and shows how local communities are refashioned after a riot. The riot studied in this chapter happens in Dharavi, a shanty town in Bombay. This chapter discusses how this event of national importance is experienced in a local setting and comments on the controversy.
Roger D. Stone
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217997
- eISBN:
- 9780520936072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217997.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
This chapter discusses the state of forest conservation in Africa and presents several examples of biodiversity conservation efforts involving local communities. The misguided intervention of ...
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This chapter discusses the state of forest conservation in Africa and presents several examples of biodiversity conservation efforts involving local communities. The misguided intervention of colonial and postcolonial foresters and administrators in the continent, along with the growing population, were the main reasons for forest loss in the past century. The actions and policies of those seeking to protect wildlife and biodiversity have also brought them into conflict with the forest dwellers. The denial of access to the forests and their resources, coupled with the absence of benefits from safari or hunting operations, left game poaching, illegal logging, and the ivory trade as the only means of making a living for many forest dwellers. However, recent changes in the model of development and the new interest among the donor agencies in genuine forms of local participation in forest conservation are leading to the reconciliation of biodiversity conservation with local community needs.Less
This chapter discusses the state of forest conservation in Africa and presents several examples of biodiversity conservation efforts involving local communities. The misguided intervention of colonial and postcolonial foresters and administrators in the continent, along with the growing population, were the main reasons for forest loss in the past century. The actions and policies of those seeking to protect wildlife and biodiversity have also brought them into conflict with the forest dwellers. The denial of access to the forests and their resources, coupled with the absence of benefits from safari or hunting operations, left game poaching, illegal logging, and the ivory trade as the only means of making a living for many forest dwellers. However, recent changes in the model of development and the new interest among the donor agencies in genuine forms of local participation in forest conservation are leading to the reconciliation of biodiversity conservation with local community needs.
JOE CRIBB
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263846
- eISBN:
- 9780191734113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263846.003.0017
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines the role of coins or money as a marker of cultural continuity and change in Central Asia. It explores the full range of surviving coins to create an overview of coinage in the ...
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This chapter examines the role of coins or money as a marker of cultural continuity and change in Central Asia. It explores the full range of surviving coins to create an overview of coinage in the region and suggests that the origins and progress of coinage in ancient Central Asia can be seen as creating for the region an emerging tradition framing both the long-term and the innovative elements which characterize the coins of the region as contributors to a unified pattern. The findings reveal that, for more than 1,000 years, the coinages of ancient Central Asia were part of a continuous tradition which illustrated the Greek and Iranian cultures of the region combined with the strong adherence of local settled communities to their nomad origins.Less
This chapter examines the role of coins or money as a marker of cultural continuity and change in Central Asia. It explores the full range of surviving coins to create an overview of coinage in the region and suggests that the origins and progress of coinage in ancient Central Asia can be seen as creating for the region an emerging tradition framing both the long-term and the innovative elements which characterize the coins of the region as contributors to a unified pattern. The findings reveal that, for more than 1,000 years, the coinages of ancient Central Asia were part of a continuous tradition which illustrated the Greek and Iranian cultures of the region combined with the strong adherence of local settled communities to their nomad origins.
Matthew Holford
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748632787
- eISBN:
- 9780748651405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748632787.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter is a detailed study of the regime of Bishop Anthony Bek (1283–1311). It is, in part, a study of heavy lordship, that is, the development and exploitation of the bishops' powers over ...
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This chapter is a detailed study of the regime of Bishop Anthony Bek (1283–1311). It is, in part, a study of heavy lordship, that is, the development and exploitation of the bishops' powers over their subjects. It also reveals the strength of local community, and the increasing reach of the crown, and thus draws together the conclusions of the preceding chapters.Less
This chapter is a detailed study of the regime of Bishop Anthony Bek (1283–1311). It is, in part, a study of heavy lordship, that is, the development and exploitation of the bishops' powers over their subjects. It also reveals the strength of local community, and the increasing reach of the crown, and thus draws together the conclusions of the preceding chapters.
Dr Suresh Kumar
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199545827
- eISBN:
- 9780191730429
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545827.003.0016
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter discusses palliative care programmes in the south Indian state of Kerala, specifically the Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care (NNPC). This programme recruits volunteers from the ...
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This chapter discusses palliative care programmes in the south Indian state of Kerala, specifically the Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care (NNPC). This programme recruits volunteers from the local community and trains them to identify the problems of the chronically ill in their area and to intervene effectively. These volunteers have active support from a network of trained professionals.Less
This chapter discusses palliative care programmes in the south Indian state of Kerala, specifically the Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care (NNPC). This programme recruits volunteers from the local community and trains them to identify the problems of the chronically ill in their area and to intervene effectively. These volunteers have active support from a network of trained professionals.
Louise Young
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780520275201
- eISBN:
- 9780520955387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520275201.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
In the 1910s and 1920s, a local-history boom took place across the country, producing new forms of urban biography, whose storylines came to define the local community. A growing local-tourism ...
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In the 1910s and 1920s, a local-history boom took place across the country, producing new forms of urban biography, whose storylines came to define the local community. A growing local-tourism industry picked up on this movement, promoting the preservation of local history and folklore that turned their cities into living museums of regional culture. The obsession with collecting local crafts, legends, and with branding local products (meibutsu) and famous sites (meisho) reflected a desire to possess and commodify the past. These efforts placed history in the service of regional identity. In the process, they deployed temporal strategies to develop a local brand and spirit of community, linking past to present to define the unique character and singular story of their communities.Less
In the 1910s and 1920s, a local-history boom took place across the country, producing new forms of urban biography, whose storylines came to define the local community. A growing local-tourism industry picked up on this movement, promoting the preservation of local history and folklore that turned their cities into living museums of regional culture. The obsession with collecting local crafts, legends, and with branding local products (meibutsu) and famous sites (meisho) reflected a desire to possess and commodify the past. These efforts placed history in the service of regional identity. In the process, they deployed temporal strategies to develop a local brand and spirit of community, linking past to present to define the unique character and singular story of their communities.
Katharine Mumford and Anne Power
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861344960
- eISBN:
- 9781447302179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861344960.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter looks at the community spirit of these two neighbourhoods. It identifies why the people living in these areas think community spirit matters, what signs they see of it, and whether they ...
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This chapter looks at the community spirit of these two neighbourhoods. It identifies why the people living in these areas think community spirit matters, what signs they see of it, and whether they feel a part of it. It shows that more than half of the families saw themselves as a part of their community, and 62 of them saw signs of it existing even if they were not directly involved. This suggests that local community organisations contribute to local well-being and to local attempts at improving conditions in ways that are not normally acknowledged from outside.Less
This chapter looks at the community spirit of these two neighbourhoods. It identifies why the people living in these areas think community spirit matters, what signs they see of it, and whether they feel a part of it. It shows that more than half of the families saw themselves as a part of their community, and 62 of them saw signs of it existing even if they were not directly involved. This suggests that local community organisations contribute to local well-being and to local attempts at improving conditions in ways that are not normally acknowledged from outside.
Lynn Stephen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520222373
- eISBN:
- 9780520927643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520222373.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
This chapter records the origins of land conflicts, rebellions, and cooperation between local communities with state authorities during the independence and colonial periods. It tries to show the ...
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This chapter records the origins of land conflicts, rebellions, and cooperation between local communities with state authorities during the independence and colonial periods. It tries to show the diversity in relations between indigenous communities and the colonial government and independent state of Mexico.Less
This chapter records the origins of land conflicts, rebellions, and cooperation between local communities with state authorities during the independence and colonial periods. It tries to show the diversity in relations between indigenous communities and the colonial government and independent state of Mexico.
Roger D. Stone
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217997
- eISBN:
- 9780520936072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217997.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
This chapter explores the possibilities of increased forest conservation and an increased role of local-community participation in it. Despite increased demand for forest resources and increasing ...
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This chapter explores the possibilities of increased forest conservation and an increased role of local-community participation in it. Despite increased demand for forest resources and increasing population, tighter rules, incentives, democratization, and financial and technical support from donors can help in minimizing the forest loss and concentrating the plantations on agricultural wastelands or cut-over degraded forests. Various substitutes of fuelwood and agroforestry systems that produce fuelwood as a byproduct can also help in reducing the pressure on forests. The increased importance of nongovernmental organizations, reduced political clout of traditional timber tycoons in developing countries, and increased media attention would also help in reducing corruption in the government and thus help in the formulation of more community-centric sustainable forest-conservation policies. The increased awareness of the people regarding environmental degradation, along with the fast-growing ecotourism sector, is also expected to play a positive role in the conservation of forestlands.Less
This chapter explores the possibilities of increased forest conservation and an increased role of local-community participation in it. Despite increased demand for forest resources and increasing population, tighter rules, incentives, democratization, and financial and technical support from donors can help in minimizing the forest loss and concentrating the plantations on agricultural wastelands or cut-over degraded forests. Various substitutes of fuelwood and agroforestry systems that produce fuelwood as a byproduct can also help in reducing the pressure on forests. The increased importance of nongovernmental organizations, reduced political clout of traditional timber tycoons in developing countries, and increased media attention would also help in reducing corruption in the government and thus help in the formulation of more community-centric sustainable forest-conservation policies. The increased awareness of the people regarding environmental degradation, along with the fast-growing ecotourism sector, is also expected to play a positive role in the conservation of forestlands.
Michael Pitchford and Paul Henderson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422590
- eISBN:
- 9781447302759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422590.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Within the campaigning community work during the 1970s, the purpose of the community development role was to support local communities to challenge and make demands of the local state. Pressure was ...
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Within the campaigning community work during the 1970s, the purpose of the community development role was to support local communities to challenge and make demands of the local state. Pressure was viewed as the way to achieving change. This chapter looks at the way practitioners worked by drawing on the examples provided by the interviewees. It compares and contrasts these earlier confrontational approaches with the shift towards practice within a community planning framework. It also looks at the community development inspired by conflict approaches including the recent shift towards a community planning model based on dialogue and partnership working.Less
Within the campaigning community work during the 1970s, the purpose of the community development role was to support local communities to challenge and make demands of the local state. Pressure was viewed as the way to achieving change. This chapter looks at the way practitioners worked by drawing on the examples provided by the interviewees. It compares and contrasts these earlier confrontational approaches with the shift towards practice within a community planning framework. It also looks at the community development inspired by conflict approaches including the recent shift towards a community planning model based on dialogue and partnership working.
Peter D. Cameron and Ernesto Correa
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199253784
- eISBN:
- 9780191698163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253784.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter examines the increasingly pro-active role of resource developers themselves. Studies of contractual agreements and industry standards reveals that sophisticated project developers are ...
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This chapter examines the increasingly pro-active role of resource developers themselves. Studies of contractual agreements and industry standards reveals that sophisticated project developers are anticipating and mitigating the concerns of public participants, rather than waiting for outsiders to challenge the deal structured by the developer and government. The theme of the case studies examined here has been the trend towards developing formal, contractual, or quasi-contractual arrangements to act as a framework for satisfying public demands for benefits from natural resource development. The Canadian case appears to go farthest in attempting to develop a new kind of contractual instrument for public participation, while the Australian approach relies on a combination of statutory and contractual instruments to achieve similar objectives. Both of these cases, and the US case-study chosen, provide ample evidence of the activist and sometimes volatile character of the demands by local communities and indigenous peoples.Less
This chapter examines the increasingly pro-active role of resource developers themselves. Studies of contractual agreements and industry standards reveals that sophisticated project developers are anticipating and mitigating the concerns of public participants, rather than waiting for outsiders to challenge the deal structured by the developer and government. The theme of the case studies examined here has been the trend towards developing formal, contractual, or quasi-contractual arrangements to act as a framework for satisfying public demands for benefits from natural resource development. The Canadian case appears to go farthest in attempting to develop a new kind of contractual instrument for public participation, while the Australian approach relies on a combination of statutory and contractual instruments to achieve similar objectives. Both of these cases, and the US case-study chosen, provide ample evidence of the activist and sometimes volatile character of the demands by local communities and indigenous peoples.
Bruce Blonigen and Cheyney O’Fallon
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019743
- eISBN:
- 9780262314473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019743.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The authors argue that both IE and IB have overlooked the relation between foreign firms and local communities. They show, inter alia, that foreign- owned firms differ substantially from domestically ...
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The authors argue that both IE and IB have overlooked the relation between foreign firms and local communities. They show, inter alia, that foreign- owned firms differ substantially from domestically owned firms in their local philanthropy: foreign firms give less.Less
The authors argue that both IE and IB have overlooked the relation between foreign firms and local communities. They show, inter alia, that foreign- owned firms differ substantially from domestically owned firms in their local philanthropy: foreign firms give less.
