E. J. Milner-Gulland and Marcus Rowcliffe
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198530367
- eISBN:
- 9780191713095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530367.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter outlines the range of management strategies that can be used to achieve effective management of natural resources use, including regulatory tools (such as hunting bans, quotas, and ...
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This chapter outlines the range of management strategies that can be used to achieve effective management of natural resources use, including regulatory tools (such as hunting bans, quotas, and no-take-zones), distractions (such as the promotion of alternative livelihoods), incentives (such as direct conservation payments), and activities aimed at changing attitudes (such as education campaigns). The essential characteristics of each approach are outlined, giving the strengths, the weaknesses, and the conditions necessary for successful implementation. The need for an integrated management approach in most cases is emphasized, combining elements of several different approaches with strong stakeholder engagement.Less
This chapter outlines the range of management strategies that can be used to achieve effective management of natural resources use, including regulatory tools (such as hunting bans, quotas, and no-take-zones), distractions (such as the promotion of alternative livelihoods), incentives (such as direct conservation payments), and activities aimed at changing attitudes (such as education campaigns). The essential characteristics of each approach are outlined, giving the strengths, the weaknesses, and the conditions necessary for successful implementation. The need for an integrated management approach in most cases is emphasized, combining elements of several different approaches with strong stakeholder engagement.
Andrew Moutu
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197264454
- eISBN:
- 9780191760501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264454.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter provides a general sense of the geography and economic livelihood, as well as an example of the sorts of (clan) relationships that prevail, in Iatmul villages. Topics discussed include ...
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This chapter provides a general sense of the geography and economic livelihood, as well as an example of the sorts of (clan) relationships that prevail, in Iatmul villages. Topics discussed include canoes and the riverine economy; the physical geography of the Sepik River basin; and the Kanganamun village. The chapter concludes with some remarks about the nature of research methods and the kinds of problems the author encountered in the gathering of ethnographic information.Less
This chapter provides a general sense of the geography and economic livelihood, as well as an example of the sorts of (clan) relationships that prevail, in Iatmul villages. Topics discussed include canoes and the riverine economy; the physical geography of the Sepik River basin; and the Kanganamun village. The chapter concludes with some remarks about the nature of research methods and the kinds of problems the author encountered in the gathering of ethnographic information.
Robin M. Leichenko and Karen L. O'Brien
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195177329
- eISBN:
- 9780199869800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177329.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter explores the uneven consequences of global environmental change and globalization for agriculture and rural livelihoods. The first part of the chapter examines two of the most ...
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This chapter explores the uneven consequences of global environmental change and globalization for agriculture and rural livelihoods. The first part of the chapter examines two of the most far-reaching and transformative types of global change, namely climate change and trade liberalization. It then presents a detailed case study of the pathway of outcome double exposure in Indian agriculture. The case study shows that the outcomes of climate change and trade liberalization in India are not randomly distributed, but instead are systematically linked to contextual conditions that influence both exposure and capacity to respond to each process. Growing inequalities linked to both processes can be seen at the regional, district, and village levels, and across gender groups. Global environmental change and globalization processes together reinforce uneven outcomes among farmers and rural communities, creating both double winners and double losers.Less
This chapter explores the uneven consequences of global environmental change and globalization for agriculture and rural livelihoods. The first part of the chapter examines two of the most far-reaching and transformative types of global change, namely climate change and trade liberalization. It then presents a detailed case study of the pathway of outcome double exposure in Indian agriculture. The case study shows that the outcomes of climate change and trade liberalization in India are not randomly distributed, but instead are systematically linked to contextual conditions that influence both exposure and capacity to respond to each process. Growing inequalities linked to both processes can be seen at the regional, district, and village levels, and across gender groups. Global environmental change and globalization processes together reinforce uneven outcomes among farmers and rural communities, creating both double winners and double losers.
Linda Herrera
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195369212
- eISBN:
- 9780199871179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369212.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Islam
Youth in Egypt and throughout the Muslim Middle East are the most educated and globalized generation in history. Yet they are coming of age in a climate of unemployment, repressive regimes, a youth ...
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Youth in Egypt and throughout the Muslim Middle East are the most educated and globalized generation in history. Yet they are coming of age in a climate of unemployment, repressive regimes, a youth bulge, moral panics about radicalization, and an escalation of regional geopolitical conflicts with no resolution in sight. Despite their centrality to reforms for economic and political development, we tend to know little about youth lives, lifestyles, opinions, and visions for societal change. This chapter uses the life history method to understand the trajectories of young lives and to know from the young themselves about how they relate to politics, the economy, education, and citizenship. Their stories testify that youth may not be so much preoccupied with religious politics as they are with jobs and justice, arguably the defining issues of this youthful generation.Less
Youth in Egypt and throughout the Muslim Middle East are the most educated and globalized generation in history. Yet they are coming of age in a climate of unemployment, repressive regimes, a youth bulge, moral panics about radicalization, and an escalation of regional geopolitical conflicts with no resolution in sight. Despite their centrality to reforms for economic and political development, we tend to know little about youth lives, lifestyles, opinions, and visions for societal change. This chapter uses the life history method to understand the trajectories of young lives and to know from the young themselves about how they relate to politics, the economy, education, and citizenship. Their stories testify that youth may not be so much preoccupied with religious politics as they are with jobs and justice, arguably the defining issues of this youthful generation.
Anna Lindley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
While the recent debates on global migration governance have mainly focused on the regulation of the movement of people, this movement is often followed by the movement of migrants' money and ...
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While the recent debates on global migration governance have mainly focused on the regulation of the movement of people, this movement is often followed by the movement of migrants' money and resources back to their country of origin. Global financial flows, including migrants' remittances, are the subject of complex and changing global, regional, and national-level financial regulation, aimed at preventing criminal and terrorist use of the global financial system. At the same time, migrants' remittances are also increasingly the subject of analysis and action by development actors seeking to mediate these flows in ways that are intended to accomplish particular socio-economic development goals. The global governance of remittances is driven by both crime and security concerns and socio-economic development and humanitarian concerns, and although these agendas are in some respects entangled with each other, in other respects they are highly conflicting. This chapter explores the institutions, politics, and normative case for the global governance of remittances.Less
While the recent debates on global migration governance have mainly focused on the regulation of the movement of people, this movement is often followed by the movement of migrants' money and resources back to their country of origin. Global financial flows, including migrants' remittances, are the subject of complex and changing global, regional, and national-level financial regulation, aimed at preventing criminal and terrorist use of the global financial system. At the same time, migrants' remittances are also increasingly the subject of analysis and action by development actors seeking to mediate these flows in ways that are intended to accomplish particular socio-economic development goals. The global governance of remittances is driven by both crime and security concerns and socio-economic development and humanitarian concerns, and although these agendas are in some respects entangled with each other, in other respects they are highly conflicting. This chapter explores the institutions, politics, and normative case for the global governance of remittances.
Barbara Goldoftas
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195135114
- eISBN:
- 9780199868216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195135114.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS), created in 1992, established protected areas that could have the twin goals of conservation and sustainable development. This chapter profiles ...
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The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS), created in 1992, established protected areas that could have the twin goals of conservation and sustainable development. This chapter profiles one of the protected areas — Mount Kitanglad Natural Park — at the time considered a model conservation program and one which could use community-based resource management in order to conserve the mountain range's unusually rich biodiversity. This case study provides an example of the obstacles that conservation can face at the local level, and the need to develop sound livelihood programs with workable financial systems, which can broadly benefit the community.Less
The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS), created in 1992, established protected areas that could have the twin goals of conservation and sustainable development. This chapter profiles one of the protected areas — Mount Kitanglad Natural Park — at the time considered a model conservation program and one which could use community-based resource management in order to conserve the mountain range's unusually rich biodiversity. This case study provides an example of the obstacles that conservation can face at the local level, and the need to develop sound livelihood programs with workable financial systems, which can broadly benefit the community.
Madhu Rao and Joshua Ginsberg
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199554232
- eISBN:
- 9780191720666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Madhu Rao and Joshua Ginsberg explore the implementation of conservation science in this chapter. Integrating the inputs of decision‐makers and local people into scientifically rigorous conservation ...
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Madhu Rao and Joshua Ginsberg explore the implementation of conservation science in this chapter. Integrating the inputs of decision‐makers and local people into scientifically rigorous conservation planning is a critically important aspect of effective conservation implementation. Protected areas represent an essential component of approaches designed to conserve biodiversity. However, given that wildlife, ecological processes and human activities often spill across the boundaries of protected areas, designing strategies aimed at managing protected areas as components of larger human‐dominated landscapes will be necessary for successful conservation. Identifying strategies that simultaneously benefit biodiversity conservation and economic development is a challenge that remains at the forefront of applied conservation. Biodiversity use may not be able to alleviate poverty, but may have an important role in sustaining the livelihoods of the poor, and preventing further impoverishment. Strong institutions and good governance are prerequisites for successful conservation interventions. Capacity needs for practical conservation in developing countries occur at many levels from the skills needed for management of natural resources to the compliance requirements of multilateral agreements. Filling gaps in capacity involves a diversity of approaches from on‐the‐job training of individuals to restructuring academic and professional training programs. Prioritizing capacity needs is vital to a longer‐term vision of enabling responsible stewardship of biodiversity. The engagement of local communities in planning and implementation is critical for effective conservation. Carefully designed social marketing approaches have proved to be successful in capturing the interest of local people while achieving conservation goals. Monitoring is a central tenet of good conservation management. Conflicts between the scientific ideals and practical realities of monitoring influence the implementation and effectiveness of monitoring systems. Many of the key issues and barriers to effective conservation that face conservation biologists are inherently political and social, not scientific. Thus efforts to close the gap between conservation biologists and conservation practitioners who take action on the ground will require unprecedented collaboration between ecologists, economists, statisticians, businesses, land managers and policy‐makers.Less
Madhu Rao and Joshua Ginsberg explore the implementation of conservation science in this chapter. Integrating the inputs of decision‐makers and local people into scientifically rigorous conservation planning is a critically important aspect of effective conservation implementation. Protected areas represent an essential component of approaches designed to conserve biodiversity. However, given that wildlife, ecological processes and human activities often spill across the boundaries of protected areas, designing strategies aimed at managing protected areas as components of larger human‐dominated landscapes will be necessary for successful conservation. Identifying strategies that simultaneously benefit biodiversity conservation and economic development is a challenge that remains at the forefront of applied conservation. Biodiversity use may not be able to alleviate poverty, but may have an important role in sustaining the livelihoods of the poor, and preventing further impoverishment. Strong institutions and good governance are prerequisites for successful conservation interventions. Capacity needs for practical conservation in developing countries occur at many levels from the skills needed for management of natural resources to the compliance requirements of multilateral agreements. Filling gaps in capacity involves a diversity of approaches from on‐the‐job training of individuals to restructuring academic and professional training programs. Prioritizing capacity needs is vital to a longer‐term vision of enabling responsible stewardship of biodiversity. The engagement of local communities in planning and implementation is critical for effective conservation. Carefully designed social marketing approaches have proved to be successful in capturing the interest of local people while achieving conservation goals. Monitoring is a central tenet of good conservation management. Conflicts between the scientific ideals and practical realities of monitoring influence the implementation and effectiveness of monitoring systems. Many of the key issues and barriers to effective conservation that face conservation biologists are inherently political and social, not scientific. Thus efforts to close the gap between conservation biologists and conservation practitioners who take action on the ground will require unprecedented collaboration between ecologists, economists, statisticians, businesses, land managers and policy‐makers.
Peter Evans (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520230248
- eISBN:
- 9780520935976
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520230248.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
The sprawling cities of the developing world are vibrant hubs of economic growth, but they are also increasingly ecologically unsustainable and, for ordinary citizens, increasingly unlivable. ...
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The sprawling cities of the developing world are vibrant hubs of economic growth, but they are also increasingly ecologically unsustainable and, for ordinary citizens, increasingly unlivable. Pollution is rising, affordable housing is decreasing, and green space is shrinking. Since three-quarters of those joining the world's population during the next century will live in Third World cities, making these urban areas more livable is one of the key challenges of the twenty-first century. This book explores the linked issues of livelihood and ecological sustainability in major cities of the developing and transitional world. This book identifies important strategies for collective solutions by showing how political alliances among local communities, nongovernmental organizations, and public agencies can help ordinary citizens live better lives.Less
The sprawling cities of the developing world are vibrant hubs of economic growth, but they are also increasingly ecologically unsustainable and, for ordinary citizens, increasingly unlivable. Pollution is rising, affordable housing is decreasing, and green space is shrinking. Since three-quarters of those joining the world's population during the next century will live in Third World cities, making these urban areas more livable is one of the key challenges of the twenty-first century. This book explores the linked issues of livelihood and ecological sustainability in major cities of the developing and transitional world. This book identifies important strategies for collective solutions by showing how political alliances among local communities, nongovernmental organizations, and public agencies can help ordinary citizens live better lives.
S.C. Dube
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077312
- eISBN:
- 9780199081158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077312.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter takes a look at the economic life of the Kamars. It discusses their socio-economic life, starting with the organization of their tribal settlements. Kamar settlements are generally at a ...
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This chapter takes a look at the economic life of the Kamars. It discusses their socio-economic life, starting with the organization of their tribal settlements. Kamar settlements are generally at a distance away from the village—normally separated by a small forest, and certain factors are involved in selecting a site for their settlements. It then describes the houses, household possessions, and daily activities of the Kamars. From here, the chapter turns to the Kamar economics, which is currently in transition due to the influence of foreign cultures and their complex economic systems. This chapter also studies the different sources of livelihood of the Kamars, including hunting, food-gathering, agriculture, and labour for wages. Their expenditures are also examined.Less
This chapter takes a look at the economic life of the Kamars. It discusses their socio-economic life, starting with the organization of their tribal settlements. Kamar settlements are generally at a distance away from the village—normally separated by a small forest, and certain factors are involved in selecting a site for their settlements. It then describes the houses, household possessions, and daily activities of the Kamars. From here, the chapter turns to the Kamar economics, which is currently in transition due to the influence of foreign cultures and their complex economic systems. This chapter also studies the different sources of livelihood of the Kamars, including hunting, food-gathering, agriculture, and labour for wages. Their expenditures are also examined.
S.C. Dube
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077312
- eISBN:
- 9780199081158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077312.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter discusses the problems of tribal adjustment brought about by the Kamars' cultural contacts. It notes that the Kamars would have to pay close attention to the four primary sources of ...
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This chapter discusses the problems of tribal adjustment brought about by the Kamars' cultural contacts. It notes that the Kamars would have to pay close attention to the four primary sources of their livelihood. It identifies the co-operations and Acts that would change the Kamars' way of life, such as the Land Alienation Act and the Multi-Purpose Co-operative Organizations. It then addresses the effects of the elimination of the money-lenders in Kamar society, the reorganization of the administrative system, and the introduction of education into the tribes. Finally, the chapter focuses on the problem of public health and sanitation that the Kamars face, and the presence of certain unacceptable practices, such as forced labour. The attitudes towards these changes are also considered.Less
This chapter discusses the problems of tribal adjustment brought about by the Kamars' cultural contacts. It notes that the Kamars would have to pay close attention to the four primary sources of their livelihood. It identifies the co-operations and Acts that would change the Kamars' way of life, such as the Land Alienation Act and the Multi-Purpose Co-operative Organizations. It then addresses the effects of the elimination of the money-lenders in Kamar society, the reorganization of the administrative system, and the introduction of education into the tribes. Finally, the chapter focuses on the problem of public health and sanitation that the Kamars face, and the presence of certain unacceptable practices, such as forced labour. The attitudes towards these changes are also considered.
Peter Ho
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280698
- eISBN:
- 9780191602528
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019928069X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Deals with wasteland and related policies. In order to exploit wasteland resources, the central government launched the so-called Four Wastelands Auction Policy. This policy was hailed as a ...
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Deals with wasteland and related policies. In order to exploit wasteland resources, the central government launched the so-called Four Wastelands Auction Policy. This policy was hailed as a breakthrough in land management, which would open up undeveloped land resources, improve the ecological environment, and increase farmers’ income. The wastelands policy might spawn great changes in land tenure, because the auctions commercialize wasteland rights at an unprecedented scale. However, through in-depth case studies it is shown that the auction policy did not—and for the foreseeable future most likely will not—fulfil its proclaimed role in the reform of land rights, because both the institutions and the socio-economic conditions do not permit such changes. Worse even, in the cases studied, the auctions proved a complete failure and stirred up widespread grievances among the rural populace.Less
Deals with wasteland and related policies. In order to exploit wasteland resources, the central government launched the so-called Four Wastelands Auction Policy. This policy was hailed as a breakthrough in land management, which would open up undeveloped land resources, improve the ecological environment, and increase farmers’ income. The wastelands policy might spawn great changes in land tenure, because the auctions commercialize wasteland rights at an unprecedented scale. However, through in-depth case studies it is shown that the auction policy did not—and for the foreseeable future most likely will not—fulfil its proclaimed role in the reform of land rights, because both the institutions and the socio-economic conditions do not permit such changes. Worse even, in the cases studied, the auctions proved a complete failure and stirred up widespread grievances among the rural populace.
L. Webb Edward and Dorji Lam
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213832
- eISBN:
- 9780191707438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213832.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter explores the question of why forest-related institutions evolved under non-limiting conditions in Bhutan. It finds that nationalization and protection policies have resulted in two kinds ...
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This chapter explores the question of why forest-related institutions evolved under non-limiting conditions in Bhutan. It finds that nationalization and protection policies have resulted in two kinds of instability. By increasing the cost of compliance, the government's new forestry strategy has led to non-compliance and increased livelihood risk. There is adequate policy space to address these instabilities, and doing so will certainly increase the probability of both biological and social sustainability of rural livelihoods.Less
This chapter explores the question of why forest-related institutions evolved under non-limiting conditions in Bhutan. It finds that nationalization and protection policies have resulted in two kinds of instability. By increasing the cost of compliance, the government's new forestry strategy has led to non-compliance and increased livelihood risk. There is adequate policy space to address these instabilities, and doing so will certainly increase the probability of both biological and social sustainability of rural livelihoods.
Christian Romer Løvendal and Marco Knowles
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199236558
- eISBN:
- 9780191717031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236558.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Whilst traditional food security analysis offers an ex post view on who the food insecure are and why they are so, looking at food insecurity from a vulnerability perspective provides a dynamic and ...
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Whilst traditional food security analysis offers an ex post view on who the food insecure are and why they are so, looking at food insecurity from a vulnerability perspective provides a dynamic and forward looking way of analysing causes, and more importantly options for reducing food insecurity. This can help improve policy responses to food insecurity. The chapter expands a standard food security analytical framework by including risks and the ability at different levels to manage these risks to reduce the probability of people being food insecure in the future. It looks at how different shocks can impact on availability, access and utilization and, using a twin-track approach, identify policy options for reducing vulnerability.Less
Whilst traditional food security analysis offers an ex post view on who the food insecure are and why they are so, looking at food insecurity from a vulnerability perspective provides a dynamic and forward looking way of analysing causes, and more importantly options for reducing food insecurity. This can help improve policy responses to food insecurity. The chapter expands a standard food security analytical framework by including risks and the ability at different levels to manage these risks to reduce the probability of people being food insecure in the future. It looks at how different shocks can impact on availability, access and utilization and, using a twin-track approach, identify policy options for reducing vulnerability.
Jayshree P. Mangubhai
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198095453
- eISBN:
- 9780199082650
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198095453.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
This book is based on ethnographic fieldwork in three villages in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, where Dalit women engage in struggles to secure or protect livelihood entitlements such as ...
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This book is based on ethnographic fieldwork in three villages in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, where Dalit women engage in struggles to secure or protect livelihood entitlements such as housing land or work. The research examines the processes of these women organising and evolving collective action strategies to claim access to and control over livelihood resources in different contexts where they face social exclusion. By analysing the power dynamics between these women and non-state and state actors, centred on intersecting caste, class, and gender structures, the research exposes the multiple enabling and constraining factors that condition these women’s agency. An understanding of agency is thus developed that can adequately take into account multiple, complex power relations. This supports an understanding of human rights as practice, focusing on context and power attendant collective action strategies based on actors’ perceptions regarding their just entitlements. Through exercising their agency to overcome unequal power relations and secure entitlements and freedoms, such actors then generate discourses that are constitutive of human rights. The book thus highlights an important shift required in the focus of human rights: that is, recognition that bottom-up approaches to human rights complement top-down approaches by emphasizing people’s agency and the creation of socio-political environments that enable people to effectively realise both socio-economic and civil-political rights.Less
This book is based on ethnographic fieldwork in three villages in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, where Dalit women engage in struggles to secure or protect livelihood entitlements such as housing land or work. The research examines the processes of these women organising and evolving collective action strategies to claim access to and control over livelihood resources in different contexts where they face social exclusion. By analysing the power dynamics between these women and non-state and state actors, centred on intersecting caste, class, and gender structures, the research exposes the multiple enabling and constraining factors that condition these women’s agency. An understanding of agency is thus developed that can adequately take into account multiple, complex power relations. This supports an understanding of human rights as practice, focusing on context and power attendant collective action strategies based on actors’ perceptions regarding their just entitlements. Through exercising their agency to overcome unequal power relations and secure entitlements and freedoms, such actors then generate discourses that are constitutive of human rights. The book thus highlights an important shift required in the focus of human rights: that is, recognition that bottom-up approaches to human rights complement top-down approaches by emphasizing people’s agency and the creation of socio-political environments that enable people to effectively realise both socio-economic and civil-political rights.
Jill Ann Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450747
- eISBN:
- 9780801465796
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450747.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
Over the past few decades, shrimp has transformed from a luxury food to a kitchen staple. While shrimp-loving consumers have benefited from the lower cost of shrimp, domestic shrimp fishers have ...
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Over the past few decades, shrimp has transformed from a luxury food to a kitchen staple. While shrimp-loving consumers have benefited from the lower cost of shrimp, domestic shrimp fishers have suffered, particularly in Louisiana. Most of the shrimp that we eat today is imported from shrimp farms in China, Vietnam, and Thailand. The flood of imported shrimp has sent dockside prices plummeting, and rising fuel costs have destroyed the profit margin for shrimp fishing as a domestic industry. This book portrays the struggles that Louisiana shrimp fishers endure to remain afloat in an industry beset by globalization. The book offers a portrait of shrimp fishers' lives just before the BP oil spill in 2010, which helps us better understand what has happened since the Deepwater Horizon disaster. It shows that shrimp fishers go through a careful calculation of noneconomic costs and benefits as they grapple to figure out what their next move will be. Many willingly forgo opportunities in other industries to fulfill what they perceive as their cultural calling. Others reluctantly leave fishing behind for more lucrative work, but they mourn the loss of a livelihood upon which community and family structures are built. In this account of the struggle to survive amid the waves of globalization, the book focuses the analysis at the intersection of livelihood, family, and community and casts a bright light upon the cultural importance of the work that we do.Less
Over the past few decades, shrimp has transformed from a luxury food to a kitchen staple. While shrimp-loving consumers have benefited from the lower cost of shrimp, domestic shrimp fishers have suffered, particularly in Louisiana. Most of the shrimp that we eat today is imported from shrimp farms in China, Vietnam, and Thailand. The flood of imported shrimp has sent dockside prices plummeting, and rising fuel costs have destroyed the profit margin for shrimp fishing as a domestic industry. This book portrays the struggles that Louisiana shrimp fishers endure to remain afloat in an industry beset by globalization. The book offers a portrait of shrimp fishers' lives just before the BP oil spill in 2010, which helps us better understand what has happened since the Deepwater Horizon disaster. It shows that shrimp fishers go through a careful calculation of noneconomic costs and benefits as they grapple to figure out what their next move will be. Many willingly forgo opportunities in other industries to fulfill what they perceive as their cultural calling. Others reluctantly leave fishing behind for more lucrative work, but they mourn the loss of a livelihood upon which community and family structures are built. In this account of the struggle to survive amid the waves of globalization, the book focuses the analysis at the intersection of livelihood, family, and community and casts a bright light upon the cultural importance of the work that we do.
Alcuin Blamires
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199248674
- eISBN:
- 9780191714696
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248674.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter addresses ideas about what God ‘sends’ to an individual in terms of fortune and livelihood. While the Man of Law’s Prologue and Tale offer competing assessments of what is ‘enough’, the ...
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This chapter addresses ideas about what God ‘sends’ to an individual in terms of fortune and livelihood. While the Man of Law’s Prologue and Tale offer competing assessments of what is ‘enough’, the Shipman’s Tale fashions a tour de force on the same topic, accommodating with wit and a touch of seriousness both the mischievous ethics of sexual trading and the ethical/moral risk of merchant preoccupations. Its somewhat insensitive merchant figure is partly to be judged against standards set out in Seneca’s On Favours, though the tale foxes the reader’s powers of judgment by making misrepresentation itself (the merchant’s ally) a thematic focus.Less
This chapter addresses ideas about what God ‘sends’ to an individual in terms of fortune and livelihood. While the Man of Law’s Prologue and Tale offer competing assessments of what is ‘enough’, the Shipman’s Tale fashions a tour de force on the same topic, accommodating with wit and a touch of seriousness both the mischievous ethics of sexual trading and the ethical/moral risk of merchant preoccupations. Its somewhat insensitive merchant figure is partly to be judged against standards set out in Seneca’s On Favours, though the tale foxes the reader’s powers of judgment by making misrepresentation itself (the merchant’s ally) a thematic focus.
Tim R. McClanahan and Joshua Cinner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199754489
- eISBN:
- 9780199918843
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199754489.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Societies must choose how they wish to deal with climate change. Not doing anything or pursuing ‘business as usual’ is likely to lead down a path that will have devastating consequences for many ...
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Societies must choose how they wish to deal with climate change. Not doing anything or pursuing ‘business as usual’ is likely to lead down a path that will have devastating consequences for many people, especially the world’s poor. Using a focal lens of coral reef fisheries, upon which millions of people depend on for their livelihood, this book provides a tool box of options for confronting the consequences of climate change through building local-scale adaptive capacity in societies and improving the condition of the natural resources. Building adaptive capacity will require strengthening appropriate aspects of a society’s flexibility, assets, learning and social organizations. They ways of doing this are diverse and will, of course, depend on existing local capacities and needs. Improving the condition of resources tends to require restricting or limiting society’s actions. These two broad concepts, of building social capacities and limiting certain types of resource use, interact in complicated ways, requiring coupled actions. One of the central themes of this book is that adaptation solutions are context dependent, determined in part by aspects of local resource conditions, adaptive capacity, and exposure to climate change impacts, but also by people’s history, culture, and aspirations. This book develops a framework to help provide governments, scientists, managers, and donors with critical information about the local context and develop nuanced actions that reflect these local conditions. This information can help to identify key opportunities and narrow the range of potential adaptation options that may be suitable for a particular location.Less
Societies must choose how they wish to deal with climate change. Not doing anything or pursuing ‘business as usual’ is likely to lead down a path that will have devastating consequences for many people, especially the world’s poor. Using a focal lens of coral reef fisheries, upon which millions of people depend on for their livelihood, this book provides a tool box of options for confronting the consequences of climate change through building local-scale adaptive capacity in societies and improving the condition of the natural resources. Building adaptive capacity will require strengthening appropriate aspects of a society’s flexibility, assets, learning and social organizations. They ways of doing this are diverse and will, of course, depend on existing local capacities and needs. Improving the condition of resources tends to require restricting or limiting society’s actions. These two broad concepts, of building social capacities and limiting certain types of resource use, interact in complicated ways, requiring coupled actions. One of the central themes of this book is that adaptation solutions are context dependent, determined in part by aspects of local resource conditions, adaptive capacity, and exposure to climate change impacts, but also by people’s history, culture, and aspirations. This book develops a framework to help provide governments, scientists, managers, and donors with critical information about the local context and develop nuanced actions that reflect these local conditions. This information can help to identify key opportunities and narrow the range of potential adaptation options that may be suitable for a particular location.
KEITH KEITH
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199244898
- eISBN:
- 9780191697401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244898.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
This chapter explores the politics of business and the business of politics, from the late twentieth century to the late eighteenth century. It also examines the question of livelihoods and the ...
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This chapter explores the politics of business and the business of politics, from the late twentieth century to the late eighteenth century. It also examines the question of livelihoods and the question of lives. It focuses on the naval mutinies that occurred within weeks of each other in England in 1797, one at Spithead off Portsmouth and one at the Nore off Sheerness. The conventional accounts of these mutinies suggest that leadership played a critical role in the success of the former and the failure of the latter and the analysis developed here agrees with the conclusion but not with the apportioning of responsibility for the outcome to the various leaders involved.Less
This chapter explores the politics of business and the business of politics, from the late twentieth century to the late eighteenth century. It also examines the question of livelihoods and the question of lives. It focuses on the naval mutinies that occurred within weeks of each other in England in 1797, one at Spithead off Portsmouth and one at the Nore off Sheerness. The conventional accounts of these mutinies suggest that leadership played a critical role in the success of the former and the failure of the latter and the analysis developed here agrees with the conclusion but not with the apportioning of responsibility for the outcome to the various leaders involved.
Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt, Fred Mawunyo Dzanku, and Aida Cuthbert Isinika (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198799283
- eISBN:
- 9780191839641
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198799283.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book contributes to the understanding of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa through addressing the dynamics of intensification and diversification within and outside agriculture, in ...
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This book contributes to the understanding of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa through addressing the dynamics of intensification and diversification within and outside agriculture, in contexts where women have much poorer access to agrarian resources than men. It uses a longitudinal cross-country comparative approach, relying on the Afrint dataset—unique household-level longitudinal data for six African countries collected over the period 2002–2013/15. The book first descriptively summarizes findings from the third wave of the dataset. The book nuances the current dominance of structural transformation narratives of agricultural change by adding insights from gender and village-level studies of agrarian change. It argues that placing agrarian change within broader livelihood dynamics outside agriculture, highlighting country- and region-specific contexts is an important analytical adaptation to the empirical realities of rural Africa. From the policy perspective, this book provides suggestions for more inclusive rural development policies, outlining the weaknesses of present policies illustrated by the currently gendered inequalities in access to agrarian resources. The book also provides country-specific insights from Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.Less
This book contributes to the understanding of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa through addressing the dynamics of intensification and diversification within and outside agriculture, in contexts where women have much poorer access to agrarian resources than men. It uses a longitudinal cross-country comparative approach, relying on the Afrint dataset—unique household-level longitudinal data for six African countries collected over the period 2002–2013/15. The book first descriptively summarizes findings from the third wave of the dataset. The book nuances the current dominance of structural transformation narratives of agricultural change by adding insights from gender and village-level studies of agrarian change. It argues that placing agrarian change within broader livelihood dynamics outside agriculture, highlighting country- and region-specific contexts is an important analytical adaptation to the empirical realities of rural Africa. From the policy perspective, this book provides suggestions for more inclusive rural development policies, outlining the weaknesses of present policies illustrated by the currently gendered inequalities in access to agrarian resources. The book also provides country-specific insights from Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.
J. E. Michael Arnold
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242177
- eISBN:
- 9780191697036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242177.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In overlapping situations which involve how rural households used their own resources in dealing with income and material flows through drawing on scrubland, forest, and woodland and where woodland ...
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In overlapping situations which involve how rural households used their own resources in dealing with income and material flows through drawing on scrubland, forest, and woodland and where woodland and forests comprise a larger livelihood systems where land had to be managed by its various users as a group, common pool resources (CPR) of forest products has played no small part. In such systems, rotational agriculture is adopted wherein periods of cultivations are alternated with longer bouts of forest fallow. With ongoing political and economic changes, along with the effects of the growing population, the collective systems that were in charge of managing and utilizing CPR have encountered several difficulties. This chapter looks into how systems that employ a certain amount of local collective control on the access and management of forest and forest product resources.Less
In overlapping situations which involve how rural households used their own resources in dealing with income and material flows through drawing on scrubland, forest, and woodland and where woodland and forests comprise a larger livelihood systems where land had to be managed by its various users as a group, common pool resources (CPR) of forest products has played no small part. In such systems, rotational agriculture is adopted wherein periods of cultivations are alternated with longer bouts of forest fallow. With ongoing political and economic changes, along with the effects of the growing population, the collective systems that were in charge of managing and utilizing CPR have encountered several difficulties. This chapter looks into how systems that employ a certain amount of local collective control on the access and management of forest and forest product resources.
