A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0018
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter starts the review of the transport properties of ions and electrons in liquid 3He. In contrast with its 4He bosonic companion, the lighter helium isotope is made of fermions. It is a ...
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This chapter starts the review of the transport properties of ions and electrons in liquid 3He. In contrast with its 4He bosonic companion, the lighter helium isotope is made of fermions. It is a physical example of a Fermi liquid. It is thus expected that ions couple to the liquid in a peculiar way that can be investigated by studying how they drift under the action of an electric field. The ion transport in normal liquid 3He at high temperatures (T>1 K), well above its superfluid transitions, is discussed.Less
This chapter starts the review of the transport properties of ions and electrons in liquid 3He. In contrast with its 4He bosonic companion, the lighter helium isotope is made of fermions. It is a physical example of a Fermi liquid. It is thus expected that ions couple to the liquid in a peculiar way that can be investigated by studying how they drift under the action of an electric field. The ion transport in normal liquid 3He at high temperatures (T>1 K), well above its superfluid transitions, is discussed.
Kyösti Kontturi, Lasse Murtomäki, and José A. Manzanares
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199533817
- eISBN:
- 9780191714825
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533817.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Modelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated with the process. Since the processes ...
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Modelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated with the process. Since the processes at the phase boundary are described by scalar quantities and transport quantities are vectors or tensors, the coupling of them can take place only via conservation of mass, charge, or momentum. In this book transport of ionic species is addressed in a versatile manner, emphasizing the mutual coupling of fluxes in particular. Treatment is based on the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics, i.e., on linear (ionic) phenomenological equations, from which the most frequently used Nernst-Planck equation is derived. Limitations and assumptions made are discussed in detail. The Nernst-Planck equation is applied to selected problems at the electrodes and in membranes. Mathematical derivations are presented so that the reader can learn the methodology of solving transport problems. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises.Less
Modelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated with the process. Since the processes at the phase boundary are described by scalar quantities and transport quantities are vectors or tensors, the coupling of them can take place only via conservation of mass, charge, or momentum. In this book transport of ionic species is addressed in a versatile manner, emphasizing the mutual coupling of fluxes in particular. Treatment is based on the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics, i.e., on linear (ionic) phenomenological equations, from which the most frequently used Nernst-Planck equation is derived. Limitations and assumptions made are discussed in detail. The Nernst-Planck equation is applied to selected problems at the electrodes and in membranes. Mathematical derivations are presented so that the reader can learn the methodology of solving transport problems. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0020
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter reports the small number of experiments on the ion mobility in liquid 3He at intermediate temperatures between the critical point at Tc=3.3 K and T=1 K. The inadequacy of the theoretical ...
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This chapter reports the small number of experiments on the ion mobility in liquid 3He at intermediate temperatures between the critical point at Tc=3.3 K and T=1 K. The inadequacy of the theoretical description in this cross-over region is pointed out.Less
This chapter reports the small number of experiments on the ion mobility in liquid 3He at intermediate temperatures between the critical point at Tc=3.3 K and T=1 K. The inadequacy of the theoretical description in this cross-over region is pointed out.
Antônio M. Figueiredo Neto and Silvio R. A. Salinas
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525509
- eISBN:
- 9780191711756
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525509.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
Mixtures of surfactant or amphiphilic molecules and solvents are known to display a large number of lyotropic mesophases. Although the physics of thermotropic liquid crystals has been vastly ...
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Mixtures of surfactant or amphiphilic molecules and solvents are known to display a large number of lyotropic mesophases. Although the physics of thermotropic liquid crystals has been vastly discussed in the literature, lyotropic mesophases have been much less explored. This book gives a unifying presentation of the structural and physical properties of lyotropic liquid crystalline systems, including a set of experimental results and a discussion of the characterization of different structures and the corresponding phase transitions. The initial chapters contain a description of the main experimental results and techniques associated with the characterization of lyotropic mixtures, and an overview of some theoretical approaches to account for the phase transitions and phase diagrams of these mesophases. This book includes discussions on periodically organized lyotropic systems, micellar and bicontinuous structures, modulated and cholesteric structures, and a number of related developments (magnetic colloids, microemulsions, films, and lyo-banana mesophases).Less
Mixtures of surfactant or amphiphilic molecules and solvents are known to display a large number of lyotropic mesophases. Although the physics of thermotropic liquid crystals has been vastly discussed in the literature, lyotropic mesophases have been much less explored. This book gives a unifying presentation of the structural and physical properties of lyotropic liquid crystalline systems, including a set of experimental results and a discussion of the characterization of different structures and the corresponding phase transitions. The initial chapters contain a description of the main experimental results and techniques associated with the characterization of lyotropic mixtures, and an overview of some theoretical approaches to account for the phase transitions and phase diagrams of these mesophases. This book includes discussions on periodically organized lyotropic systems, micellar and bicontinuous structures, modulated and cholesteric structures, and a number of related developments (magnetic colloids, microemulsions, films, and lyo-banana mesophases).
Angelo Gavezzotti
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198570806
- eISBN:
- 9780191718779
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570806.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
Intermolecular interactions stem from the electric properties of atoms. Being the cause of molecular aggregation, intermolecular forces are at the roots of chemistry and are the fabric of the world. ...
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Intermolecular interactions stem from the electric properties of atoms. Being the cause of molecular aggregation, intermolecular forces are at the roots of chemistry and are the fabric of the world. They are responsible for the structure and properties of all condensed bodies — the human body, the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the drugs we take, the paper on which this book is printed. In the last forty years or so, theoretical and experimental research in this area has struggled to establish correlations between the structure of the constituent molecules, the structure of the resulting condensed phase, and the observable properties of any material. As in all scientific enterprise, the steps to follow are analysis, classification, and prediction, while the final goal is control; which in this case means the deliberate design of materials with specified properties. This last step requires a synthesis and substantial command of the three preceding steps. This book provides a brief but accurate summary of all the basic ideas, theories, methods, and conspicuous results of structure analysis and molecular modelling of the condensed phases of organic compounds: quantum chemistry, the intermolecular potential, force field and molecular dynamics methods, structural correlation, and thermodynamics. The book also exposes the present status of studies in the analysis, categorisation, prediction, and control, at a molecular level, of intermolecular interactions in liquids, solutions, mesophases, and crystals. The main focus here is on the links between energies, structures, and chemical or physical properties.Less
Intermolecular interactions stem from the electric properties of atoms. Being the cause of molecular aggregation, intermolecular forces are at the roots of chemistry and are the fabric of the world. They are responsible for the structure and properties of all condensed bodies — the human body, the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the drugs we take, the paper on which this book is printed. In the last forty years or so, theoretical and experimental research in this area has struggled to establish correlations between the structure of the constituent molecules, the structure of the resulting condensed phase, and the observable properties of any material. As in all scientific enterprise, the steps to follow are analysis, classification, and prediction, while the final goal is control; which in this case means the deliberate design of materials with specified properties. This last step requires a synthesis and substantial command of the three preceding steps. This book provides a brief but accurate summary of all the basic ideas, theories, methods, and conspicuous results of structure analysis and molecular modelling of the condensed phases of organic compounds: quantum chemistry, the intermolecular potential, force field and molecular dynamics methods, structural correlation, and thermodynamics. The book also exposes the present status of studies in the analysis, categorisation, prediction, and control, at a molecular level, of intermolecular interactions in liquids, solutions, mesophases, and crystals. The main focus here is on the links between energies, structures, and chemical or physical properties.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0019
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter presents the experimental results of the study of the mobility of ions in liquid 3He at the liquid-vapor transition. It shows how electrostriction in a region in which the ...
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This chapter presents the experimental results of the study of the mobility of ions in liquid 3He at the liquid-vapor transition. It shows how electrostriction in a region in which the compressibility is the highest affects both positive ions and negative ions, though in a quantitatively different way that depends on the different structure of the two kinds of charges. The interesting observation that the mobility minima are located on the extrapolation of the coexistence curve into the one-phase region is emphasized. The correlation of this behavior with that of O2 - ions in dense argon gas is put into evidence.Less
This chapter presents the experimental results of the study of the mobility of ions in liquid 3He at the liquid-vapor transition. It shows how electrostriction in a region in which the compressibility is the highest affects both positive ions and negative ions, though in a quantitatively different way that depends on the different structure of the two kinds of charges. The interesting observation that the mobility minima are located on the extrapolation of the coexistence curve into the one-phase region is emphasized. The correlation of this behavior with that of O2 - ions in dense argon gas is put into evidence.
Apala Majumdar, Jonathan Robbins, and Maxim Zyskin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199239252
- eISBN:
- 9780191716911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239252.003.0014
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Analysis
This chapter is concerned with harmonic maps from a polyhedron to the unit two-sphere, which provide a model of nematic liquid crystals in bistable displays. This chapter looks at the Dirichlet ...
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This chapter is concerned with harmonic maps from a polyhedron to the unit two-sphere, which provide a model of nematic liquid crystals in bistable displays. This chapter looks at the Dirichlet energy of homo-topy classes of such harmonic maps, subject to tangent boundary conditions, and investigate lower and upper bounds for this Dirichlet energy on each homotopy class; local minimisers of this energy correspond to equilibrium and metastable configurations. A lower bound for the infimum Dirichlet energy for a given homotopy class is obtained as a sum of minimal connections between fractional defects at the vertices. In certain cases, this lower bound can be improved. For a rectangular prism, upper bounds are obtained from locally conformal solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equations, with the ratio of the upper and lower bounds bounded independently of homotopy type.Less
This chapter is concerned with harmonic maps from a polyhedron to the unit two-sphere, which provide a model of nematic liquid crystals in bistable displays. This chapter looks at the Dirichlet energy of homo-topy classes of such harmonic maps, subject to tangent boundary conditions, and investigate lower and upper bounds for this Dirichlet energy on each homotopy class; local minimisers of this energy correspond to equilibrium and metastable configurations. A lower bound for the infimum Dirichlet energy for a given homotopy class is obtained as a sum of minimal connections between fractional defects at the vertices. In certain cases, this lower bound can be improved. For a rectangular prism, upper bounds are obtained from locally conformal solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equations, with the ratio of the upper and lower bounds bounded independently of homotopy type.
Juan Luis Vázquez
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198569039
- eISBN:
- 9780191717468
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569039.003.0021
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Mathematical Physics
This chapter presents a collection of new examples taken from different branches of science. The first examples come from fluid dynamics, starting with the well-known model of viscous droplets ...
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This chapter presents a collection of new examples taken from different branches of science. The first examples come from fluid dynamics, starting with the well-known model of viscous droplets spreading by gravity. It then covers topics relating to underground flows important in water management or oil recovery. Attention is given to models of plasma physics. The limits of particle models is also discussed.Less
This chapter presents a collection of new examples taken from different branches of science. The first examples come from fluid dynamics, starting with the well-known model of viscous droplets spreading by gravity. It then covers topics relating to underground flows important in water management or oil recovery. Attention is given to models of plasma physics. The limits of particle models is also discussed.
Dr. Ben S. Branch, Hugh M. Ray, and Robin Russell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306989
- eISBN:
- 9780199783762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306989.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter sets out the process for finding and evaluating the liquid assets, illiquid assets, disputed assets, wasting assets, and contingent assets of the business. To describe what to do with ...
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This chapter sets out the process for finding and evaluating the liquid assets, illiquid assets, disputed assets, wasting assets, and contingent assets of the business. To describe what to do with them, the standard asset valuation and sale methods are discussed. The bankruptcy sale procedure guidelines and the guidelines for employing investment bankers, art dealers, appraisers, auctioneers, and the like to assist in the sale process are set forth. The aim is to understand the appropriate disposition methods for particular assets (i.e., sale options), determine the price of each asset to be liquidated, and understand the abandonment option if circumstances so warrant.Less
This chapter sets out the process for finding and evaluating the liquid assets, illiquid assets, disputed assets, wasting assets, and contingent assets of the business. To describe what to do with them, the standard asset valuation and sale methods are discussed. The bankruptcy sale procedure guidelines and the guidelines for employing investment bankers, art dealers, appraisers, auctioneers, and the like to assist in the sale process are set forth. The aim is to understand the appropriate disposition methods for particular assets (i.e., sale options), determine the price of each asset to be liquidated, and understand the abandonment option if circumstances so warrant.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0016
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Ions are used in normal liquid helium to investigate the hydrodynamics in presence of electrostriction. The Navier-Stokes equation must be modified in order to account for the spatial variations of ...
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Ions are used in normal liquid helium to investigate the hydrodynamics in presence of electrostriction. The Navier-Stokes equation must be modified in order to account for the spatial variations of density and viscosity around the ion because of the local pressure increase due to electrostriction. The solutions of the modified hydrodynamic equations are compared to experiments in normal liquid 4He. The issue matters if the liquid actually freezes around the ion. The analogies with the transport of the O2 - ion in dense Neon gas are described.Less
Ions are used in normal liquid helium to investigate the hydrodynamics in presence of electrostriction. The Navier-Stokes equation must be modified in order to account for the spatial variations of density and viscosity around the ion because of the local pressure increase due to electrostriction. The solutions of the modified hydrodynamic equations are compared to experiments in normal liquid 4He. The issue matters if the liquid actually freezes around the ion. The analogies with the transport of the O2 - ion in dense Neon gas are described.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0017
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
At T=2.17 K and P=0, liquid helium undergoes the superfluid transition. Dose this transition belong to the same universality class of the usual liquid-vapor transition? This question has been ...
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At T=2.17 K and P=0, liquid helium undergoes the superfluid transition. Dose this transition belong to the same universality class of the usual liquid-vapor transition? This question has been addressed in experiments in which the ion mobility has been studied. It appears that the mobility is not singular at the transition though its slope appears to be infinite. The explanation for this result is given by solving the Navier-Stokes equations for a granular fluid composed by interwoven islands of normal fluid and superfluid. Investigations of the ion mobility at the melting transition have put into evidence the existence of an electrostriction-induced, superfluid transition in the liquid surrounding the positive ions.Less
At T=2.17 K and P=0, liquid helium undergoes the superfluid transition. Dose this transition belong to the same universality class of the usual liquid-vapor transition? This question has been addressed in experiments in which the ion mobility has been studied. It appears that the mobility is not singular at the transition though its slope appears to be infinite. The explanation for this result is given by solving the Navier-Stokes equations for a granular fluid composed by interwoven islands of normal fluid and superfluid. Investigations of the ion mobility at the melting transition have put into evidence the existence of an electrostriction-induced, superfluid transition in the liquid surrounding the positive ions.
D. Eisenberg and W. Kauzmann
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198570264
- eISBN:
- 9780191715266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570264.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Efforts to verify or invalidate hypotheses on the structure of liquid water have been hampered by the lack of a general theory of the liquid state. In the absence of such a theory, conclusions about ...
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Efforts to verify or invalidate hypotheses on the structure of liquid water have been hampered by the lack of a general theory of the liquid state. In the absence of such a theory, conclusions about the structure of water have been based on two approaches. The first involves formulating a model for liquid water, treating the model in a particular fashion — involving massive approximations — using methods of statistical mechanics, and comparing the calculated values of macroscopic properties with those that are observed. This chapter focuses on the second approach, which is to deduce aspects of the structure of the liquid from the macroscopic properties of water.Less
Efforts to verify or invalidate hypotheses on the structure of liquid water have been hampered by the lack of a general theory of the liquid state. In the absence of such a theory, conclusions about the structure of water have been based on two approaches. The first involves formulating a model for liquid water, treating the model in a particular fashion — involving massive approximations — using methods of statistical mechanics, and comparing the calculated values of macroscopic properties with those that are observed. This chapter focuses on the second approach, which is to deduce aspects of the structure of the liquid from the macroscopic properties of water.
Thierry Giamarchi
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198525004
- eISBN:
- 9780191711909
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525004.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter looks at less usual realizations of Luttinger liquids than the ones coming from fermionic systems. The first realization is provided by interacting bosons. Indeed, in one dimension it is ...
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This chapter looks at less usual realizations of Luttinger liquids than the ones coming from fermionic systems. The first realization is provided by interacting bosons. Indeed, in one dimension it is impossible to decouple completely the statistics from the interactions, and one- and quasi-one-dimensional bosons are also described by Luttinger liquids. The discussion shows how the techniques used to tackle one dimension can be used in higher dimensions as well. An important class of problems examined in this chapter is the case of impurities coupled with a three-dimensional electron gas. Josephson junction arrays and Bose condensates are also considered, along with X-ray, Kondo, and multi-channel Kondo problems. Applications of bosonization to the study of quantum impurities in three-dimensional Fermi liquids are analyzed.Less
This chapter looks at less usual realizations of Luttinger liquids than the ones coming from fermionic systems. The first realization is provided by interacting bosons. Indeed, in one dimension it is impossible to decouple completely the statistics from the interactions, and one- and quasi-one-dimensional bosons are also described by Luttinger liquids. The discussion shows how the techniques used to tackle one dimension can be used in higher dimensions as well. An important class of problems examined in this chapter is the case of impurities coupled with a three-dimensional electron gas. Josephson junction arrays and Bose condensates are also considered, along with X-ray, Kondo, and multi-channel Kondo problems. Applications of bosonization to the study of quantum impurities in three-dimensional Fermi liquids are analyzed.
Thomas S. Bianchi and Elizabeth A. Canuel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134147
- eISBN:
- 9781400839100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134147.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter provides a background on the important role technology has played in the study of chemical biomarkers, and the many advances in the field that have resulted from the development of new ...
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This chapter provides a background on the important role technology has played in the study of chemical biomarkers, and the many advances in the field that have resulted from the development of new analytical tools. It introduces some of the classic analytical tools used in organic geochemistry, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), pyrolysis GC-MS, direct temperature-resolved MS, compound-specific isotope analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Additionally, characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and chromophoric DOM by fluorescence, use of pulsed amperometric detector (PAD) detectors in the analysis of sugars, and capillary electrophoresis are introduced. Recent advances in the following areas are also covered: (1) analysis of polar organic compounds utilizing liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, (2) multidimensional NMR, and (3) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS.Less
This chapter provides a background on the important role technology has played in the study of chemical biomarkers, and the many advances in the field that have resulted from the development of new analytical tools. It introduces some of the classic analytical tools used in organic geochemistry, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), pyrolysis GC-MS, direct temperature-resolved MS, compound-specific isotope analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Additionally, characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and chromophoric DOM by fluorescence, use of pulsed amperometric detector (PAD) detectors in the analysis of sugars, and capillary electrophoresis are introduced. Recent advances in the following areas are also covered: (1) analysis of polar organic compounds utilizing liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, (2) multidimensional NMR, and (3) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS.
Lars Schmeink
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781781383766
- eISBN:
- 9781786944115
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781383766.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
'Biopunk Dystopias' contends that we find ourselves at a historical nexus, defined by the rise of biology as the driving force of scientific progress, a strongly grown mainstream attention given to ...
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'Biopunk Dystopias' contends that we find ourselves at a historical nexus, defined by the rise of biology as the driving force of scientific progress, a strongly grown mainstream attention given to genetic engineering in the wake of the Human Genome Project (1990-2003), the changing sociological view of a liquid modern society, and shifting discourses on the posthuman, including a critical posthumanism that decenters the privileged subject of humanism. The book argues that this historical nexus produces a specific cultural formation in the form of "biopunk", a subgenre evolved from the cyberpunk of the 1980s. The analysis deals with dystopian science fiction artifacts of different media from the year 2000 onwards that project a posthuman intervention into contemporary socio-political discourse based in liquid modernity in the cultural formation of biopunk. Biopunk makes use of current posthumanist conceptions in order to criticize contemporary reality as already dystopian, warning that a future will only get worse, and that society needs to reverse its path, or else destroy all life on this planet. As Rosi Braidotti argues, "there is a posthuman agreement that contemporary science and biotechnologies affect the very fibre and structure of the living and have altered dramatically our understanding of what counts as the basic frame of reference for the human today" (40). The proposed book analyzes this alteration as directors, creators, authors, and artists from the field of science fiction extrapolate it from current trends.Less
'Biopunk Dystopias' contends that we find ourselves at a historical nexus, defined by the rise of biology as the driving force of scientific progress, a strongly grown mainstream attention given to genetic engineering in the wake of the Human Genome Project (1990-2003), the changing sociological view of a liquid modern society, and shifting discourses on the posthuman, including a critical posthumanism that decenters the privileged subject of humanism. The book argues that this historical nexus produces a specific cultural formation in the form of "biopunk", a subgenre evolved from the cyberpunk of the 1980s. The analysis deals with dystopian science fiction artifacts of different media from the year 2000 onwards that project a posthuman intervention into contemporary socio-political discourse based in liquid modernity in the cultural formation of biopunk. Biopunk makes use of current posthumanist conceptions in order to criticize contemporary reality as already dystopian, warning that a future will only get worse, and that society needs to reverse its path, or else destroy all life on this planet. As Rosi Braidotti argues, "there is a posthuman agreement that contemporary science and biotechnologies affect the very fibre and structure of the living and have altered dramatically our understanding of what counts as the basic frame of reference for the human today" (40). The proposed book analyzes this alteration as directors, creators, authors, and artists from the field of science fiction extrapolate it from current trends.
Helmut Hofmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198504016
- eISBN:
- 9780191708480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198504016.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter describes the basic concepts of nuclear models beginning with the bare force between two nucleons and ending with the complex configurations of the many-body system. For example those ...
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This chapter describes the basic concepts of nuclear models beginning with the bare force between two nucleons and ending with the complex configurations of the many-body system. For example those encountered in the optical model or in Niels Bohr's pictures of the compound nucleus and the liquid drop model. The role of sub-nuclear degrees of freedom is briefly considered. Elementary many-body properties related to independent particle motion are analyzed for the Fermi gas, and two-body correlations implied by the Pauli principle are introduced. Basic properties of nuclear reactions are explained and the relevance of the nucleonic mean free path is examined, for instance with respect to transport properties of collective motion. The Bethe-Weizsäcker-formula for nuclear masses is shown and the deformed liquid drop model is presented.Less
This chapter describes the basic concepts of nuclear models beginning with the bare force between two nucleons and ending with the complex configurations of the many-body system. For example those encountered in the optical model or in Niels Bohr's pictures of the compound nucleus and the liquid drop model. The role of sub-nuclear degrees of freedom is briefly considered. Elementary many-body properties related to independent particle motion are analyzed for the Fermi gas, and two-body correlations implied by the Pauli principle are introduced. Basic properties of nuclear reactions are explained and the relevance of the nucleonic mean free path is examined, for instance with respect to transport properties of collective motion. The Bethe-Weizsäcker-formula for nuclear masses is shown and the deformed liquid drop model is presented.
Helmut Hofmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198504016
- eISBN:
- 9780191708480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198504016.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This chapter focuses on collective motion of isoscalar nature parameterized by shape variables. The equations of motion are derived from energy conservation as implied by self-consistency. A basic ...
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This chapter focuses on collective motion of isoscalar nature parameterized by shape variables. The equations of motion are derived from energy conservation as implied by self-consistency. A basic ingredient is the variation of the total static energy with deformation, which at finite thermal excitations has to be calculated for constant entropy. Linear response theory is exploited for the dynamics, especially for separating reactive and dissipative forces. Response functions for intrinsic, nucleonic motion are distinguished from those for collective dynamics. The origin of irreversible behavior due to the decay of simple to more complicated nucleonic configurations is described in detail. In practical applications, dressed single particle states are used in their dependence on temperature. The variation of the transport coefficients for inertia and friction with T obtained this way is confronted with that given in various other models, like in the diabatic one, in common RPA, in the random matrix model, or in the liquid drop model and for wall friction. Implications on rotational motion are discussed.Less
This chapter focuses on collective motion of isoscalar nature parameterized by shape variables. The equations of motion are derived from energy conservation as implied by self-consistency. A basic ingredient is the variation of the total static energy with deformation, which at finite thermal excitations has to be calculated for constant entropy. Linear response theory is exploited for the dynamics, especially for separating reactive and dissipative forces. Response functions for intrinsic, nucleonic motion are distinguished from those for collective dynamics. The origin of irreversible behavior due to the decay of simple to more complicated nucleonic configurations is described in detail. In practical applications, dressed single particle states are used in their dependence on temperature. The variation of the transport coefficients for inertia and friction with T obtained this way is confronted with that given in various other models, like in the diabatic one, in common RPA, in the random matrix model, or in the liquid drop model and for wall friction. Implications on rotational motion are discussed.
Robert J. Shiller
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294184
- eISBN:
- 9780191596926
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294182.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Financial Economics
This book, which is part of the distinguished Clarendon Lectures in Economics series, puts forward a unique and authoritative set of detailed proposals for establishing new markets for the management ...
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This book, which is part of the distinguished Clarendon Lectures in Economics series, puts forward a unique and authoritative set of detailed proposals for establishing new markets for the management of the biggest economic risks facing governments and society. Robert Shiller argues that we have largely the wrong financial markets, and that establishing new ones may fundamentally alter and diminish international economic fluctuations (and thus enable better risk management) and reduce the inequality of incomes. Shiller argues that although some risks, such as natural disaster or temporary unemployment, are shared by society, most risks are borne by the individual, and standards of living are determined by luck. He investigates whether a new technology of markets could make risk sharing possible and shows how new contracts could be designed to hedge all manner of risks to the individual's living standards. He proposes new international markets for perpetual claims on national incomes, and on components and aggregates of national incomes, concluding that these markets may well dwarf our stock markets in their activity and significance. He also argues for new liquid international markets for residential and commercial property. Establishing such unprecedented new markets presents some important technical problems that Shiller attempts to solve with proposals for implementing futures markets on perpetual claims on incomes, and for the construction of index numbers for cash settlement of risk management contracts. These new markets could fundamentally alter and diminish international economic fluctuations, and reduce the inequality of incomes around the world. Much of the book is technical, and it is intended mostly for economists, contract designers at futures and options exchanges, originators of swaps and other financial deals, and designers of retail products associated with risk management (such as insurance, pension plans, and mortgages). However, the material within the book is mostly arranged so that a non‐technical reader can follow the broad themes, and until Ch. 6, most of the technical material is relegated to appendices.Less
This book, which is part of the distinguished Clarendon Lectures in Economics series, puts forward a unique and authoritative set of detailed proposals for establishing new markets for the management of the biggest economic risks facing governments and society. Robert Shiller argues that we have largely the wrong financial markets, and that establishing new ones may fundamentally alter and diminish international economic fluctuations (and thus enable better risk management) and reduce the inequality of incomes. Shiller argues that although some risks, such as natural disaster or temporary unemployment, are shared by society, most risks are borne by the individual, and standards of living are determined by luck. He investigates whether a new technology of markets could make risk sharing possible and shows how new contracts could be designed to hedge all manner of risks to the individual's living standards. He proposes new international markets for perpetual claims on national incomes, and on components and aggregates of national incomes, concluding that these markets may well dwarf our stock markets in their activity and significance. He also argues for new liquid international markets for residential and commercial property. Establishing such unprecedented new markets presents some important technical problems that Shiller attempts to solve with proposals for implementing futures markets on perpetual claims on incomes, and for the construction of index numbers for cash settlement of risk management contracts. These new markets could fundamentally alter and diminish international economic fluctuations, and reduce the inequality of incomes around the world. Much of the book is technical, and it is intended mostly for economists, contract designers at futures and options exchanges, originators of swaps and other financial deals, and designers of retail products associated with risk management (such as insurance, pension plans, and mortgages). However, the material within the book is mostly arranged so that a non‐technical reader can follow the broad themes, and until Ch. 6, most of the technical material is relegated to appendices.
Sandeep Kapur
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073970
- eISBN:
- 9780199081615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073970.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Due to the recent financial crisis, the issue of liquidity has emerged. Illiquidity reflects frictions in markets, and in asset markets can arise for various reasons. This chapter analyses how the ...
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Due to the recent financial crisis, the issue of liquidity has emerged. Illiquidity reflects frictions in markets, and in asset markets can arise for various reasons. This chapter analyses how the preference for liquidity is affected by the precision of anticipated information. Given a subjective ordering of investment portfolios by their liquidity, it identifies a sufficient condition under which the prospect of finer resolution of uncertainty results in a preference for more liquid positions. It then demonstrates how this condition might emerge naturally in some standard classes of sequential decision problems. The chapter considers the simplest setting whereby an agent must make choices in two periods, with the initial choice affecting the set of subsequent choices. When one has to choose between a discrete set of irreversible investments and liquid cash, greater informativeness is expected to increase the reward, other things equal, to holding liquid cash.Less
Due to the recent financial crisis, the issue of liquidity has emerged. Illiquidity reflects frictions in markets, and in asset markets can arise for various reasons. This chapter analyses how the preference for liquidity is affected by the precision of anticipated information. Given a subjective ordering of investment portfolios by their liquidity, it identifies a sufficient condition under which the prospect of finer resolution of uncertainty results in a preference for more liquid positions. It then demonstrates how this condition might emerge naturally in some standard classes of sequential decision problems. The chapter considers the simplest setting whereby an agent must make choices in two periods, with the initial choice affecting the set of subsequent choices. When one has to choose between a discrete set of irreversible investments and liquid cash, greater informativeness is expected to increase the reward, other things equal, to holding liquid cash.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0015
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Negative ions in liquid helium are electron bubbles. The electron inside the empty cavity is a physical realization of the particle-in-the-box problem described in textbooks on basic quantum ...
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Negative ions in liquid helium are electron bubbles. The electron inside the empty cavity is a physical realization of the particle-in-the-box problem described in textbooks on basic quantum mechanics. Spectroscopic experiments described in this chapter have directly measured the quantized level of the electron localized in the bubble. Another interesting physical problem is what happens when the electron bubble approaches the liquid-vapor interface. It is known that electrons are released from the bubble into the vapor. Experiments and theory are aimed at understanding if the electron directly tunnels into the vapor or if it diffuses over the barrier. Recent theoretical works favor the model of direct tunneling, provided that the distribution function of the bubbles is not of the Boltzmann type.Less
Negative ions in liquid helium are electron bubbles. The electron inside the empty cavity is a physical realization of the particle-in-the-box problem described in textbooks on basic quantum mechanics. Spectroscopic experiments described in this chapter have directly measured the quantized level of the electron localized in the bubble. Another interesting physical problem is what happens when the electron bubble approaches the liquid-vapor interface. It is known that electrons are released from the bubble into the vapor. Experiments and theory are aimed at understanding if the electron directly tunnels into the vapor or if it diffuses over the barrier. Recent theoretical works favor the model of direct tunneling, provided that the distribution function of the bubbles is not of the Boltzmann type.
