Jochen Prantl
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199287680
- eISBN:
- 9780191603723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199287686.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the role and performance of the Group of Three and the Western Contact Group in the process leading to the independence of Namibia in 1990. At the United Nations level, ...
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This chapter examines the role and performance of the Group of Three and the Western Contact Group in the process leading to the independence of Namibia in 1990. At the United Nations level, decolonization resulted in a significant increase in membership that shifted governance in the General Assembly and the Security Council. The admission of post-colonial states turned decolonization into an ideological issue that contributed to a situation where direct UN involvement became ineffective. It complicated the process towards the further dismantling of the colonial system, and generated a push towards exit as epitomized in the formation of informal groups. The case of Namibia illustrates the potential and limits of engaging the United States in a cooperative framework.Less
This chapter examines the role and performance of the Group of Three and the Western Contact Group in the process leading to the independence of Namibia in 1990. At the United Nations level, decolonization resulted in a significant increase in membership that shifted governance in the General Assembly and the Security Council. The admission of post-colonial states turned decolonization into an ideological issue that contributed to a situation where direct UN involvement became ineffective. It complicated the process towards the further dismantling of the colonial system, and generated a push towards exit as epitomized in the formation of informal groups. The case of Namibia illustrates the potential and limits of engaging the United States in a cooperative framework.
Kees Aarts
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294733
- eISBN:
- 9780191599699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294735.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Political and social linkages are widely regarded as indispensable for the stability of political regimes. If such linkages deteriorate, stability can suffer. This chapter investigates some ...
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Political and social linkages are widely regarded as indispensable for the stability of political regimes. If such linkages deteriorate, stability can suffer. This chapter investigates some indicators of linkage health, considering first the development of organizational membership in a general sense, and then turning to the development of trade union membership, which is the most widespread traditional form of linkage. The final section deals with new social movements creating new types of linkage.Less
Political and social linkages are widely regarded as indispensable for the stability of political regimes. If such linkages deteriorate, stability can suffer. This chapter investigates some indicators of linkage health, considering first the development of organizational membership in a general sense, and then turning to the development of trade union membership, which is the most widespread traditional form of linkage. The final section deals with new social movements creating new types of linkage.
López Ramón and Michael A. Toman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199298006
- eISBN:
- 9780191603877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199298009.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
While institutional reforms are critical for developing countries to enhance and sustain the economic and environmental contributions of their water sector, undertaking them is not an easy task in ...
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While institutional reforms are critical for developing countries to enhance and sustain the economic and environmental contributions of their water sector, undertaking them is not an easy task in view of binding technical and political economy constraints. Despite these constraints, reforms of varying degree do occur in the water sector of many developing countries. This chapter attempts to explore the nature and extent of these reforms and constraints as well as the policy lessons that these reform experiences offer by (a) utilizing an institutional transaction cost framework, and (b) relying on stylized facts on water institutional reform observed across countries, empirical evidences on how institutional design and implementation principles are used to circumvent technical and political economy constraints, and case studies on the reform process in country-specific context. The chapter concludes by identifying key implications for both theory and policy that could contribute to international policy dialogue on the interface between institutional reform and water resources management.Less
While institutional reforms are critical for developing countries to enhance and sustain the economic and environmental contributions of their water sector, undertaking them is not an easy task in view of binding technical and political economy constraints. Despite these constraints, reforms of varying degree do occur in the water sector of many developing countries. This chapter attempts to explore the nature and extent of these reforms and constraints as well as the policy lessons that these reform experiences offer by (a) utilizing an institutional transaction cost framework, and (b) relying on stylized facts on water institutional reform observed across countries, empirical evidences on how institutional design and implementation principles are used to circumvent technical and political economy constraints, and case studies on the reform process in country-specific context. The chapter concludes by identifying key implications for both theory and policy that could contribute to international policy dialogue on the interface between institutional reform and water resources management.
Matthew Flinders
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199271603
- eISBN:
- 9780191709241
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271603.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics, Political Economy
Having examined the long-term institutional layering and sedimentation that has occurred, this chapter sets out to map out the topography of the state as it currently exists. In doing so, it succeeds ...
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Having examined the long-term institutional layering and sedimentation that has occurred, this chapter sets out to map out the topography of the state as it currently exists. In doing so, it succeeds where numerous parliamentary, official, and academic studies have failed. It also provides a new conceptual tool — in the form of the Russian Doll Model — through which different degrees of delegation can be represented and through this, the ‘drift’ of functions across a ‘spectrum of autonomy’.Less
Having examined the long-term institutional layering and sedimentation that has occurred, this chapter sets out to map out the topography of the state as it currently exists. In doing so, it succeeds where numerous parliamentary, official, and academic studies have failed. It also provides a new conceptual tool — in the form of the Russian Doll Model — through which different degrees of delegation can be represented and through this, the ‘drift’ of functions across a ‘spectrum of autonomy’.
Antony Alcock
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244348
- eISBN:
- 9780191599866
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244340.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
Compares Northern Ireland with a number of other divided societies in Europe, including South Tyrol, Cyprus, and the Hungarian regions of Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia. It argues that states are ...
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Compares Northern Ireland with a number of other divided societies in Europe, including South Tyrol, Cyprus, and the Hungarian regions of Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia. It argues that states are unlikely to accommodate minorities if their ethnic kin in neighbouring states pursue irredentist claims. An agreement became acceptable to Northern Ireland's unionists only when the Irish republic removed its constitutional claim to Northern Ireland. Alcock also argues that unionists were able to accept the all‐Ireland institutions in Northern Ireland's Agreement in the context of similar developments in other parts of the European Union. The chapter is an example of ‘linkage’ politics, i.e. it stresses links between exogenous factors and internal politics.Less
Compares Northern Ireland with a number of other divided societies in Europe, including South Tyrol, Cyprus, and the Hungarian regions of Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia. It argues that states are unlikely to accommodate minorities if their ethnic kin in neighbouring states pursue irredentist claims. An agreement became acceptable to Northern Ireland's unionists only when the Irish republic removed its constitutional claim to Northern Ireland. Alcock also argues that unionists were able to accept the all‐Ireland institutions in Northern Ireland's Agreement in the context of similar developments in other parts of the European Union. The chapter is an example of ‘linkage’ politics, i.e. it stresses links between exogenous factors and internal politics.
Richard Gunther, José Ramón Montero, and Juan J. Linz (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246748
- eISBN:
- 9780191599385
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246742.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This book is one in a series (Comparative Politics) for students and teachers of political science that deals with contemporary issues in comparative government and politics. After an introduction, ...
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This book is one in a series (Comparative Politics) for students and teachers of political science that deals with contemporary issues in comparative government and politics. After an introduction, it has 11 contributions from leading scholars in the field, which present a critical overview of much of the recent literature on political parties, and systematically assess the capacity of existing concepts, typologies, and methodological approaches to deal with contemporary parties. The book critically analyses the ‘decline of parties’ literature, both from a conceptual perspective and—with regard to antiparty attitudes among citizens—on the basis of empirical analyses of survey data. It systematically re‐examines the underpinnings of rational‐choice analyses of electoral competition, as well as the misapplication of standard party models as the ‘catch‐all party’. Several chapters re‐examine existing models of parties and party typologies, particularly with regard to the capacity of commonly used concepts to capture the wide variation among parties that exists in old and new democracies today, and with regard to their ability to deal adequately with the new challenges that parties are facing in rapidly changing political, social, and technological environments. In particular, two detailed case studies (from France and Spain) demonstrate how party models are significant not only as frameworks for scholarly research but also insofar as they can affect party performance. Other chapters also examine in detail how corruption and party patronage have contributed to party decline, as well as public attitudes towards parties in several countries. In the aggregate, the various contributions to the book reject the notion that a ‘decline of party’ has progressed to such an extent as to threaten the survival of parties as the crucial intermediary actors in modern democracies. The contributing authors argue, however, that parties are facing a new set of sometimes demanding challenges, and that not only have they differed significantly in their ability to successfully meet these challenges but also the core concepts, typologies, party models, and methodological approaches that have guided research in this area over the past 40 years have met with only mixed success in adequately capturing these recent developments and serving as fruitful frameworks for analysis; the book is intended to remedy some of these shortcomings. It is arranged in three parts: I. Reconceptualizing Parties and Party Competition; II. Re‐examining Party Organization and Party Models; and III. Revisiting Party Linkages and Attitudes Toward Parties.Less
This book is one in a series (Comparative Politics) for students and teachers of political science that deals with contemporary issues in comparative government and politics. After an introduction, it has 11 contributions from leading scholars in the field, which present a critical overview of much of the recent literature on political parties, and systematically assess the capacity of existing concepts, typologies, and methodological approaches to deal with contemporary parties. The book critically analyses the ‘decline of parties’ literature, both from a conceptual perspective and—with regard to antiparty attitudes among citizens—on the basis of empirical analyses of survey data. It systematically re‐examines the underpinnings of rational‐choice analyses of electoral competition, as well as the misapplication of standard party models as the ‘catch‐all party’. Several chapters re‐examine existing models of parties and party typologies, particularly with regard to the capacity of commonly used concepts to capture the wide variation among parties that exists in old and new democracies today, and with regard to their ability to deal adequately with the new challenges that parties are facing in rapidly changing political, social, and technological environments. In particular, two detailed case studies (from France and Spain) demonstrate how party models are significant not only as frameworks for scholarly research but also insofar as they can affect party performance. Other chapters also examine in detail how corruption and party patronage have contributed to party decline, as well as public attitudes towards parties in several countries. In the aggregate, the various contributions to the book reject the notion that a ‘decline of party’ has progressed to such an extent as to threaten the survival of parties as the crucial intermediary actors in modern democracies. The contributing authors argue, however, that parties are facing a new set of sometimes demanding challenges, and that not only have they differed significantly in their ability to successfully meet these challenges but also the core concepts, typologies, party models, and methodological approaches that have guided research in this area over the past 40 years have met with only mixed success in adequately capturing these recent developments and serving as fruitful frameworks for analysis; the book is intended to remedy some of these shortcomings. It is arranged in three parts: I. Reconceptualizing Parties and Party Competition; II. Re‐examining Party Organization and Party Models; and III. Revisiting Party Linkages and Attitudes Toward Parties.
René Antonio Mayorga
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199257683
- eISBN:
- 9780191600241
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019925768X.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In 1994, Bolivia undertook a major constitutional and electoral reform, in which a closed‐list proportional representation (PR) system for the Lower House of the Congress was replaced by a ...
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In 1994, Bolivia undertook a major constitutional and electoral reform, in which a closed‐list proportional representation (PR) system for the Lower House of the Congress was replaced by a mixed‐member proportional (MMP) system. Article 60 of the reformed constitution establishes that 68 deputies out of a constitutionally fixed number of 130 will be chosen by plurality rule in single‐seat districts, while the remaining 62 will be chosen by party‐list voting according to proportional representation in nine regional multi‐seat districts. This new electoral system establishes seats linkage between the two tiers such that the overall allocation of seats is determined proportionally according to list votes at the level of each multi‐seat district. In analyzing the underlying causes of the electoral reform in 1994, Mayorga first deals with the widely perceived fundamental problems and flaws of the traditional PR system and, second, addresses the main causes leading to the adoption of an MMP system, focusing on the context in which the politics of electoral reform was carried out.Less
In 1994, Bolivia undertook a major constitutional and electoral reform, in which a closed‐list proportional representation (PR) system for the Lower House of the Congress was replaced by a mixed‐member proportional (MMP) system. Article 60 of the reformed constitution establishes that 68 deputies out of a constitutionally fixed number of 130 will be chosen by plurality rule in single‐seat districts, while the remaining 62 will be chosen by party‐list voting according to proportional representation in nine regional multi‐seat districts. This new electoral system establishes seats linkage between the two tiers such that the overall allocation of seats is determined proportionally according to list votes at the level of each multi‐seat district. In analyzing the underlying causes of the electoral reform in 1994, Mayorga first deals with the widely perceived fundamental problems and flaws of the traditional PR system and, second, addresses the main causes leading to the adoption of an MMP system, focusing on the context in which the politics of electoral reform was carried out.
Rudy B. Andeweg
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280354
- eISBN:
- 9780191599422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280351.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
A gap between representatives and the represented is an inevitable consequence of the separation of the principal and the agent. Despite a decrease in the trust of political leaders, there is no ...
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A gap between representatives and the represented is an inevitable consequence of the separation of the principal and the agent. Despite a decrease in the trust of political leaders, there is no decline in the democratic system or of interest in politics. An increase in right‐wing extremism is a safety valve alerting the political elites to neglected issues, not a threat to the democratic order. Parties have lost most of their non‐electoral functions, in part to single‐issue movements that provide new structures for elite‐mass linkage.Less
A gap between representatives and the represented is an inevitable consequence of the separation of the principal and the agent. Despite a decrease in the trust of political leaders, there is no decline in the democratic system or of interest in politics. An increase in right‐wing extremism is a safety valve alerting the political elites to neglected issues, not a threat to the democratic order. Parties have lost most of their non‐electoral functions, in part to single‐issue movements that provide new structures for elite‐mass linkage.
Klaus Reinhold
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263112
- eISBN:
- 9780191734885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263112.003.0014
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
This chapter discusses evidence and theory on sex chromosomal linkage of sexually selected traits that may be the key to a functional separation of sexual and natural selection. It reviews the ...
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This chapter discusses evidence and theory on sex chromosomal linkage of sexually selected traits that may be the key to a functional separation of sexual and natural selection. It reviews the evidence showing that the X chromosome has a disproportional share concerning the inheritance of sexually selected traits in animals with heterogametic males, and suggests a new explanation that relates this X bias with female choice of heterozygotic males. With numeric simulations, it shows that female choice of heterozygotic males is usually disadvantageous. Because this disadvantage cannot occur when females prefer X-linked male traits, preferential X linkage of sexually selected traits can be expected. As an alternative to fluctuating selection on sex-limited traits, the disadvantage of heterozygotic choice may thus explain the X bias observed for sexually selected traits.Less
This chapter discusses evidence and theory on sex chromosomal linkage of sexually selected traits that may be the key to a functional separation of sexual and natural selection. It reviews the evidence showing that the X chromosome has a disproportional share concerning the inheritance of sexually selected traits in animals with heterogametic males, and suggests a new explanation that relates this X bias with female choice of heterozygotic males. With numeric simulations, it shows that female choice of heterozygotic males is usually disadvantageous. Because this disadvantage cannot occur when females prefer X-linked male traits, preferential X linkage of sexually selected traits can be expected. As an alternative to fluctuating selection on sex-limited traits, the disadvantage of heterozygotic choice may thus explain the X bias observed for sexually selected traits.
Ira Katznelson
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198279242
- eISBN:
- 9780191601910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198279248.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The previous chapter showed that neither David Harvey nor Manuel Castells in the early 1980s tackled the limitations of Marxist urban studies persuasively, each in his own way abandoning the project ...
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The previous chapter showed that neither David Harvey nor Manuel Castells in the early 1980s tackled the limitations of Marxist urban studies persuasively, each in his own way abandoning the project of Marxist social theory, whose central questions concern the joining together of structure and agency in a single hand. This chapter presents an analysis of the route taken by Friedrich Engels in his early work on cities in The Condition of the Working Class in England; in his compressed discussion of Manchester and other early industrial revolution urban centres, Engels blazed a road that has not been travelled either by Marxism or by students of the city, and identified mechanisms that connect structure and agency. The provocative union of Marxism and the city proposed by Engels had nothing to say about the history, character, and activities of national states. His contribution, rather, lies in the way he raised fundamental questions in three dimensions that correspond to each of Marx's theoretical projects: (1) questions about the linkages between large‐scale processes, principally the development of capitalism, and the emergence of the modern capitalist city; (2) questions about the linkages between the city as a point in the accumulation process and its internal forms; and (3) questions about the linkages between these forms and the development of class and group consciousness. These are the tasks entailed in joining Marxism and the city, and these are the questions explored in the remaining chapters of the book.Less
The previous chapter showed that neither David Harvey nor Manuel Castells in the early 1980s tackled the limitations of Marxist urban studies persuasively, each in his own way abandoning the project of Marxist social theory, whose central questions concern the joining together of structure and agency in a single hand. This chapter presents an analysis of the route taken by Friedrich Engels in his early work on cities in The Condition of the Working Class in England; in his compressed discussion of Manchester and other early industrial revolution urban centres, Engels blazed a road that has not been travelled either by Marxism or by students of the city, and identified mechanisms that connect structure and agency. The provocative union of Marxism and the city proposed by Engels had nothing to say about the history, character, and activities of national states. His contribution, rather, lies in the way he raised fundamental questions in three dimensions that correspond to each of Marx's theoretical projects: (1) questions about the linkages between large‐scale processes, principally the development of capitalism, and the emergence of the modern capitalist city; (2) questions about the linkages between the city as a point in the accumulation process and its internal forms; and (3) questions about the linkages between these forms and the development of class and group consciousness. These are the tasks entailed in joining Marxism and the city, and these are the questions explored in the remaining chapters of the book.
José Ramón Montero and Richard Gunther
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246748
- eISBN:
- 9780191599385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246742.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Some scholars have concluded that the existing literature on parties is sufficient, and that there is little more that can be learned through additional study in the aftermath of a century of ...
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Some scholars have concluded that the existing literature on parties is sufficient, and that there is little more that can be learned through additional study in the aftermath of a century of scholarly research on the topic. Others maybe led to dismiss further empirical study of parties on the grounds that parties are becoming increasingly irrelevant, since they are failing to respond successfully to a series of challenges, and many of their functions are performed better by less formally organized social movements, by direct contact between politicians and citizens through the broadcast media or the internet, or by innovations in direct democracy; in the view of this group of scholars, parties maybe seen as in an inexorable process of ‘decline’. Finally, there maybe some who have concluded that scholarly research on parties has failed to advance the task of developing rigorous and persuasive theory, and that further efforts along these lines are doomed to fail. Begins by reviewing each of these assertions, and concludes that such negative views are unwarranted. It concludes with a brief overview of the contributions made by the authors in each of the three parts of the book, which examine the core concepts that have guided empirical research on parties (reconceptualizing parties and party competition), their organizational structures (party organization and party models), and the changing and sometimes problematic nature of their relations with citizens in democratic political systems (party linkages and attitudes to parties).Less
Some scholars have concluded that the existing literature on parties is sufficient, and that there is little more that can be learned through additional study in the aftermath of a century of scholarly research on the topic. Others maybe led to dismiss further empirical study of parties on the grounds that parties are becoming increasingly irrelevant, since they are failing to respond successfully to a series of challenges, and many of their functions are performed better by less formally organized social movements, by direct contact between politicians and citizens through the broadcast media or the internet, or by innovations in direct democracy; in the view of this group of scholars, parties maybe seen as in an inexorable process of ‘decline’. Finally, there maybe some who have concluded that scholarly research on parties has failed to advance the task of developing rigorous and persuasive theory, and that further efforts along these lines are doomed to fail. Begins by reviewing each of these assertions, and concludes that such negative views are unwarranted. It concludes with a brief overview of the contributions made by the authors in each of the three parts of the book, which examine the core concepts that have guided empirical research on parties (reconceptualizing parties and party competition), their organizational structures (party organization and party models), and the changing and sometimes problematic nature of their relations with citizens in democratic political systems (party linkages and attitudes to parties).
Jean Blondel
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246748
- eISBN:
- 9780191599385
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246742.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Blondel approaches the question of party decline by asking to what extent it is a product of semi‐legal or illegal practices adopted by parties. At first glance it seems that the answer should be ...
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Blondel approaches the question of party decline by asking to what extent it is a product of semi‐legal or illegal practices adopted by parties. At first glance it seems that the answer should be positive—the discovery of corruption or the distribution of favours by parties has made them the target of mass media attacks that have fed into increasing citizen dissatisfaction with or disaffection from parties; Blondel, however, adopts a more cautious and conditional stance, noting that negative electoral consequences of illegal or semi‐legal practices have been inconsistent among countries with significant levels of corruption. Develops a series of analytical distinctions and empirical generalizations focusing on the concepts of party government and patronage, which starts by noting that the most basic linkages between governments and their supporting parties involve policies and appointments, and that traditional parliamentary theory neglects patronage as one important aspect of these linkages. In order to speculate about the origins of cross‐national differences in the extent of patronage, Blondel develops a classification scheme based upon two dimensions: the first is derived from the various types of party–government relationships—adversarial, consensual, and conciliatory; the second involves the extent of parliamentary support for the government; in addition to these dimensions, a distinction is made between those parliamentary settings in which parties are, in general terms, dependent upon the government, those in which parties predominate over the government, and those in which the government and its supporting party/ies are linked in a situation of mutual interdependence. These typologies show that patronage is extensive and widely distributed in ‘partitocratic’ countries, is less common in Westminster‐type majoritarian polities, is greatly reduced in ‘conciliatory’ systems, and has grown notably since the 1980s, but only in the first two of these categories; suggests that this increase is because favours, bribes, and corruption are utilized as a partial substitute for the unfulfilment of over‐ambitious government programme commitments; argues that an assessment of the effects of patronage also requires a differentiation among types of party government.Less
Blondel approaches the question of party decline by asking to what extent it is a product of semi‐legal or illegal practices adopted by parties. At first glance it seems that the answer should be positive—the discovery of corruption or the distribution of favours by parties has made them the target of mass media attacks that have fed into increasing citizen dissatisfaction with or disaffection from parties; Blondel, however, adopts a more cautious and conditional stance, noting that negative electoral consequences of illegal or semi‐legal practices have been inconsistent among countries with significant levels of corruption. Develops a series of analytical distinctions and empirical generalizations focusing on the concepts of party government and patronage, which starts by noting that the most basic linkages between governments and their supporting parties involve policies and appointments, and that traditional parliamentary theory neglects patronage as one important aspect of these linkages. In order to speculate about the origins of cross‐national differences in the extent of patronage, Blondel develops a classification scheme based upon two dimensions: the first is derived from the various types of party–government relationships—adversarial, consensual, and conciliatory; the second involves the extent of parliamentary support for the government; in addition to these dimensions, a distinction is made between those parliamentary settings in which parties are, in general terms, dependent upon the government, those in which parties predominate over the government, and those in which the government and its supporting party/ies are linked in a situation of mutual interdependence. These typologies show that patronage is extensive and widely distributed in ‘partitocratic’ countries, is less common in Westminster‐type majoritarian polities, is greatly reduced in ‘conciliatory’ systems, and has grown notably since the 1980s, but only in the first two of these categories; suggests that this increase is because favours, bribes, and corruption are utilized as a partial substitute for the unfulfilment of over‐ambitious government programme commitments; argues that an assessment of the effects of patronage also requires a differentiation among types of party government.
Albert O. Hirschman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159904
- eISBN:
- 9781400848409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159904.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter turns to Hirschman's “linkage effects”—the means through which growth sectors can change the rest of the economy. First proposed in his 1958 book, The Strategy of Economic Development, ...
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This chapter turns to Hirschman's “linkage effects”—the means through which growth sectors can change the rest of the economy. First proposed in his 1958 book, The Strategy of Economic Development, the concept of linkage effects in this chapter is applied to how primary exports, or “staples,” shape development. Refining what he calls “micro-Marxism”—to examine the local, smaller-scale fusions of technology and production that have larger-scale social effects—he lays out a complex inventory of linkage effects. Some are even more than just economic; they can be social and political as well. The result is the expansion of variables that can account for the varieties of pathways to capitalist development.Less
This chapter turns to Hirschman's “linkage effects”—the means through which growth sectors can change the rest of the economy. First proposed in his 1958 book, The Strategy of Economic Development, the concept of linkage effects in this chapter is applied to how primary exports, or “staples,” shape development. Refining what he calls “micro-Marxism”—to examine the local, smaller-scale fusions of technology and production that have larger-scale social effects—he lays out a complex inventory of linkage effects. Some are even more than just economic; they can be social and political as well. The result is the expansion of variables that can account for the varieties of pathways to capitalist development.
W. Berry Lyons and Jacques C. Finlay
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213887
- eISBN:
- 9780191707506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213887.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Aquatic Biology
Polar aquatic ecosystems are excellent laboratories for biogeochemical research. The polar regions are among the least modified by human activities, so there are opportunities to study biogeochemical ...
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Polar aquatic ecosystems are excellent laboratories for biogeochemical research. The polar regions are among the least modified by human activities, so there are opportunities to study biogeochemical processes in the absence of overwhelming anthropogenic influences. In addition, there are abundant freshwater ecosystems in which comparative or experimental work can be conducted, and increasing evidence for environmental change is driving a rapid expansion in polar research. This chapter draws upon extensive surveys of lake chemistry to summarize the biogeochemical composition of polar lakes, and to illustrate the growing potential for cross-system comparisons. It describes the general features of biogeochemical cycles in polar aquatic environments, and the important and sometimes unique controls over biogeochemical processes.Less
Polar aquatic ecosystems are excellent laboratories for biogeochemical research. The polar regions are among the least modified by human activities, so there are opportunities to study biogeochemical processes in the absence of overwhelming anthropogenic influences. In addition, there are abundant freshwater ecosystems in which comparative or experimental work can be conducted, and increasing evidence for environmental change is driving a rapid expansion in polar research. This chapter draws upon extensive surveys of lake chemistry to summarize the biogeochemical composition of polar lakes, and to illustrate the growing potential for cross-system comparisons. It describes the general features of biogeochemical cycles in polar aquatic environments, and the important and sometimes unique controls over biogeochemical processes.
Mathew Penrose
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506263
- eISBN:
- 9780191707858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506263.003.0011
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter is mainly concerned with the largest component of G(n,r) in the thermodynamic limit (with a non-random number of points). In the subcritical case, the order of the largest component ...
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This chapter is mainly concerned with the largest component of G(n,r) in the thermodynamic limit (with a non-random number of points). In the subcritical case, the order of the largest component grows logarithmically in n. If the underlying density f is non-uniform and the limiting mean degree has supercritical ‘islands’, then there is high probability that there is a large component (i.e., one of order proportional to n) associated with each island, which can be interpreted as consistency of single linkage clustering. A consistency result is also given for the ‘runt’ test, a test for unimodality of f based on the order of the second-largest cluster.Less
This chapter is mainly concerned with the largest component of G(n,r) in the thermodynamic limit (with a non-random number of points). In the subcritical case, the order of the largest component grows logarithmically in n. If the underlying density f is non-uniform and the limiting mean degree has supercritical ‘islands’, then there is high probability that there is a large component (i.e., one of order proportional to n) associated with each island, which can be interpreted as consistency of single linkage clustering. A consistency result is also given for the ‘runt’ test, a test for unimodality of f based on the order of the second-largest cluster.
Alexander Betts
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199600458
- eISBN:
- 9780191723544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter provides a summary overview of the chapters in the book, examining their collective contribution to understanding the institutions, politics, and normative dimensions of global migration ...
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This chapter provides a summary overview of the chapters in the book, examining their collective contribution to understanding the institutions, politics, and normative dimensions of global migration governance. In doing so, it (a) develops a conceptual typology for explaining the variation in the type and degree of institutionalized cooperation that exists in different areas of migration, (b) identifies the main cooperation problems that exist in relation to different areas of international migration, (c) highlights the principal normative trade-offs that are inherent to global migration governance. It concludes by setting out alternative and competing visions for the future of global migration governance.Less
This chapter provides a summary overview of the chapters in the book, examining their collective contribution to understanding the institutions, politics, and normative dimensions of global migration governance. In doing so, it (a) develops a conceptual typology for explaining the variation in the type and degree of institutionalized cooperation that exists in different areas of migration, (b) identifies the main cooperation problems that exist in relation to different areas of international migration, (c) highlights the principal normative trade-offs that are inherent to global migration governance. It concludes by setting out alternative and competing visions for the future of global migration governance.
Norman A. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306750
- eISBN:
- 9780199790203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306750.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Positive natural selection, though rare in comparison with negative selection, is the main evolutionary force responsible for adaptive evolutionary change. Using the neutral theory to generate null ...
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Positive natural selection, though rare in comparison with negative selection, is the main evolutionary force responsible for adaptive evolutionary change. Using the neutral theory to generate null hypotheses, evolutionary geneticists have developed tests for detecting positive selection. Several of these tests make use of DNA sequence data sets that contain information on both variation existing within a species (polymorphism) and differences accumulated between species (divergence). This chapter focuses on the McDonald-Krietman test, a powerful but relatively simple test of detecting positive selection. Also discussed is how inferences about the action of selection can be made through the examination of linkage disequilibrium, patterns of correlations of genetic variants at different (but linked) sites. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the legacy of Kimura and his neutral theory of molecular evolution.Less
Positive natural selection, though rare in comparison with negative selection, is the main evolutionary force responsible for adaptive evolutionary change. Using the neutral theory to generate null hypotheses, evolutionary geneticists have developed tests for detecting positive selection. Several of these tests make use of DNA sequence data sets that contain information on both variation existing within a species (polymorphism) and differences accumulated between species (divergence). This chapter focuses on the McDonald-Krietman test, a powerful but relatively simple test of detecting positive selection. Also discussed is how inferences about the action of selection can be made through the examination of linkage disequilibrium, patterns of correlations of genetic variants at different (but linked) sites. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the legacy of Kimura and his neutral theory of molecular evolution.
Gabriel Horn
- Published in print:
- 1985
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521563
- eISBN:
- 9780191706578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521563.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines biological aspects of imprinting. Several forms of learning involve a response to or the association of a response with a particular experience. In such ‘incremental’ forms of ...
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This chapter examines biological aspects of imprinting. Several forms of learning involve a response to or the association of a response with a particular experience. In such ‘incremental’ forms of learning, the neural change associated with information storage is the strengthening of synaptic linkages between neurons. This hypothesis implies an increase in protein synthesis in the regions of the brain where information is stored. Studies of imprinting in the domestic chick have shown that exposure to a visually conspicuous object is associated with increased incorporation of a radioactive amino acid into protein, and of radioactive uracil into RNA.Less
This chapter examines biological aspects of imprinting. Several forms of learning involve a response to or the association of a response with a particular experience. In such ‘incremental’ forms of learning, the neural change associated with information storage is the strengthening of synaptic linkages between neurons. This hypothesis implies an increase in protein synthesis in the regions of the brain where information is stored. Studies of imprinting in the domestic chick have shown that exposure to a visually conspicuous object is associated with increased incorporation of a radioactive amino acid into protein, and of radioactive uracil into RNA.
Ropert Repetto
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199240708
- eISBN:
- 9780191718106
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199240708.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Macroeconomic policies have pervasive influences on the use and conservation of forest resources in developing countries, and these can be visualized in terms of a set of concentric circles. At the ...
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Macroeconomic policies have pervasive influences on the use and conservation of forest resources in developing countries, and these can be visualized in terms of a set of concentric circles. At the hub are policies directly affecting timber and forest management. These include forest revenue structures, institutions governing property rights (including traditional rights) related to forest land and produce. Policies affecting demand for forest products, such as trade and investment policies related to timber and energy prices are in the second circle. In the next circle are agricultural policies that affect the forces acting on the forest frontier and determining land conversion. In the fourth circle are the macroeconomic policies which at a first glance may appear not to have a role but in reality have powerful impacts. This chapter discusses the empirical aspects of this conceptual sketch of policy linkages using examples from Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Brazil.Less
Macroeconomic policies have pervasive influences on the use and conservation of forest resources in developing countries, and these can be visualized in terms of a set of concentric circles. At the hub are policies directly affecting timber and forest management. These include forest revenue structures, institutions governing property rights (including traditional rights) related to forest land and produce. Policies affecting demand for forest products, such as trade and investment policies related to timber and energy prices are in the second circle. In the next circle are agricultural policies that affect the forces acting on the forest frontier and determining land conversion. In the fourth circle are the macroeconomic policies which at a first glance may appear not to have a role but in reality have powerful impacts. This chapter discusses the empirical aspects of this conceptual sketch of policy linkages using examples from Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Brazil.
Julian C. Knight
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199227693
- eISBN:
- 9780191711015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227693.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
In this chapter different approaches to defining the genetic basis of disease are introduced including linkage analysis, positional cloning, linkage disequilibrium mapping and genetic association ...
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In this chapter different approaches to defining the genetic basis of disease are introduced including linkage analysis, positional cloning, linkage disequilibrium mapping and genetic association studies. The basis and applications of such approaches to diseases showing Mendelian patterns of inheritance and common multifactorial traits are reviewed. Considerable success has been achieved for Mendelian traits using a linkage and positional cloning based approach and this is illustrated for cystic fibrosis and Treacher Collins syndrome. The application of linkage disequilibrium mapping is described for diastrophic dysplasia. Genetic association studies to dissect the genetic factors contributing to susceptibility to common multifactorial disease are described including the limitations and successes of candidate gene analysis. A detailed review of the genetics of Alzheimer disease and venous thrombosis is presented which illustrates different approaches to defining the genetic basis of disease, and the underlying functional genetic variants which can be resolved.Less
In this chapter different approaches to defining the genetic basis of disease are introduced including linkage analysis, positional cloning, linkage disequilibrium mapping and genetic association studies. The basis and applications of such approaches to diseases showing Mendelian patterns of inheritance and common multifactorial traits are reviewed. Considerable success has been achieved for Mendelian traits using a linkage and positional cloning based approach and this is illustrated for cystic fibrosis and Treacher Collins syndrome. The application of linkage disequilibrium mapping is described for diastrophic dysplasia. Genetic association studies to dissect the genetic factors contributing to susceptibility to common multifactorial disease are described including the limitations and successes of candidate gene analysis. A detailed review of the genetics of Alzheimer disease and venous thrombosis is presented which illustrates different approaches to defining the genetic basis of disease, and the underlying functional genetic variants which can be resolved.
