Eva Lindström, Angela Terrill, Ger Reesink, and Michael Dunn
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300307
- eISBN:
- 9780199790142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300307.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter provides an overview of the Papuan and the Oceanic languages (a branch of Austronesian) in Northern Island Melanesia, as well as phenomena arising through contact between these groups. ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the Papuan and the Oceanic languages (a branch of Austronesian) in Northern Island Melanesia, as well as phenomena arising through contact between these groups. It shows how linguistics can contribute to the understanding of the history of languages and speakers, and what the findings of those methods have been. The location of the homeland of speakers of Proto-Oceanic is indicated (in northeast New Britain); many facets of the lives of those speakers are shown; and the patterns of their subsequent spread across Island Melanesia and beyond into Remote Oceania are indicated, followed by a second wave overlaying the first into New Guinea and as far as halfway through the Solomon Islands. Regarding the Papuan languages of this region, at least some are older than the 6,000-10,000 ceiling of the Comparative Method, and their relations are explored with the aid of a database of 125 non-lexical structural features. The results reflect archipelago-based clustering with the Central Solomons Papuan languages forming a clade either with the Bismarcks or with Bougainville languages. Papuan languages in Bougainville are less influenced by Oceanic languages than those in the Bismarcks and the Solomons. The chapter considers a variety of scenarios to account for their findings, concluding that the results are compatible with multiple pre-Oceanic waves of arrivals into the area after initial settlement.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the Papuan and the Oceanic languages (a branch of Austronesian) in Northern Island Melanesia, as well as phenomena arising through contact between these groups. It shows how linguistics can contribute to the understanding of the history of languages and speakers, and what the findings of those methods have been. The location of the homeland of speakers of Proto-Oceanic is indicated (in northeast New Britain); many facets of the lives of those speakers are shown; and the patterns of their subsequent spread across Island Melanesia and beyond into Remote Oceania are indicated, followed by a second wave overlaying the first into New Guinea and as far as halfway through the Solomon Islands. Regarding the Papuan languages of this region, at least some are older than the 6,000-10,000 ceiling of the Comparative Method, and their relations are explored with the aid of a database of 125 non-lexical structural features. The results reflect archipelago-based clustering with the Central Solomons Papuan languages forming a clade either with the Bismarcks or with Bougainville languages. Papuan languages in Bougainville are less influenced by Oceanic languages than those in the Bismarcks and the Solomons. The chapter considers a variety of scenarios to account for their findings, concluding that the results are compatible with multiple pre-Oceanic waves of arrivals into the area after initial settlement.
Yukiko Nishimura
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter explores the linguistic and interactional properties of informal asynchronous CMC in Japanese, using Bulletin Board System (BBS) messages sent to fan sites as the primary source of data. ...
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This chapter explores the linguistic and interactional properties of informal asynchronous CMC in Japanese, using Bulletin Board System (BBS) messages sent to fan sites as the primary source of data. First, innovations in Japanese orthography are examined, including creative uses of the kanji, hiragana, and katakana Japanese writing systems, as well as other scripts and punctuation symbols. Taking advantage of word-processing technology and at the same time restricted by it, young Japanese BBS users attempt to recreate speech-like qualities in online text-based communication. The incorporation of spoken styles in messages and informal spoken features such as sentence-final particles are then examined. BBS users are found to employ colloquial language online as if conversing offline and to interact politely and appropriately with fellow members of the online community.Less
This chapter explores the linguistic and interactional properties of informal asynchronous CMC in Japanese, using Bulletin Board System (BBS) messages sent to fan sites as the primary source of data. First, innovations in Japanese orthography are examined, including creative uses of the kanji, hiragana, and katakana Japanese writing systems, as well as other scripts and punctuation symbols. Taking advantage of word-processing technology and at the same time restricted by it, young Japanese BBS users attempt to recreate speech-like qualities in online text-based communication. The incorporation of spoken styles in messages and informal spoken features such as sentence-final particles are then examined. BBS users are found to employ colloquial language online as if conversing offline and to interact politely and appropriately with fellow members of the online community.
Carmen K. M. Lee
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter examines the linguistic features of CMC in Hong Kong, based on a 70,000-word corpus of email and ICQ messages collected mainly from undergraduate students whose first language is ...
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This chapter examines the linguistic features of CMC in Hong Kong, based on a 70,000-word corpus of email and ICQ messages collected mainly from undergraduate students whose first language is Cantonese, with English as their second language. Text analysis of the messages was complemented by a questionnaire survey. The study provides a comprehensive overview of CMC features in Hong Kong, including Cantonese-English code mixing and morpheme-by-morpheme literal translations. The analysis reveals that some CMC features observed in Hong Kong are different from those of other Chinese-speaking communities, such as the Taiwan-based CMC community described in Chapter 3, while other findings are comparable to those in previous studies of CMC in Chinese-speaking contexts.Less
This chapter examines the linguistic features of CMC in Hong Kong, based on a 70,000-word corpus of email and ICQ messages collected mainly from undergraduate students whose first language is Cantonese, with English as their second language. Text analysis of the messages was complemented by a questionnaire survey. The study provides a comprehensive overview of CMC features in Hong Kong, including Cantonese-English code mixing and morpheme-by-morpheme literal translations. The analysis reveals that some CMC features observed in Hong Kong are different from those of other Chinese-speaking communities, such as the Taiwan-based CMC community described in Chapter 3, while other findings are comparable to those in previous studies of CMC in Chinese-speaking contexts.
Salvador Climent, Joaquim MorÉ, Antoni Oliver, MÍriam Salvatierra, Imma SÀnchez, and TaulÉ Mariona
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter presents an in-depth linguistic evaluation of a corpus of messages posted in several bilingual newsgroups in Catalonia (Spain). The social context is a situation of bilingualism and ...
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This chapter presents an in-depth linguistic evaluation of a corpus of messages posted in several bilingual newsgroups in Catalonia (Spain). The social context is a situation of bilingualism and language contact where Spanish seems to be progressively overtaking Catalan as the language of daily use. The decline of Catalan might be prevented by integrating online machine translation (MT) into newsgroups, so that Catalan speakers do not feel the need or pressure to shift to using Spanish. Therefore, the main goal of this chapter is to ascertain the linguistic characteristics of the email register, in order to assess the implications for the implementation of online machine translation environments. The chapter reports to what extent different types of linguistic mistakes or deviations from the norm threaten the feasibility of online automatic translation, and offers some suggestions how to overcome the limitations of MT systems in processing “noisy” CMC input.Less
This chapter presents an in-depth linguistic evaluation of a corpus of messages posted in several bilingual newsgroups in Catalonia (Spain). The social context is a situation of bilingualism and language contact where Spanish seems to be progressively overtaking Catalan as the language of daily use. The decline of Catalan might be prevented by integrating online machine translation (MT) into newsgroups, so that Catalan speakers do not feel the need or pressure to shift to using Spanish. Therefore, the main goal of this chapter is to ascertain the linguistic characteristics of the email register, in order to assess the implications for the implementation of online machine translation environments. The chapter reports to what extent different types of linguistic mistakes or deviations from the norm threaten the feasibility of online automatic translation, and offers some suggestions how to overcome the limitations of MT systems in processing “noisy” CMC input.
EMILE VAN DER ZEE and MATT WATSON
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199264339
- eISBN:
- 9780191718519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199264339.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
It is often assumed that the spatial meaning of between is only based on spatial features (geometrically definable cognitive representations). This chapter first considers how spatial features ...
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It is often assumed that the spatial meaning of between is only based on spatial features (geometrically definable cognitive representations). This chapter first considers how spatial features represent the meaning of between. It then considers a possible impact of visual functional features (visually perceived spatial features, like cartoon-like eyes, that invite a particular object categorization, such as ‘this is an animal’), linguistic functional features (lexical concepts inviting a particular categorization, as derived from ‘this is a thumb’), general functional features (features contributed by cognitive processes found across cognitive systems, like cognitive effort), and dynamic–kinematic features (features specifying actual or potential interactions between physical entities). After considering why between can correspond to more than one spatial prototype, the chapter discusses which of the above features are lexical features, which features are contextual features, and how features of different types may interact to specify the meaning of between in context.Less
It is often assumed that the spatial meaning of between is only based on spatial features (geometrically definable cognitive representations). This chapter first considers how spatial features represent the meaning of between. It then considers a possible impact of visual functional features (visually perceived spatial features, like cartoon-like eyes, that invite a particular object categorization, such as ‘this is an animal’), linguistic functional features (lexical concepts inviting a particular categorization, as derived from ‘this is a thumb’), general functional features (features contributed by cognitive processes found across cognitive systems, like cognitive effort), and dynamic–kinematic features (features specifying actual or potential interactions between physical entities). After considering why between can correspond to more than one spatial prototype, the chapter discusses which of the above features are lexical features, which features are contextual features, and how features of different types may interact to specify the meaning of between in context.
Sailaja Pingali
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748625949
- eISBN:
- 9780748671434
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625949.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This volume is a description of English as it is used in India. The complex nature of Indian English, which is a second language to most of its speakers, is discussed in the book. Even though the ...
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This volume is a description of English as it is used in India. The complex nature of Indian English, which is a second language to most of its speakers, is discussed in the book. Even though the variety is not monolithic, there are still several common features across the country. The volume focuses mostly on pan-Indian features and regional variations are touched upon wherever relevant. Indian English is classified in this book as standard, non-standard and informal, and features of these, often relating them to sociolinguistic and cultural factors, form the core of the book. At the same time, the attempt has been to cover standard Indian English as much as possible. Three chapters deal with linguistic features—phonetics and phonology, morphosyntax, lexis and discourse. The first chapter provides the context and current position of English especially in relation to the cultural factors of the country and provides some statistical details and demographics. One chapter deals with history in relation to the institutionalisation of English in India, bringing it up to modern times. One chapter provides an annotated bibliography of select works. Several samples of written and spoken Indian English are provided in the last chapter.Less
This volume is a description of English as it is used in India. The complex nature of Indian English, which is a second language to most of its speakers, is discussed in the book. Even though the variety is not monolithic, there are still several common features across the country. The volume focuses mostly on pan-Indian features and regional variations are touched upon wherever relevant. Indian English is classified in this book as standard, non-standard and informal, and features of these, often relating them to sociolinguistic and cultural factors, form the core of the book. At the same time, the attempt has been to cover standard Indian English as much as possible. Three chapters deal with linguistic features—phonetics and phonology, morphosyntax, lexis and discourse. The first chapter provides the context and current position of English especially in relation to the cultural factors of the country and provides some statistical details and demographics. One chapter deals with history in relation to the institutionalisation of English in India, bringing it up to modern times. One chapter provides an annotated bibliography of select works. Several samples of written and spoken Indian English are provided in the last chapter.
Marjorie Perloff
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195109924
- eISBN:
- 9780199855261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195109924.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
This chapter started by describing the history of free verse, and stating that it is now more than a century old. The chapter also presents the implication of the claim for “neutral availability”, ...
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This chapter started by describing the history of free verse, and stating that it is now more than a century old. The chapter also presents the implication of the claim for “neutral availability”, verse forms, whether free or otherwise, which are independent of history as well as of national and cultural context. In addition to that, the chapter states that a metrical choice is a question of individual preference and free verse is some kind of end point, an instance of writing degree zero from which the only reasonable “advance” can be a return to “normal” metrical forms. This chapter also defines the idea of free verse, and one of the definition is it is described by the lack of structuring grid based on counting of linguistic units and/or position of linguistic features.Less
This chapter started by describing the history of free verse, and stating that it is now more than a century old. The chapter also presents the implication of the claim for “neutral availability”, verse forms, whether free or otherwise, which are independent of history as well as of national and cultural context. In addition to that, the chapter states that a metrical choice is a question of individual preference and free verse is some kind of end point, an instance of writing degree zero from which the only reasonable “advance” can be a return to “normal” metrical forms. This chapter also defines the idea of free verse, and one of the definition is it is described by the lack of structuring grid based on counting of linguistic units and/or position of linguistic features.
Pingali Sailaja
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748625949
- eISBN:
- 9780748671434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625949.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter presents a list of select books and articles on Indian English with brief annotations. The chapter is divided into sections broadly covering the areas taken up for discussion in the rest ...
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This chapter presents a list of select books and articles on Indian English with brief annotations. The chapter is divided into sections broadly covering the areas taken up for discussion in the rest of the book. The annotated entries cover bibliographies and works that discuss general topics; and works that discuss linguistic features such as phonetics and phonology; morphosyntax; discourse, lexis and glossaries. Works related to history, education and politics, and samples and corpora are also included. The entries include works from the earliest times.Less
This chapter presents a list of select books and articles on Indian English with brief annotations. The chapter is divided into sections broadly covering the areas taken up for discussion in the rest of the book. The annotated entries cover bibliographies and works that discuss general topics; and works that discuss linguistic features such as phonetics and phonology; morphosyntax; discourse, lexis and glossaries. Works related to history, education and politics, and samples and corpora are also included. The entries include works from the earliest times.
Matthew L. Jockers
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037528
- eISBN:
- 9780252094767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037528.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter explores the potential influences or entailments of nationality on authorial style. Nations have distinct linguistic habits of style. For example, the British have the propensity to drop ...
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This chapter explores the potential influences or entailments of nationality on authorial style. Nations have distinct linguistic habits of style. For example, the British have the propensity to drop the word the in front of certain nouns for which American speakers and writers always deploy the article. This explains why the mean relative frequency of the word the is lower in British and Irish novels than in American novels. In this chapter, an analysis of a corpus of 3,346 nineteenth-century American and British novels reveals that British authors use the word the at a rate of 5 percent, compared to 6 percent for their American counterparts. Thus, the word the is a strong indicator of author nationality, at least when trying to differentiate between British and American texts. This chapter discusses the results of author nationality analyses, along with word usage analyses, for British, American, and Irish novels. It demonstrates what stylistic or linguistic feature analyses can provide in terms of separating writers by nationality.Less
This chapter explores the potential influences or entailments of nationality on authorial style. Nations have distinct linguistic habits of style. For example, the British have the propensity to drop the word the in front of certain nouns for which American speakers and writers always deploy the article. This explains why the mean relative frequency of the word the is lower in British and Irish novels than in American novels. In this chapter, an analysis of a corpus of 3,346 nineteenth-century American and British novels reveals that British authors use the word the at a rate of 5 percent, compared to 6 percent for their American counterparts. Thus, the word the is a strong indicator of author nationality, at least when trying to differentiate between British and American texts. This chapter discusses the results of author nationality analyses, along with word usage analyses, for British, American, and Irish novels. It demonstrates what stylistic or linguistic feature analyses can provide in terms of separating writers by nationality.
David R. Olson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199793983
- eISBN:
- 9780190261283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199793983.003.0015
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter reviews recent work in classic literacy and the relationship between the objectification of written text and linguistic features of quotation. It shows how writing is neither equivalent ...
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This chapter reviews recent work in classic literacy and the relationship between the objectification of written text and linguistic features of quotation. It shows how writing is neither equivalent to speaking nor a separate distinctive mode of communication and emphasizes the distance between expression and understanding that leads to a range of reading competencies. The chapter concludes with the use of language to reflect on language in “pure thought” fashion and why writing is important in the development of modern thought and growth of literate traditions.Less
This chapter reviews recent work in classic literacy and the relationship between the objectification of written text and linguistic features of quotation. It shows how writing is neither equivalent to speaking nor a separate distinctive mode of communication and emphasizes the distance between expression and understanding that leads to a range of reading competencies. The chapter concludes with the use of language to reflect on language in “pure thought” fashion and why writing is important in the development of modern thought and growth of literate traditions.
