Claude Hagège
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199575008
- eISBN:
- 9780191722578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575008.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This concluding chapter begins with a review of discussions in the preceding chapters. It then discusses adpositions as morpholexical units shedding light on a theory of linguistic categories; ...
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This concluding chapter begins with a review of discussions in the preceding chapters. It then discusses adpositions as morpholexical units shedding light on a theory of linguistic categories; adpositions as midpoints and images of language leaks and diachronic drifts; and morphology as the most linguistic component of human languages.Less
This concluding chapter begins with a review of discussions in the preceding chapters. It then discusses adpositions as morpholexical units shedding light on a theory of linguistic categories; adpositions as midpoints and images of language leaks and diachronic drifts; and morphology as the most linguistic component of human languages.
Mutsumi Imai and Henrik Saalbach
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195311129
- eISBN:
- 9780199776924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311129.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter explores the relation between classifier grammar systems — grammatical systems that categorize objects/entities into over 100 grammatical categories — and how people think about objects. ...
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This chapter explores the relation between classifier grammar systems — grammatical systems that categorize objects/entities into over 100 grammatical categories — and how people think about objects. It first reviews different views of how the role of language (linguistic categories) should be evaluated in thought. It then reports empirical results of two series of studies on the impact of classifier systems. It identifies the influence of classifiers in some cognitive tasks, but not others, in Chinese speakers. There was no influence of classifiers in any of the cognitive tasks in Japanese speakers, including the tasks in which Chinese speakers exhibited the influence of classifiers. Based on these results, the nature of the influence of classifiers is clarified, specifying how large the classifier effect would be relative to other major conceptual relations such as taxonomic or thematic relations, in what cognitive contexts the language-specific classifier effect is observed (and in what contexts it is not), and how the language-specific classifier effect might arise. The chapter argues that it is time for us to go beyond a pro-Whorf or anti-Whorf conclusion. Instead of seeking a cross-linguistic difference in one task for the purpose of establishing evidence for (or against) the linguistic relativity hypothesis, we must investigate the relation between language and thought in order to reveal complex interactions between the semantic as well as structural nature of the grammatical system and the type of cognitive activities, and to evaluate how pervasive and important the influence of a target linguistic categorization system is in a full range of cognitive processes.Less
This chapter explores the relation between classifier grammar systems — grammatical systems that categorize objects/entities into over 100 grammatical categories — and how people think about objects. It first reviews different views of how the role of language (linguistic categories) should be evaluated in thought. It then reports empirical results of two series of studies on the impact of classifier systems. It identifies the influence of classifiers in some cognitive tasks, but not others, in Chinese speakers. There was no influence of classifiers in any of the cognitive tasks in Japanese speakers, including the tasks in which Chinese speakers exhibited the influence of classifiers. Based on these results, the nature of the influence of classifiers is clarified, specifying how large the classifier effect would be relative to other major conceptual relations such as taxonomic or thematic relations, in what cognitive contexts the language-specific classifier effect is observed (and in what contexts it is not), and how the language-specific classifier effect might arise. The chapter argues that it is time for us to go beyond a pro-Whorf or anti-Whorf conclusion. Instead of seeking a cross-linguistic difference in one task for the purpose of establishing evidence for (or against) the linguistic relativity hypothesis, we must investigate the relation between language and thought in order to reveal complex interactions between the semantic as well as structural nature of the grammatical system and the type of cognitive activities, and to evaluate how pervasive and important the influence of a target linguistic categorization system is in a full range of cognitive processes.
Gün R. Semin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195380392
- eISBN:
- 9780199863501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380392.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Two interrelated perspectives are advanced. One is about the function of language in use, namely in the course of social practices. It is argued that language serves as an attention directing devise ...
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Two interrelated perspectives are advanced. One is about the function of language in use, namely in the course of social practices. It is argued that language serves as an attention directing devise in such immediate contexts. The second argument suggests that language use in face-to-face immediate communication as well as across a wide range of social practices (e.g., mass media) have unintended consequences or byproducts. They generate knowledge structures that supersede the immediacy of language use and constitute culturally situated linguistic ecologies that shape human cognition.Less
Two interrelated perspectives are advanced. One is about the function of language in use, namely in the course of social practices. It is argued that language serves as an attention directing devise in such immediate contexts. The second argument suggests that language use in face-to-face immediate communication as well as across a wide range of social practices (e.g., mass media) have unintended consequences or byproducts. They generate knowledge structures that supersede the immediacy of language use and constitute culturally situated linguistic ecologies that shape human cognition.
Joanna Blaszczak, Anastasia Giannakidou, Dorota Klimek-Jankowska, and Krzysztof Migdalski (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226363523
- eISBN:
- 9780226363660
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226363660.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
Over the past several decades, linguistic theorizing of tense, aspect, and mood (TAM), along with a strongly growing body of crosslinguistic studies, have revealed complexity in the data that ...
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Over the past several decades, linguistic theorizing of tense, aspect, and mood (TAM), along with a strongly growing body of crosslinguistic studies, have revealed complexity in the data that challenges traditional distinctions and treatments of these categories. This book argues that it’s time to revisit our conventional assumptions and reconsider our foundational questions: What exactly is a linguistic category? What kinds of categories to labels such as “subjunctive,” “imperative,” “future,” and “modality” truly refer to? In short, how categorical are categories? Current literature assumes a straightforward link between grammatical category and semantic function, and descriptions of well-studied languages have cultivated a sense of predictability in patterns over time. However, this predictability and stability vanish in the study of lesser-known patterns and languages. The ten provocative essays gathered here present fascinating cutting-edge research demonstrating that the traditional grammatical distinctions are ultimately fluid, and perhaps even illusory. Developing groundbreaking and highly original theories, the contributors in this volume seek to unravel more general, fundamental principles of TAM that can help us better understand the nature of linguistic representations.Less
Over the past several decades, linguistic theorizing of tense, aspect, and mood (TAM), along with a strongly growing body of crosslinguistic studies, have revealed complexity in the data that challenges traditional distinctions and treatments of these categories. This book argues that it’s time to revisit our conventional assumptions and reconsider our foundational questions: What exactly is a linguistic category? What kinds of categories to labels such as “subjunctive,” “imperative,” “future,” and “modality” truly refer to? In short, how categorical are categories? Current literature assumes a straightforward link between grammatical category and semantic function, and descriptions of well-studied languages have cultivated a sense of predictability in patterns over time. However, this predictability and stability vanish in the study of lesser-known patterns and languages. The ten provocative essays gathered here present fascinating cutting-edge research demonstrating that the traditional grammatical distinctions are ultimately fluid, and perhaps even illusory. Developing groundbreaking and highly original theories, the contributors in this volume seek to unravel more general, fundamental principles of TAM that can help us better understand the nature of linguistic representations.
Eric S. Henry
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501754906
- eISBN:
- 9781501754920
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501754906.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter explores how Mandarin, Dongbeihua, and English are constituted and enacted in everyday forms of discourse in Shenyang, but also how they interact in linguistically complex ways. Despite ...
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This chapter explores how Mandarin, Dongbeihua, and English are constituted and enacted in everyday forms of discourse in Shenyang, but also how they interact in linguistically complex ways. Despite their presumably separate status as unique linguistic codes, they frequently manifest themselves in the voice of a single speaker, although at differing times and in differing contexts. The chapter shows how their coherence as separate codes is not given beforehand but a product of metapragmatic discourse that regiments and organizes speech ideologically into different orders of indexicality. Various types of speech are tied to distinctions and categories in the sociocultural field, enregistering equivalences between hierarchically ranked linguistic categories and stratified social categories. It is therefore the comparability between linguistic codes and the ways they point to contrasting stances and social roles that is of interest here.Less
This chapter explores how Mandarin, Dongbeihua, and English are constituted and enacted in everyday forms of discourse in Shenyang, but also how they interact in linguistically complex ways. Despite their presumably separate status as unique linguistic codes, they frequently manifest themselves in the voice of a single speaker, although at differing times and in differing contexts. The chapter shows how their coherence as separate codes is not given beforehand but a product of metapragmatic discourse that regiments and organizes speech ideologically into different orders of indexicality. Various types of speech are tied to distinctions and categories in the sociocultural field, enregistering equivalences between hierarchically ranked linguistic categories and stratified social categories. It is therefore the comparability between linguistic codes and the ways they point to contrasting stances and social roles that is of interest here.
Harry Berger
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823257478
- eISBN:
- 9780823261550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823257478.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter examines the difference between metaphor and metonymy by way of Roman Jakobson's discourse from which four key points are highlighted. First is the idea that all tropes can be classified ...
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This chapter examines the difference between metaphor and metonymy by way of Roman Jakobson's discourse from which four key points are highlighted. First is the idea that all tropes can be classified under metaphor and metonymy, where the former expresses internal relations of similarity and the latter focuses on the external. Secondly, metonymic relationships encompass different kinds of contiguity. Third, metaphor is identified with symbolism and poetry while metonymy is associated with realism and prose. Lastly, Jakobson perceived metaphorizing and metonymizing as processes and “acts” that can be used to diagnose speech disorders. The general tendency in the study of metaphor and metonymy is to indicate the structural distinction between the two tropes in terms of linguistic categories.Less
This chapter examines the difference between metaphor and metonymy by way of Roman Jakobson's discourse from which four key points are highlighted. First is the idea that all tropes can be classified under metaphor and metonymy, where the former expresses internal relations of similarity and the latter focuses on the external. Secondly, metonymic relationships encompass different kinds of contiguity. Third, metaphor is identified with symbolism and poetry while metonymy is associated with realism and prose. Lastly, Jakobson perceived metaphorizing and metonymizing as processes and “acts” that can be used to diagnose speech disorders. The general tendency in the study of metaphor and metonymy is to indicate the structural distinction between the two tropes in terms of linguistic categories.
Michael Jubien
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199232789
- eISBN:
- 9780191809798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199232789.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter deals with the theory of ordinary proper names, defined as the names of actual people, animals, places, and things. It specifically refers to the theory of direct reference as the most ...
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This chapter deals with the theory of ordinary proper names, defined as the names of actual people, animals, places, and things. It specifically refers to the theory of direct reference as the most prevalent naming approach, as well as Kripke's criticisms of both the definite description and cluster theory of names as stated in his book Naming and Necessity. Furthermore, it states that a large number of ordinary proper names possess fixed categories- certain properties that must be present within the bearer of the name otherwise the name would no long be appropriate to it. In addition, the category of an ordinary name is decided by how it is applied within the community and not just by the name-giver, and this idea is referred to as the social determination.Less
This chapter deals with the theory of ordinary proper names, defined as the names of actual people, animals, places, and things. It specifically refers to the theory of direct reference as the most prevalent naming approach, as well as Kripke's criticisms of both the definite description and cluster theory of names as stated in his book Naming and Necessity. Furthermore, it states that a large number of ordinary proper names possess fixed categories- certain properties that must be present within the bearer of the name otherwise the name would no long be appropriate to it. In addition, the category of an ordinary name is decided by how it is applied within the community and not just by the name-giver, and this idea is referred to as the social determination.
