Cassio M. Turra and Olivia S. Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549108
- eISBN:
- 9780191720734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549108.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter describes how differences in health status at retirement can influence the decision to purchase a life annuity. It extends previous research on annuitization decisions by incorporating ...
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This chapter describes how differences in health status at retirement can influence the decision to purchase a life annuity. It extends previous research on annuitization decisions by incorporating the effect of health differentials via differences in survival throughout the latter portion of life. It then shows how precautionary savings motivated by uncertain out-of-pocket medical expenses influence annuitization decisions. Results show that annuities become less attractive to people facing uncertain medical expenses. While full annuitization would still be optimal if annuity markets were truly complete and both life- and health-contingent, lacking this, annuity equivalent wealth values are much lower for those in poor health, as compared to persons in good health.Less
This chapter describes how differences in health status at retirement can influence the decision to purchase a life annuity. It extends previous research on annuitization decisions by incorporating the effect of health differentials via differences in survival throughout the latter portion of life. It then shows how precautionary savings motivated by uncertain out-of-pocket medical expenses influence annuitization decisions. Results show that annuities become less attractive to people facing uncertain medical expenses. While full annuitization would still be optimal if annuity markets were truly complete and both life- and health-contingent, lacking this, annuity equivalent wealth values are much lower for those in poor health, as compared to persons in good health.
Michael J. North and Charles M. Macal
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172119
- eISBN:
- 9780199789894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172119.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter discusses large-scale agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). Useful features of toolkits are discussed and the Repast and Swarm toolkits are considered as examples. Important ...
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This chapter discusses large-scale agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). Useful features of toolkits are discussed and the Repast and Swarm toolkits are considered as examples. Important features of large-scale development environments are also presented. The large-scale modeling lifecycle is discussed including tools such as design patterns, with the “agent-based model” and the “scheduler scramble” design patterns used as examples.Less
This chapter discusses large-scale agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). Useful features of toolkits are discussed and the Repast and Swarm toolkits are considered as examples. Important features of large-scale development environments are also presented. The large-scale modeling lifecycle is discussed including tools such as design patterns, with the “agent-based model” and the “scheduler scramble” design patterns used as examples.
S.C. Dube
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077312
- eISBN:
- 9780199081158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077312.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter discusses the events that comprise the normal lifecycle of a Kamar. It begins with child-birth, which is considered an event of great sociological significance. It relates the things a ...
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This chapter discusses the events that comprise the normal lifecycle of a Kamar. It begins with child-birth, which is considered an event of great sociological significance. It relates the things a pregnant Kamar woman should not do, such as engage in sexual intercourse with her husband or go near burial grounds. It then looks at the birthing practices and describes the usual childhood of the Kamars. It notes the tribe's attitude towards menstruation, and explains how engagements and marriages are conducted within the tribe. It also discusses in detail dowry, elopement, divorce, and widowhood. Finally, the chapter discusses the sexual life of the Kamars, including fertility and premarital sex, and the ceremonies and rituals that are conducted upon the death of a tribe member.Less
This chapter discusses the events that comprise the normal lifecycle of a Kamar. It begins with child-birth, which is considered an event of great sociological significance. It relates the things a pregnant Kamar woman should not do, such as engage in sexual intercourse with her husband or go near burial grounds. It then looks at the birthing practices and describes the usual childhood of the Kamars. It notes the tribe's attitude towards menstruation, and explains how engagements and marriages are conducted within the tribe. It also discusses in detail dowry, elopement, divorce, and widowhood. Finally, the chapter discusses the sexual life of the Kamars, including fertility and premarital sex, and the ceremonies and rituals that are conducted upon the death of a tribe member.
Shannon Gibson and Trudo Lemmens
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171182
- eISBN:
- 9780231540070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171182.003.0019
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter explores both the promises and risks associated with rising interest in niche market drug development and concurrently, how drug regulatory reform efforts towards the “lifecycle” ...
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This chapter explores both the promises and risks associated with rising interest in niche market drug development and concurrently, how drug regulatory reform efforts towards the “lifecycle” approach and more post-market evidence generation are both a response to and a driving force behind the shift towards niche markets. We argue that significant questions remain about whether regulatory authorities are prepared to address the attendant challenges that accompany the shift towards the lifecycle approach, particularly the concern that increasing the focus on post-market monitoring and evaluation may lead to a softening of regulatory control at market entry.Less
This chapter explores both the promises and risks associated with rising interest in niche market drug development and concurrently, how drug regulatory reform efforts towards the “lifecycle” approach and more post-market evidence generation are both a response to and a driving force behind the shift towards niche markets. We argue that significant questions remain about whether regulatory authorities are prepared to address the attendant challenges that accompany the shift towards the lifecycle approach, particularly the concern that increasing the focus on post-market monitoring and evaluation may lead to a softening of regulatory control at market entry.
Stephen P. Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199226436
- eISBN:
- 9780191728457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226436.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter describes individuals' income-age trajectories. A picture of these looks like a plateful of cooked spaghetti but it is shown that this spaghetti can be unravelled using a statistical ...
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This chapter describes individuals' income-age trajectories. A picture of these looks like a plateful of cooked spaghetti but it is shown that this spaghetti can be unravelled using a statistical model. Differences in lifecycle income profiles reflect differences in income at the start of the working life and in income growth rates, and the association between initial incomes and income growth rates. There is also a role played by individual-specific income changes from one year to the next, representing transitory variation, measurement error, or events such as having children, or family formation or dissolution. The analysis is undertaken initially in terms of income measured in terms of wages but results are also presented for the needs-adjusted household income measure that is used throughout the rest of the book.Less
This chapter describes individuals' income-age trajectories. A picture of these looks like a plateful of cooked spaghetti but it is shown that this spaghetti can be unravelled using a statistical model. Differences in lifecycle income profiles reflect differences in income at the start of the working life and in income growth rates, and the association between initial incomes and income growth rates. There is also a role played by individual-specific income changes from one year to the next, representing transitory variation, measurement error, or events such as having children, or family formation or dissolution. The analysis is undertaken initially in terms of income measured in terms of wages but results are also presented for the needs-adjusted household income measure that is used throughout the rest of the book.
Morné Oosthuizen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199689248
- eISBN:
- 9780191789731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199689248.003.0029
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the impact of demographic change on South Africa’s economic growth. Estimates show two positive periods of the first demographic dividend in South Africa. The first began in ...
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This chapter examines the impact of demographic change on South Africa’s economic growth. Estimates show two positive periods of the first demographic dividend in South Africa. The first began in 1977—after more than 25 years of negative dividend as a result of relatively high population growth—and peaked at over one percentage point during the early 1990s. The dividend then turned negative in 2007. The second period of positive dividend is expected to last from 2014 to beyond 2050, but is more moderate, raising the per capita economic growth rate by up to around 0.4 percentage points per annum at its peak around 2030.Less
This chapter examines the impact of demographic change on South Africa’s economic growth. Estimates show two positive periods of the first demographic dividend in South Africa. The first began in 1977—after more than 25 years of negative dividend as a result of relatively high population growth—and peaked at over one percentage point during the early 1990s. The dividend then turned negative in 2007. The second period of positive dividend is expected to last from 2014 to beyond 2050, but is more moderate, raising the per capita economic growth rate by up to around 0.4 percentage points per annum at its peak around 2030.
Kenneth A. Couch, Mary C. Daly, and Julie M. Zissimopoulos (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Lifecycle Events and Their Consequences: Job Loss, Family Change, and Declines in Health brings together leading scholars to study the impact of unexpected life course events on economic welfare. The ...
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Lifecycle Events and Their Consequences: Job Loss, Family Change, and Declines in Health brings together leading scholars to study the impact of unexpected life course events on economic welfare. The contributions in this volume explore how job loss, the onset of health limitations, and changes in household structure can have a pronounced influence on individual and household well-being across the life course. Although these events are typically studied in isolation, they frequently co-occur or are otherwise interrelated. This book provides a systematic empirical overview of these sometimes uncertain events and their impacts. By placing them in a unified analytical framework and approaching each of them from a similar perspective, this book illustrates the importance of a coherent approach to thinking about the inter-relationships among these shifts. Finally, this volume aims to set the future research agenda in this important area.Less
Lifecycle Events and Their Consequences: Job Loss, Family Change, and Declines in Health brings together leading scholars to study the impact of unexpected life course events on economic welfare. The contributions in this volume explore how job loss, the onset of health limitations, and changes in household structure can have a pronounced influence on individual and household well-being across the life course. Although these events are typically studied in isolation, they frequently co-occur or are otherwise interrelated. This book provides a systematic empirical overview of these sometimes uncertain events and their impacts. By placing them in a unified analytical framework and approaching each of them from a similar perspective, this book illustrates the importance of a coherent approach to thinking about the inter-relationships among these shifts. Finally, this volume aims to set the future research agenda in this important area.
Tamara Daly and Gordon Grant
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861349019
- eISBN:
- 9781447303299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861349019.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
This chapter talks about the lifecourse perspectives that contribute to an understanding of ageing and disability in rural places. It sheds some light on key assumptions about ageing, disability and ...
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This chapter talks about the lifecourse perspectives that contribute to an understanding of ageing and disability in rural places. It sheds some light on key assumptions about ageing, disability and rural places, and starts with a brief outline of the progress of literature from a lifecycle to a lifecourse framework. It identifies lifecourse theoretical advances that are related to disability and ageing in rural places. The chapter also addresses the way questions on ageing and disability in rural places can challenge present lifecourse analytic boundaries. It ends with a deconstruction of the notions of time, agency and location in time and space, as they relate to rural ageing and disability.Less
This chapter talks about the lifecourse perspectives that contribute to an understanding of ageing and disability in rural places. It sheds some light on key assumptions about ageing, disability and rural places, and starts with a brief outline of the progress of literature from a lifecycle to a lifecourse framework. It identifies lifecourse theoretical advances that are related to disability and ageing in rural places. The chapter also addresses the way questions on ageing and disability in rural places can challenge present lifecourse analytic boundaries. It ends with a deconstruction of the notions of time, agency and location in time and space, as they relate to rural ageing and disability.
Robert J. Willis
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter provides an overview of the section of the text that examines family change. A main theme of the discussion is the emergence of the field of family economics and the importance of ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the section of the text that examines family change. A main theme of the discussion is the emergence of the field of family economics and the importance of longitudinal studies for testing the theories this field has produced. One particular area of discussion is the chapters' contribution to our understanding of the long-term economic impacts of marriage, divorce, and changes in household structure.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the section of the text that examines family change. A main theme of the discussion is the emergence of the field of family economics and the importance of longitudinal studies for testing the theories this field has produced. One particular area of discussion is the chapters' contribution to our understanding of the long-term economic impacts of marriage, divorce, and changes in household structure.
Kenneth A. Couch, Mary C. Daly, and Julie M. Zissimopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The introductory chapter presents an overview of this volume which provides a structured examination of three of the most important events that occur in the lives of most adults: changes in ...
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The introductory chapter presents an overview of this volume which provides a structured examination of three of the most important events that occur in the lives of most adults: changes in employment, family, and health. The book's sections are organized around these events. Each section contains a chapter that provides an initial overview of how common it is to experience changes in employment, family, and health. Then, additional chapters are provided that examine both short and long-term consequences of events of each type. Because each individual topical area, such as job loss, might relate to the others, e.g. changes in family structure, each section includes a chapter that examines at least one of these interrelationships. As a whole, the studies contained in the volume demonstrate that very common life transitions are strongly linked to short and long-term economic well-being but also cascade into other areas of life.Less
The introductory chapter presents an overview of this volume which provides a structured examination of three of the most important events that occur in the lives of most adults: changes in employment, family, and health. The book's sections are organized around these events. Each section contains a chapter that provides an initial overview of how common it is to experience changes in employment, family, and health. Then, additional chapters are provided that examine both short and long-term consequences of events of each type. Because each individual topical area, such as job loss, might relate to the others, e.g. changes in family structure, each section includes a chapter that examines at least one of these interrelationships. As a whole, the studies contained in the volume demonstrate that very common life transitions are strongly linked to short and long-term economic well-being but also cascade into other areas of life.
Julie M. Zissimopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785853
- eISBN:
- 9780804786430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785853.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter presents an examination of the impact on net worth and savings of changes in family structure at older ages. The analysis demonstrates that married couples have more wealth than ...
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This chapter presents an examination of the impact on net worth and savings of changes in family structure at older ages. The analysis demonstrates that married couples have more wealth than unmarried individuals primarily due to the higher lifetime earnings and lower mortality risk of married couples compared to unmarried individuals. Divorce at older ages both divides and consumes wealth and has negative and long-lasting consequences on wealth accumulation while remarriage rebuilds assets.Less
This chapter presents an examination of the impact on net worth and savings of changes in family structure at older ages. The analysis demonstrates that married couples have more wealth than unmarried individuals primarily due to the higher lifetime earnings and lower mortality risk of married couples compared to unmarried individuals. Divorce at older ages both divides and consumes wealth and has negative and long-lasting consequences on wealth accumulation while remarriage rebuilds assets.
Daniela Ciaffi
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447315162
- eISBN:
- 9781447315186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447315162.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter investigates the wide variety of contexts, drivers and outcomes characterizing the Italian scene. Three paradigmatic case studies are presented in order to explore the lifecycle of ...
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The chapter investigates the wide variety of contexts, drivers and outcomes characterizing the Italian scene. Three paradigmatic case studies are presented in order to explore the lifecycle of community action and planning. The first – in the earthquake-hit city of L'Aquila – is a short-run case. The second – in the Sicilian city of Palermo – is at an embryonic stage. The third – in the town of Canelli, near Asti in Piedmont – appears as the more mature experience. Together they reveal how complex the balance between community mobilisation and municipal strategy is. In the first two cases the communities of interest appear frustrated by poor and intermittent institutional support, whilst the third case is biased towards an opaque planning process. The recurrent theme is the need to change the prevailing style of planning and make it more transparent, more interactive, and more open to innovation.Less
The chapter investigates the wide variety of contexts, drivers and outcomes characterizing the Italian scene. Three paradigmatic case studies are presented in order to explore the lifecycle of community action and planning. The first – in the earthquake-hit city of L'Aquila – is a short-run case. The second – in the Sicilian city of Palermo – is at an embryonic stage. The third – in the town of Canelli, near Asti in Piedmont – appears as the more mature experience. Together they reveal how complex the balance between community mobilisation and municipal strategy is. In the first two cases the communities of interest appear frustrated by poor and intermittent institutional support, whilst the third case is biased towards an opaque planning process. The recurrent theme is the need to change the prevailing style of planning and make it more transparent, more interactive, and more open to innovation.
Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226532509
- eISBN:
- 9780226532646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226532646.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
American women are working more, through their sixties and even into their seventies. Their increased participation at older ages started in the late 1980s before the turnaround in older men’s labor ...
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American women are working more, through their sixties and even into their seventies. Their increased participation at older ages started in the late 1980s before the turnaround in older men’s labor force participation and the economic downturns of the 2000s. The higher labor force participation of older women consists disproportionately of those working at full-time jobs. Increased labor force participation of women in their older ages is part of the general increase in cohort labor force participation. Cohort effects, in turn, are mainly a function of educational advances and greater prior work experience. But labor force participation rates of the most recent cohorts in their forties are less than those for previous cohorts. These factors may suggest that employment at older ages will stagnate or even decrease. But several other factors will be operating in an opposing direction and leads us to conclude that women are likely to continue to work even longer.Less
American women are working more, through their sixties and even into their seventies. Their increased participation at older ages started in the late 1980s before the turnaround in older men’s labor force participation and the economic downturns of the 2000s. The higher labor force participation of older women consists disproportionately of those working at full-time jobs. Increased labor force participation of women in their older ages is part of the general increase in cohort labor force participation. Cohort effects, in turn, are mainly a function of educational advances and greater prior work experience. But labor force participation rates of the most recent cohorts in their forties are less than those for previous cohorts. These factors may suggest that employment at older ages will stagnate or even decrease. But several other factors will be operating in an opposing direction and leads us to conclude that women are likely to continue to work even longer.
Nicole Maestas
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226532509
- eISBN:
- 9780226532646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226532646.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
It is well documented that individuals in couples tend to retire around the same time. But because women tend to marry older men, this means many married women retire at younger ages than their ...
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It is well documented that individuals in couples tend to retire around the same time. But because women tend to marry older men, this means many married women retire at younger ages than their husbands. This fact is somewhat at odds with lifecycle theory that suggests women might otherwise retire at later ages than men because they have longer life expectancies, and often have had shorter careers on account of childrearing. As a result, the opportunity cost of retirement—in terms of foregone potential earnings and accruals to Social Security wealth—may be larger for married women than for their husbands. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I find evidence that the returns to additional work beyond mid-life are greater for married women than for married men. The potential gain in Social Security wealth alone is enough to place married women on nearly equal footing with married men in terms of Social Security wealth at age 70.Less
It is well documented that individuals in couples tend to retire around the same time. But because women tend to marry older men, this means many married women retire at younger ages than their husbands. This fact is somewhat at odds with lifecycle theory that suggests women might otherwise retire at later ages than men because they have longer life expectancies, and often have had shorter careers on account of childrearing. As a result, the opportunity cost of retirement—in terms of foregone potential earnings and accruals to Social Security wealth—may be larger for married women than for their husbands. Using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I find evidence that the returns to additional work beyond mid-life are greater for married women than for married men. The potential gain in Social Security wealth alone is enough to place married women on nearly equal footing with married men in terms of Social Security wealth at age 70.
Joanna N. Lahey
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226532509
- eISBN:
- 9780226532646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226532646.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Black women in recent cohorts aged between 50 and 72 years have lower employment than similar white women, despite having had higher employment when they were middle-aged and younger. Earlier cohorts ...
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Black women in recent cohorts aged between 50 and 72 years have lower employment than similar white women, despite having had higher employment when they were middle-aged and younger. Earlier cohorts of older black women also worked more than their white counterparts. Although it is not surprising that white women’s employment should catch up to that of black women given trends in increasing female labor force participation, it is surprising that it should surpass that of black women. This chapter discusses factors that contribute to this differential change over time. Changes in education, marital status, home-ownership, welfare, wealth, and cognition cannot explain this trend, whereas changes in occupation, industry, health, and gross motor functioning may explain some of the trend.Less
Black women in recent cohorts aged between 50 and 72 years have lower employment than similar white women, despite having had higher employment when they were middle-aged and younger. Earlier cohorts of older black women also worked more than their white counterparts. Although it is not surprising that white women’s employment should catch up to that of black women given trends in increasing female labor force participation, it is surprising that it should surpass that of black women. This chapter discusses factors that contribute to this differential change over time. Changes in education, marital status, home-ownership, welfare, wealth, and cognition cannot explain this trend, whereas changes in occupation, industry, health, and gross motor functioning may explain some of the trend.
Nancy G. Guerra
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814789308
- eISBN:
- 9780814760239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814789308.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter employs a lifecycle approach to describe different kinds of links between macroeconomic factors and violent behavior that occur across the developmental continuum. It argues that such ...
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This chapter employs a lifecycle approach to describe different kinds of links between macroeconomic factors and violent behavior that occur across the developmental continuum. It argues that such linkages must be viewed—for both theoretical and intervention purposes—in connection to developmental stage and as a cumulative process. Poverty increases early child exposure to fetal toxins, nutritional deficiencies, trauma (through violence exposure), and family/parenting difficulties. Such exposures set in process in motion that is exacerbated up the developmental chain by other factors connected to poverty and the macroeconomic context, including neglect; a lack of economic resources, educational support, and access to health care; and continued exposure to community violence and its social context. Intervention strategies must therefore be linked across developmental stages to have a chance of interrupting this process.Less
This chapter employs a lifecycle approach to describe different kinds of links between macroeconomic factors and violent behavior that occur across the developmental continuum. It argues that such linkages must be viewed—for both theoretical and intervention purposes—in connection to developmental stage and as a cumulative process. Poverty increases early child exposure to fetal toxins, nutritional deficiencies, trauma (through violence exposure), and family/parenting difficulties. Such exposures set in process in motion that is exacerbated up the developmental chain by other factors connected to poverty and the macroeconomic context, including neglect; a lack of economic resources, educational support, and access to health care; and continued exposure to community violence and its social context. Intervention strategies must therefore be linked across developmental stages to have a chance of interrupting this process.
Michael D. Hurd and Susann Rohwedder
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226126654
- eISBN:
- 9780226194714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226194714.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
According to the simple lifecycle model single persons are predicted to decumulate assets at advanced age, when mortality risk is high, to reduce the risk of dying with substantial wealth. ...
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According to the simple lifecycle model single persons are predicted to decumulate assets at advanced age, when mortality risk is high, to reduce the risk of dying with substantial wealth. Empirically it has been difficult to show this prediction in micro data. In this chapter we discuss the most common limitations in existing data. We present lifecycle patterns of dissaving based on two very different kinds of data: those that are derived from wealth change, and those derived from measures of active saving defined as disposable income minus consumption. Based on wealth change we find substantial dissaving by single persons, but not by couples: apparently couples preserve wealth to provide for the surviving spouse. Active saving by single persons is negative implying wealth decumulation, but the predicted rate of wealth decline is smaller than the rate of observed wealth decumulation. Active saving by couples is positive. We discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy between active saving and wealth change, including under-estimation of consumption, mis-measurement of taxes, and capital gains.Less
According to the simple lifecycle model single persons are predicted to decumulate assets at advanced age, when mortality risk is high, to reduce the risk of dying with substantial wealth. Empirically it has been difficult to show this prediction in micro data. In this chapter we discuss the most common limitations in existing data. We present lifecycle patterns of dissaving based on two very different kinds of data: those that are derived from wealth change, and those derived from measures of active saving defined as disposable income minus consumption. Based on wealth change we find substantial dissaving by single persons, but not by couples: apparently couples preserve wealth to provide for the surviving spouse. Active saving by single persons is negative implying wealth decumulation, but the predicted rate of wealth decline is smaller than the rate of observed wealth decumulation. Active saving by couples is positive. We discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy between active saving and wealth change, including under-estimation of consumption, mis-measurement of taxes, and capital gains.
Mohammed Qasim
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447341482
- eISBN:
- 9781447341536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447341482.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This concluding chapter begins by discussing how many of the young men's situations changed over the course of the study, and in some cases changed considerably, with some of The Boys now showing ...
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This concluding chapter begins by discussing how many of the young men's situations changed over the course of the study, and in some cases changed considerably, with some of The Boys now showing signs of desistance. Although they continued to spend time with one another, towards the latter part of the study some were doing so less frequently. This was almost certainly because of certain lifecycle events, such as getting married or starting a family, which impacted significantly on their outlook on life and which was now seeing behaviours slowly changing. Several of The Boys were also exploring the idea of starting up in business, as they now saw business as a way of making money legally without having to constantly look over their shoulders to see if the police were on their case.Less
This concluding chapter begins by discussing how many of the young men's situations changed over the course of the study, and in some cases changed considerably, with some of The Boys now showing signs of desistance. Although they continued to spend time with one another, towards the latter part of the study some were doing so less frequently. This was almost certainly because of certain lifecycle events, such as getting married or starting a family, which impacted significantly on their outlook on life and which was now seeing behaviours slowly changing. Several of The Boys were also exploring the idea of starting up in business, as they now saw business as a way of making money legally without having to constantly look over their shoulders to see if the police were on their case.
David M. Smith and Margaret Greenfields
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781847428738
- eISBN:
- 9781447310969
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428738.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter presents research findings pertaining to the routes through which the Gypsies and Travellers in our sample arrived in housing. The most common reason was a lack of public caravan sites, ...
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This chapter presents research findings pertaining to the routes through which the Gypsies and Travellers in our sample arrived in housing. The most common reason was a lack of public caravan sites, difficulties gaining planning permission to develop private sites and legislation making nomadism extremely difficult to sustain. However respondent's also highlighted access to public services (especially health and education); health related reasons; family responsibility and obligations to family members as important drivers of settlement. The priority attached to maintaining extended networks of kin living in close proximity to each other is a significant factor shaping residential settlement patterns and perceptions of life in housing and is explored further in later chapters.Less
This chapter presents research findings pertaining to the routes through which the Gypsies and Travellers in our sample arrived in housing. The most common reason was a lack of public caravan sites, difficulties gaining planning permission to develop private sites and legislation making nomadism extremely difficult to sustain. However respondent's also highlighted access to public services (especially health and education); health related reasons; family responsibility and obligations to family members as important drivers of settlement. The priority attached to maintaining extended networks of kin living in close proximity to each other is a significant factor shaping residential settlement patterns and perceptions of life in housing and is explored further in later chapters.
Leonie Hannan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719099427
- eISBN:
- 9781526109750
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099427.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Becoming a woman intellectual in early modern England was no straightforward task. Financial dependence, lack of personal autonomy, marriage and motherhood could all bring pressures to bear on ...
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Becoming a woman intellectual in early modern England was no straightforward task. Financial dependence, lack of personal autonomy, marriage and motherhood could all bring pressures to bear on practices of self-development. However, it was from within these circumstances that women found ways to engage with the life of the mind. Moreover, the forms intellectual engagement took were informed by their domestic contexts and the patterns of exchange framed by letter-writing. This chapter explores the cultures of knowledge in which women made their mark. Female intellectual networks, opportunities for cross-gender exchange and amateur circles of scholarship all existed outside of traditional centres for intellectual production. These opportunities are considered in the context of other factors that affected female learning: the development of an intellectual identity, the changing demands of the lifecycle and the ramifications of public scrutiny of female achievement. These opportunities and obstacles for female intellectual engagement in this period will be explored through the qualitative detail offered by a series of examples of learned women.Less
Becoming a woman intellectual in early modern England was no straightforward task. Financial dependence, lack of personal autonomy, marriage and motherhood could all bring pressures to bear on practices of self-development. However, it was from within these circumstances that women found ways to engage with the life of the mind. Moreover, the forms intellectual engagement took were informed by their domestic contexts and the patterns of exchange framed by letter-writing. This chapter explores the cultures of knowledge in which women made their mark. Female intellectual networks, opportunities for cross-gender exchange and amateur circles of scholarship all existed outside of traditional centres for intellectual production. These opportunities are considered in the context of other factors that affected female learning: the development of an intellectual identity, the changing demands of the lifecycle and the ramifications of public scrutiny of female achievement. These opportunities and obstacles for female intellectual engagement in this period will be explored through the qualitative detail offered by a series of examples of learned women.
