Jorge Delva, Paula Allen-Meares, and Sandra L. Momper
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195382501
- eISBN:
- 9780199777419
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382501.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
The purpose of the book is to provide researchers with a framework to conduct research in a culturally sensitive manner with individuals, families, and communities in diverse cultural settings in the ...
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The purpose of the book is to provide researchers with a framework to conduct research in a culturally sensitive manner with individuals, families, and communities in diverse cultural settings in the United States, as well as in a global context within the context of three aims: (1) To understand and describe the nature and extent to which a particular problem occurs; (2) To understand the etiology or potential factors associated with the occurrence of a particular problem; (3) To evaluate programs or interventions designed to ameliorate or eliminate a problem. For each of these three aims, applications of different research methods with various population groups are discussed with considerable detail. The work presented falls into different sides of the emic–etic continuum, with some studies taking a more emic perspective (i.e., Chapter 2, a mixed methods study with American Indian populations), others presenting more of an etic approach (i.e., Chapter 3, a multicountry study of drug use in Central America), and yet others presenting an emic–etic distinction that is less salient (i.e., Chapters 4–6, a longitudinal studies of ecological factors and drug use in Santiago, Chile; a longitudinal study of ecological factors and PTSD in the City of Detroit; and a randomized clinical trial and community-based participatory research project both also conducted in Detroit). Two central themes that guided this work are that culture is not static, rather it is fluid and changing, and that cross-cultural researchers should avoid making sweeping generalizations that risk taking on essentialist characteristics. The book concludes with a call for anyone conducting cross-cultural research to include an intersectionality lens, one that encompasses a broader range of multiple identities, into their work.Less
The purpose of the book is to provide researchers with a framework to conduct research in a culturally sensitive manner with individuals, families, and communities in diverse cultural settings in the United States, as well as in a global context within the context of three aims: (1) To understand and describe the nature and extent to which a particular problem occurs; (2) To understand the etiology or potential factors associated with the occurrence of a particular problem; (3) To evaluate programs or interventions designed to ameliorate or eliminate a problem. For each of these three aims, applications of different research methods with various population groups are discussed with considerable detail. The work presented falls into different sides of the emic–etic continuum, with some studies taking a more emic perspective (i.e., Chapter 2, a mixed methods study with American Indian populations), others presenting more of an etic approach (i.e., Chapter 3, a multicountry study of drug use in Central America), and yet others presenting an emic–etic distinction that is less salient (i.e., Chapters 4–6, a longitudinal studies of ecological factors and drug use in Santiago, Chile; a longitudinal study of ecological factors and PTSD in the City of Detroit; and a randomized clinical trial and community-based participatory research project both also conducted in Detroit). Two central themes that guided this work are that culture is not static, rather it is fluid and changing, and that cross-cultural researchers should avoid making sweeping generalizations that risk taking on essentialist characteristics. The book concludes with a call for anyone conducting cross-cultural research to include an intersectionality lens, one that encompasses a broader range of multiple identities, into their work.
Andrew Pickles, Barbara Maughan, and Michael Wadsworth (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198528487
- eISBN:
- 9780191723940
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528487.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Life course epidemiology is developing rapidly in the context of new knowledge about the biology of development and ageing and gene-environment interplay. This book is concerned with design, ...
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Life course epidemiology is developing rapidly in the context of new knowledge about the biology of development and ageing and gene-environment interplay. This book is concerned with design, measurement, and analysis of life course data. Study design chapters are concerned with models of the life course development of risk, the effect of individual differences, the study of genetic effects, and intervention in life course designs. Analysis chapters deal with time-varying exposure, missingness, analysis of multivariate outcomes, estimation of causality, structural equation modelling, and trajectory analysis. The intention is to provide a guide to the evaluation of interacting developmental, environmental, and genetic effects in studies of the processes and origins of risk, resilience, and ageing.Less
Life course epidemiology is developing rapidly in the context of new knowledge about the biology of development and ageing and gene-environment interplay. This book is concerned with design, measurement, and analysis of life course data. Study design chapters are concerned with models of the life course development of risk, the effect of individual differences, the study of genetic effects, and intervention in life course designs. Analysis chapters deal with time-varying exposure, missingness, analysis of multivariate outcomes, estimation of causality, structural equation modelling, and trajectory analysis. The intention is to provide a guide to the evaluation of interacting developmental, environmental, and genetic effects in studies of the processes and origins of risk, resilience, and ageing.
Gøsta Esping‐Andersen
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198742005
- eISBN:
- 9780191599163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198742002.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter and the previous one revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of social risks and ...
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This chapter and the previous one revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of social risks and welfare states. The post‐war welfare state was premised upon assumptions about family structure and labour market behaviour that, today, are largely invalid. Risks that in the 1950s or 1960s were assumed away are now becoming dominant, and vice versa. The post‐war welfare state being the child of the 1930s Depression and the ‘workers question’, was moulded on a society in which the prototypical client was a male production worker, who is now rather hard to find. A first step towards an understanding of the contemporary welfare state crisis must begin with: (a) a diagnosis of the changing distribution and intensity of social risks, and (b) a comprehensive examination of how risks are pooled and distributed between state, market, and family. The different sections of the chapter are: The State in the Welfare Nexus—the misunderstood family, and the welfare triad of state, market, and family; The Foundations of Welfare Regimes: Risk Management—family and market ‘failures’; and The distribution of risks and models of solidarity—class risks, life‐course risks, intergenerational risks, de‐commodification, and familialism and de‐familialism.Less
This chapter and the previous one revisit the political economy within which post‐war welfare regimes emerged, matured, and, now appear crisis‐ridden. Here, an analysis is made of social risks and welfare states. The post‐war welfare state was premised upon assumptions about family structure and labour market behaviour that, today, are largely invalid. Risks that in the 1950s or 1960s were assumed away are now becoming dominant, and vice versa. The post‐war welfare state being the child of the 1930s Depression and the ‘workers question’, was moulded on a society in which the prototypical client was a male production worker, who is now rather hard to find. A first step towards an understanding of the contemporary welfare state crisis must begin with: (a) a diagnosis of the changing distribution and intensity of social risks, and (b) a comprehensive examination of how risks are pooled and distributed between state, market, and family. The different sections of the chapter are: The State in the Welfare Nexus—the misunderstood family, and the welfare triad of state, market, and family; The Foundations of Welfare Regimes: Risk Management—family and market ‘failures’; and The distribution of risks and models of solidarity—class risks, life‐course risks, intergenerational risks, de‐commodification, and familialism and de‐familialism.
Terence P. Thornberry, Peggy C. Giordano, Christopher Uggen, Mauri Matsuda, Ann S. Masten, Erik Bulten, and Andrea G. Donker
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter discusses the current theoretical models that have been developed to explain criminal offending during the transition years between adolescence and adulthood. The chapter first ...
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This chapter discusses the current theoretical models that have been developed to explain criminal offending during the transition years between adolescence and adulthood. The chapter first identifies the key aspects of offending that typify the transition years, including desistance from delinquency, persistence in offending from adolescence to adulthood, and late onset offending. The chapter then reviews how major theories of delinquency and crime attempt to explain these divergent patterns of offending. In particular, it discusses static or population heterogeneity models, dynamic or state dependence models, social psychological theories, the developmental psychopathology perspective, and, finally, biopsychosocial theory. In each case the chapter discusses the theory’s assumptions and core propositions with a particular focus on propositions concerning offending during early adulthood. The chapter also reviews the empirical literature that has tested each of these theories. Although there are is considerable overlap across these different theoretical perspectives, each offers a unique perspective about how the transition from adolescence to adulthood influences offending and how, in turn, offending influences the timing and success of the transition to adulthood. It closes by discussing policy implications of these different theoretical orientations.Less
This chapter discusses the current theoretical models that have been developed to explain criminal offending during the transition years between adolescence and adulthood. The chapter first identifies the key aspects of offending that typify the transition years, including desistance from delinquency, persistence in offending from adolescence to adulthood, and late onset offending. The chapter then reviews how major theories of delinquency and crime attempt to explain these divergent patterns of offending. In particular, it discusses static or population heterogeneity models, dynamic or state dependence models, social psychological theories, the developmental psychopathology perspective, and, finally, biopsychosocial theory. In each case the chapter discusses the theory’s assumptions and core propositions with a particular focus on propositions concerning offending during early adulthood. The chapter also reviews the empirical literature that has tested each of these theories. Although there are is considerable overlap across these different theoretical perspectives, each offers a unique perspective about how the transition from adolescence to adulthood influences offending and how, in turn, offending influences the timing and success of the transition to adulthood. It closes by discussing policy implications of these different theoretical orientations.
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Marion Kloep, Leo B. Hendry, and Jennifer L. Tanner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199757176
- eISBN:
- 9780199863389
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199757176.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
In this book two pairs of developmental psychologists take sides in a spirited debate over the theory of “emerging adulthood,” Jeffrey Arnett’s proposal that a new life stage has developed in between ...
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In this book two pairs of developmental psychologists take sides in a spirited debate over the theory of “emerging adulthood,” Jeffrey Arnett’s proposal that a new life stage has developed in between adolescence and young adulthood, lasting roughly from ages 18 to 25. Arnett and Jennifer Tanner argue that as young people around the world share demographic similarities such as longer education and later marriage, the 18-25 age period is best understood as entailing the rise of a new life stage of emerging adulthood. However, because the experiences of emerging adults worldwide vary according to cultural context, educational attainment, and social class, Arnett and Tanner suggest that there may not be one but many different emerging adulthoods. An important issue for this burgeoning area of inquiry is to explore and describe this variation. In contrast, Marion Kloep and Leo Hendry assert that stage theories have never been able to explain individual transitions across the life course; in their view, stage theories—including the theory of emerging adulthood--ought to be abolished altogether, and explanations found for the processes and mechanisms that govern human change at any age. This book provides the argument of “stage or process” in full-force, with vigorous disagreements, conflicting alternatives, some leavening humor, and ultimately even some common ground.Less
In this book two pairs of developmental psychologists take sides in a spirited debate over the theory of “emerging adulthood,” Jeffrey Arnett’s proposal that a new life stage has developed in between adolescence and young adulthood, lasting roughly from ages 18 to 25. Arnett and Jennifer Tanner argue that as young people around the world share demographic similarities such as longer education and later marriage, the 18-25 age period is best understood as entailing the rise of a new life stage of emerging adulthood. However, because the experiences of emerging adults worldwide vary according to cultural context, educational attainment, and social class, Arnett and Tanner suggest that there may not be one but many different emerging adulthoods. An important issue for this burgeoning area of inquiry is to explore and describe this variation. In contrast, Marion Kloep and Leo Hendry assert that stage theories have never been able to explain individual transitions across the life course; in their view, stage theories—including the theory of emerging adulthood--ought to be abolished altogether, and explanations found for the processes and mechanisms that govern human change at any age. This book provides the argument of “stage or process” in full-force, with vigorous disagreements, conflicting alternatives, some leavening humor, and ultimately even some common ground.
Michael Marmot and Richard Wilkinson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198565895
- eISBN:
- 9780191723988
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565895.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The health of populations is related to features of society and its social and economic organization. This crucial fact provides the basis for effective policy-making for improving population health. ...
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The health of populations is related to features of society and its social and economic organization. This crucial fact provides the basis for effective policy-making for improving population health. While there is, understandably, much concern regarding the appropriate provision and financing of health services as well as ensuring that the nature of the services provided is based on the best evidence of effectiveness, health is a matter that goes beyond the provision of health services. Policies pursued by many branches of government and by the private sector, both nationally and locally, exert a powerful influence on health — and this book shows the direction in which we should be going. Just as decisions about health services should be based on the best evidence available, so should policies related to the social determinants of health. The social determinants covered by the book include the impact of early life; the life course, the social gradient, and health; labour market disadvantage, unemployment, non-employment, and job insecurity; the psychosocial environment at work; transport; social support and social cohesion; the politics of food; poverty, social exclusion, and minorities; social patterning of individual behaviours; social determinants of ethnic/ racial inequalities; social determinants of health in older age; neighbourhoods, housing, and health; sexual behaviour and sexual health; and social vulnerability.Less
The health of populations is related to features of society and its social and economic organization. This crucial fact provides the basis for effective policy-making for improving population health. While there is, understandably, much concern regarding the appropriate provision and financing of health services as well as ensuring that the nature of the services provided is based on the best evidence of effectiveness, health is a matter that goes beyond the provision of health services. Policies pursued by many branches of government and by the private sector, both nationally and locally, exert a powerful influence on health — and this book shows the direction in which we should be going. Just as decisions about health services should be based on the best evidence available, so should policies related to the social determinants of health. The social determinants covered by the book include the impact of early life; the life course, the social gradient, and health; labour market disadvantage, unemployment, non-employment, and job insecurity; the psychosocial environment at work; transport; social support and social cohesion; the politics of food; poverty, social exclusion, and minorities; social patterning of individual behaviours; social determinants of ethnic/ racial inequalities; social determinants of health in older age; neighbourhoods, housing, and health; sexual behaviour and sexual health; and social vulnerability.
Alex R. Piquero
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the knowledge base regarding persistence in criminal careers. In doing so, the chapter provides an overview of the definitional issues associated with ...
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This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the knowledge base regarding persistence in criminal careers. In doing so, the chapter provides an overview of the definitional issues associated with studying persistence, the various theoretical accounts of persistence, estimates of persistence, and methodological approaches to studying persistence. The chapter concludes by outlining a modest agenda for future research on persistence in criminal careers.Less
This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the knowledge base regarding persistence in criminal careers. In doing so, the chapter provides an overview of the definitional issues associated with studying persistence, the various theoretical accounts of persistence, estimates of persistence, and methodological approaches to studying persistence. The chapter concludes by outlining a modest agenda for future research on persistence in criminal careers.
Phillip L. Hammack and Bertram J. Cohler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326789
- eISBN:
- 9780199870356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326789.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses a theoretical approach to the study of sexual lives that takes history, discourse, and culture seriously. Central to this perspective is the idea of narrative engagement. It is ...
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This chapter discusses a theoretical approach to the study of sexual lives that takes history, discourse, and culture seriously. Central to this perspective is the idea of narrative engagement. It is argued that an approach that links the ideas of life course and narrative provides a paradigm for the study of sexual lives that maximizes the consideration of the contextual basis of human development. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This chapter discusses a theoretical approach to the study of sexual lives that takes history, discourse, and culture seriously. Central to this perspective is the idea of narrative engagement. It is argued that an approach that links the ideas of life course and narrative provides a paradigm for the study of sexual lives that maximizes the consideration of the contextual basis of human development. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Yoav Ben-Shlomo and Diana Kuh
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199239481
- eISBN:
- 9780191716973
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239481.003.009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
A life course approach to epidemiology is the study of the long-term effects on later health, or disease risk of physical or social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, young ...
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A life course approach to epidemiology is the study of the long-term effects on later health, or disease risk of physical or social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, or later adult life. Much of the interest in life course epidemiology has centred around chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), type II diabetes, and cancer, but its concepts have also been adopted for mental and dental health. This chapter discusses educational aspects of life course epidemiology from both an undergraduate and postgraduate perspective.Less
A life course approach to epidemiology is the study of the long-term effects on later health, or disease risk of physical or social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, or later adult life. Much of the interest in life course epidemiology has centred around chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), type II diabetes, and cancer, but its concepts have also been adopted for mental and dental health. This chapter discusses educational aspects of life course epidemiology from both an undergraduate and postgraduate perspective.
Joanne Savage (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This volume addresses one of the most pressing problems of modern criminology: Why do some individuals become chronic, persistent offenders? Chronic offenders are responsible for the majority of ...
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This volume addresses one of the most pressing problems of modern criminology: Why do some individuals become chronic, persistent offenders? Chronic offenders are responsible for the majority of serious crimes committed and understanding which individuals will become chronic offenders is an important step in developing interventions that will work. Unfortunately, much of the research on causes of offending does not distinguish between minor, short-term delinquency and long-term patterns of serious criminality. The volume was inspired by a desire to bridge the gap between two sets of literature that can help us shed light on this problem: criminological research on offending trajectories and research on risk factors for offending in the field of developmental psychology. Chapters cover topics such as families and parenting, poverty, stressful life events, social support, biology and genetics, early onset, foster care, educational programs for juvenile offenders, deterrence, and chronic offending among females. Several authors also share new theoretical approaches to understanding persistence and chronicity in offending, including an expansion of the conceptualization of the etiology of self-control, a discussion of offender resistance to social control, a dynamic developmental systems approach to understanding offending in young adulthood, and the application of Wikström's situational action theory to persistent offending.Less
This volume addresses one of the most pressing problems of modern criminology: Why do some individuals become chronic, persistent offenders? Chronic offenders are responsible for the majority of serious crimes committed and understanding which individuals will become chronic offenders is an important step in developing interventions that will work. Unfortunately, much of the research on causes of offending does not distinguish between minor, short-term delinquency and long-term patterns of serious criminality. The volume was inspired by a desire to bridge the gap between two sets of literature that can help us shed light on this problem: criminological research on offending trajectories and research on risk factors for offending in the field of developmental psychology. Chapters cover topics such as families and parenting, poverty, stressful life events, social support, biology and genetics, early onset, foster care, educational programs for juvenile offenders, deterrence, and chronic offending among females. Several authors also share new theoretical approaches to understanding persistence and chronicity in offending, including an expansion of the conceptualization of the etiology of self-control, a discussion of offender resistance to social control, a dynamic developmental systems approach to understanding offending in young adulthood, and the application of Wikström's situational action theory to persistent offending.
G. Davey Smith and J. Lynch
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0034
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter outlines the concepts of life course epidemiology as applied to coronary heart disease (CHD), discusses evidence with regard to early life factors and CHD, and considers the recently ...
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This chapter outlines the concepts of life course epidemiology as applied to coronary heart disease (CHD), discusses evidence with regard to early life factors and CHD, and considers the recently debated issue as to whether there is any need to continue searching for additional CHD risk factors above the well-established adulthood factors. It examines how well CHD trends fit with life course approaches and concludes by reviewing some of the remaining important issues in CHD epidemiology from a life course perspective.Less
This chapter outlines the concepts of life course epidemiology as applied to coronary heart disease (CHD), discusses evidence with regard to early life factors and CHD, and considers the recently debated issue as to whether there is any need to continue searching for additional CHD risk factors above the well-established adulthood factors. It examines how well CHD trends fit with life course approaches and concludes by reviewing some of the remaining important issues in CHD epidemiology from a life course perspective.
Siyka Kovacheva, Judith Jacovkis, Sonia Startari, and Anna Siri
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447350361
- eISBN:
- 9781447350699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447350361.003.0008
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
LLL policy programs and initiatives at the national and local level rarely begin by investigating the needs and aspirations of young participants, and even less opportunities are provided for young ...
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LLL policy programs and initiatives at the national and local level rarely begin by investigating the needs and aspirations of young participants, and even less opportunities are provided for young people to participate in the design, implementation and evaluation of policy interventions. In this chapter we attempt to highlight the views of young adults on how effectively policies support their personal life projects, educational and professional aspirations and more broadly, their need for empowerment in the transition to adulthood. This chapter presents young adults’ perspectives on their participation in LLL policies. The role of LLL programs and measures in shaping young adults’ life trajectories is best captured at one of the most pivotal turning points in their lives – the transition from school to work. To explore this, we apply a life course perspective to the analysis of a rich data set of 168 qualitative interviews. Interviews were conducted in 2017 with participants of diverse LLL policies across two functional regions in each of the nine partner countries in the YOUNG_ADULLLT project.Less
LLL policy programs and initiatives at the national and local level rarely begin by investigating the needs and aspirations of young participants, and even less opportunities are provided for young people to participate in the design, implementation and evaluation of policy interventions. In this chapter we attempt to highlight the views of young adults on how effectively policies support their personal life projects, educational and professional aspirations and more broadly, their need for empowerment in the transition to adulthood. This chapter presents young adults’ perspectives on their participation in LLL policies. The role of LLL programs and measures in shaping young adults’ life trajectories is best captured at one of the most pivotal turning points in their lives – the transition from school to work. To explore this, we apply a life course perspective to the analysis of a rich data set of 168 qualitative interviews. Interviews were conducted in 2017 with participants of diverse LLL policies across two functional regions in each of the nine partner countries in the YOUNG_ADULLLT project.
Timothy O. Ireland, Craig J. Rivera, and John P. Hoffmann
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Chronic offenders have been a focal concern in criminology since Wolfgang et al. (1972) found that a small proportion of offenders account for a disproportionate amount of crime. Life-course ...
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Chronic offenders have been a focal concern in criminology since Wolfgang et al. (1972) found that a small proportion of offenders account for a disproportionate amount of crime. Life-course criminology considers how criminal careers, or trajectories of crime, unfold over the life course with a focus on understanding “the initiation, continuation, and termination of offending behavior across the lifespan” (Piquero & Mazerolle, 2001, p. viii). General strain theory (GST) argues that the duration, recency, and chronicity of experienced strains might be important dimensions to consider when exploring the strain-delinquency relationship. Taken together these ideas—chronic offending, trajectories of crime, and time-varying constructs of strains or stressors—suggest the need for dynamic measures of crime and strain rather than more traditional static measures. Although much research has focused on the dynamic nature of delinquency, Sampson (2001) argues “that static background variables are surprisingly weak when it comes to the prospective explanation of trajectories of crime over the course of individual lives” (p. vi). In addition, little attention has been directed toward the dynamic nature of theoretically relevant covariates of delinquency and crime. Using longitudinal prospective data from the Family Health Study, we explore, with a particular focus on chronic offending, whether dynamic, time-varying measures of strain are more consistently related to dynamic measures of crime compared to static measures of strain.Less
Chronic offenders have been a focal concern in criminology since Wolfgang et al. (1972) found that a small proportion of offenders account for a disproportionate amount of crime. Life-course criminology considers how criminal careers, or trajectories of crime, unfold over the life course with a focus on understanding “the initiation, continuation, and termination of offending behavior across the lifespan” (Piquero & Mazerolle, 2001, p. viii). General strain theory (GST) argues that the duration, recency, and chronicity of experienced strains might be important dimensions to consider when exploring the strain-delinquency relationship. Taken together these ideas—chronic offending, trajectories of crime, and time-varying constructs of strains or stressors—suggest the need for dynamic measures of crime and strain rather than more traditional static measures. Although much research has focused on the dynamic nature of delinquency, Sampson (2001) argues “that static background variables are surprisingly weak when it comes to the prospective explanation of trajectories of crime over the course of individual lives” (p. vi). In addition, little attention has been directed toward the dynamic nature of theoretically relevant covariates of delinquency and crime. Using longitudinal prospective data from the Family Health Study, we explore, with a particular focus on chronic offending, whether dynamic, time-varying measures of strain are more consistently related to dynamic measures of crime compared to static measures of strain.
Per-Olof H. Wikström and Kyle Treiber
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The role of the social environment in causing stability and change in offending had been largely unexplored in criminological theory. This chapter presents a case for the importance of the social ...
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The role of the social environment in causing stability and change in offending had been largely unexplored in criminological theory. This chapter presents a case for the importance of the social environment in explanations of crime involvement. The chapter begins with a review of three current theories (Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, Moffitt's dual developmental taxonomy, and Sampson and Laub's general theory of social control) and discuss how each fails to fully develop the explanation of crime in context. It then discusses how Wikström's situational action theory of crime causation may address this deficiency by taking an ecological developmental approach. The chapter argues that the situational action theory presents a better description of what is to be explained by defining crimes as acts which break moral rules. Moral rules apply to specific settings, therefore explanations of crime must take into consideration the context of action. We argue that the situational action theory provides a clearer depiction of the nature of human behavior by viewing individuals as rule-guided (rather than self-interested) actors who exhibit agency through deliberate and habitual choices. Individuals may choose whether to act in accordance with a moral context, but they must first perceive that moral context and consider breaking one of its rules. Thus to explain why individuals choose to commit acts of crime, the chapter must first explain what features of a setting lead them to perceive crime as an alternative for action. Finally, the chapter argues that the situational action theory provides a more robust explanation of crime involvement by positing a situational mechanism by which individuals' propensity to offend interacts with their exposure to criminogenic settings. The expression of propensity depends upon the characteristics of the settings to which an individual is exposed. Thus to explain why individuals commit acts of crime, the chapter needs to explain both the propensity to offend and what triggers its expression. The chapter concludes that what drives persistent offending is therefore both stability in individuals' propensity to offend and their exposure to criminogenic social environments, and recommend innovative methodological approaches for studying these important variables.Less
The role of the social environment in causing stability and change in offending had been largely unexplored in criminological theory. This chapter presents a case for the importance of the social environment in explanations of crime involvement. The chapter begins with a review of three current theories (Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, Moffitt's dual developmental taxonomy, and Sampson and Laub's general theory of social control) and discuss how each fails to fully develop the explanation of crime in context. It then discusses how Wikström's situational action theory of crime causation may address this deficiency by taking an ecological developmental approach. The chapter argues that the situational action theory presents a better description of what is to be explained by defining crimes as acts which break moral rules. Moral rules apply to specific settings, therefore explanations of crime must take into consideration the context of action. We argue that the situational action theory provides a clearer depiction of the nature of human behavior by viewing individuals as rule-guided (rather than self-interested) actors who exhibit agency through deliberate and habitual choices. Individuals may choose whether to act in accordance with a moral context, but they must first perceive that moral context and consider breaking one of its rules. Thus to explain why individuals choose to commit acts of crime, the chapter must first explain what features of a setting lead them to perceive crime as an alternative for action. Finally, the chapter argues that the situational action theory provides a more robust explanation of crime involvement by positing a situational mechanism by which individuals' propensity to offend interacts with their exposure to criminogenic settings. The expression of propensity depends upon the characteristics of the settings to which an individual is exposed. Thus to explain why individuals commit acts of crime, the chapter needs to explain both the propensity to offend and what triggers its expression. The chapter concludes that what drives persistent offending is therefore both stability in individuals' propensity to offend and their exposure to criminogenic social environments, and recommend innovative methodological approaches for studying these important variables.
Joanne Savage
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310313
- eISBN:
- 9780199871384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310313.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
In recent years we have come to know that a small percentage of individuals commit about half of all the crime that occurs. This finding has inspired a significant amount of work in the area of ...
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In recent years we have come to know that a small percentage of individuals commit about half of all the crime that occurs. This finding has inspired a significant amount of work in the area of criminal careers. Oddly, while a recent wave of studies have been published on trajectories of offending, and while decades of developmental studies have uncovered the risk factors of offending more broadly, the two areas rarely come together and little is yet known about the developmental factors that lead specifically to the persistent patterns of criminality, which cause so much harm to society. This chapter reviews some of the related literature in the area of criminal careers and developmental criminology in an effort to set the tone for the rest of the book, which addresses what is known and believed about the development of persistent offending. The review is divided into three sections: risk factors for antisocial conduct, research and theory on the life course and criminal careers, and risk factors for persistent offending, per se. It includes a detailed discussion of stability in offending, the life course perspective, attachment, child abuse, cumulative risk, neighborhoods, and Moffitt's taxonomy.Less
In recent years we have come to know that a small percentage of individuals commit about half of all the crime that occurs. This finding has inspired a significant amount of work in the area of criminal careers. Oddly, while a recent wave of studies have been published on trajectories of offending, and while decades of developmental studies have uncovered the risk factors of offending more broadly, the two areas rarely come together and little is yet known about the developmental factors that lead specifically to the persistent patterns of criminality, which cause so much harm to society. This chapter reviews some of the related literature in the area of criminal careers and developmental criminology in an effort to set the tone for the rest of the book, which addresses what is known and believed about the development of persistent offending. The review is divided into three sections: risk factors for antisocial conduct, research and theory on the life course and criminal careers, and risk factors for persistent offending, per se. It includes a detailed discussion of stability in offending, the life course perspective, attachment, child abuse, cumulative risk, neighborhoods, and Moffitt's taxonomy.
Michael Wadsworth, Barbara Maughan, and Andrew Pickles
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198528487
- eISBN:
- 9780191723940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528487.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Increasing demand for life course data and life course findings requires developments in methods of modelling life course trajectories and analysis of life course data. This chapter illustrates the ...
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Increasing demand for life course data and life course findings requires developments in methods of modelling life course trajectories and analysis of life course data. This chapter illustrates the progression of ideas in epidemiological life course studies, and the main strands of thinking about how risk develops and is modified. Innovative methods for obtaining life course data are described, and the reasons for development of new sources of life course data are outlined.Less
Increasing demand for life course data and life course findings requires developments in methods of modelling life course trajectories and analysis of life course data. This chapter illustrates the progression of ideas in epidemiological life course studies, and the main strands of thinking about how risk develops and is modified. Innovative methods for obtaining life course data are described, and the reasons for development of new sources of life course data are outlined.
Marcelo Parreira do Amaral (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447350361
- eISBN:
- 9781447350699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447350361.003.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
In order to be successful, Lifelong Learning (LLL) policies in Europe have to reconcile numerous concurrent aspects related to their different contexts, timeframes, target groups and the specific ...
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In order to be successful, Lifelong Learning (LLL) policies in Europe have to reconcile numerous concurrent aspects related to their different contexts, timeframes, target groups and the specific issues they confront. Failing to recognise these specificities risks producing unintended effects and/or exacerbating the problems they intend to tackle. Further, these may have substantial impact on young adults’ life courses as the policies are often formulated at the national level while having to unfold at the regional level, but also because they often do not take into account the specific needs, diverse social and living conditions and regional/local infrastructures in education and labour markets. The first section introduces conceptual considerations drawn from Life Course Research, Governance Studies and Cultural Political Economy that help us identify and analyse these various aspects across countries in the interplay of levels. The second section describes the implementation of a mixed-method approach. The complementary approach results in a juxtaposition along the project’s sub-studies that generate insights for enhancing each other as we analyse different phenomena interwoven with our research object by approaching them from different viewpoints. The third section reflects on the possibilities, conditions and limits of producing comparative multilevel knowledge that is relevant for policy-making.Less
In order to be successful, Lifelong Learning (LLL) policies in Europe have to reconcile numerous concurrent aspects related to their different contexts, timeframes, target groups and the specific issues they confront. Failing to recognise these specificities risks producing unintended effects and/or exacerbating the problems they intend to tackle. Further, these may have substantial impact on young adults’ life courses as the policies are often formulated at the national level while having to unfold at the regional level, but also because they often do not take into account the specific needs, diverse social and living conditions and regional/local infrastructures in education and labour markets. The first section introduces conceptual considerations drawn from Life Course Research, Governance Studies and Cultural Political Economy that help us identify and analyse these various aspects across countries in the interplay of levels. The second section describes the implementation of a mixed-method approach. The complementary approach results in a juxtaposition along the project’s sub-studies that generate insights for enhancing each other as we analyse different phenomena interwoven with our research object by approaching them from different viewpoints. The third section reflects on the possibilities, conditions and limits of producing comparative multilevel knowledge that is relevant for policy-making.
Siyka Kovacheva, Xavier Rambla, and Marcelo Parreira do Amaral
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447350361
- eISBN:
- 9781447350699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447350361.003.0012
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
The chapter takes stock of the insights produced in the different chapters of this collection and draws conclusions based on three theoretical perspectives that guided our analysis. Each of them ...
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The chapter takes stock of the insights produced in the different chapters of this collection and draws conclusions based on three theoretical perspectives that guided our analysis. Each of them highlights a few important points that are helpful to make sense of the evidence posited by the thematic chapters. Cultural Political Economy provides crucial insights on the intimate connections between complexity reduction and the institutional normalisation of life courses. Life Course Research sheds light on the equally relevant connections between young adults’ biographies and active learning. Finally, Governance theories account for the regional dimension of lifelong learning policies. Some lessons learned are discussed and a plea to listen to the voices of young adults is made.Less
The chapter takes stock of the insights produced in the different chapters of this collection and draws conclusions based on three theoretical perspectives that guided our analysis. Each of them highlights a few important points that are helpful to make sense of the evidence posited by the thematic chapters. Cultural Political Economy provides crucial insights on the intimate connections between complexity reduction and the institutional normalisation of life courses. Life Course Research sheds light on the equally relevant connections between young adults’ biographies and active learning. Finally, Governance theories account for the regional dimension of lifelong learning policies. Some lessons learned are discussed and a plea to listen to the voices of young adults is made.
Bertram J. Cohler and Phillip L. Hammack
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326789
- eISBN:
- 9780199870356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326789.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter begins by reviewing the book's general theoretical perspective on narrative, sexual identity, and the life course. It highlights the way in which a particular paradigm for the study of ...
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This chapter begins by reviewing the book's general theoretical perspective on narrative, sexual identity, and the life course. It highlights the way in which a particular paradigm for the study of sexual identity development emerges when some of these critical social science perspectives are integrated. The chapter then addresses each of the major sections of the book and connects the work of the contributors to this paradigm.Less
This chapter begins by reviewing the book's general theoretical perspective on narrative, sexual identity, and the life course. It highlights the way in which a particular paradigm for the study of sexual identity development emerges when some of these critical social science perspectives are integrated. The chapter then addresses each of the major sections of the book and connects the work of the contributors to this paradigm.
David A. Leon and Gill Walt
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192631961
- eISBN:
- 9780191723599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631961.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter shows that socio-economic position at different stages of the life course can influence particular conditions in particular ways. Two conditions — stroke and stomach cancer — seem ...
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This chapter shows that socio-economic position at different stages of the life course can influence particular conditions in particular ways. Two conditions — stroke and stomach cancer — seem especially responsive to early-life influences. Other conditions — coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, breast cancer, and suicide — appear to influenced by socially patterned exposures acting across life.Less
This chapter shows that socio-economic position at different stages of the life course can influence particular conditions in particular ways. Two conditions — stroke and stomach cancer — seem especially responsive to early-life influences. Other conditions — coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, breast cancer, and suicide — appear to influenced by socially patterned exposures acting across life.
