Carole B. Cox and Paul H. Ephross
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195099317
- eISBN:
- 9780199864744
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099317.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
Diversity has become a keynote feature of our society and social workers are increasingly finding themselves working with clients from a multitude of backgrounds and cultures. In order to work ...
More
Diversity has become a keynote feature of our society and social workers are increasingly finding themselves working with clients from a multitude of backgrounds and cultures. In order to work effectively with these groups and communities, it is imperative that they understand the significance of ethnicity and the ways in which it influences perceptions, behaviors, and responses to interventions. Knowledge is a prerequisite for such understanding and therefore critical for meaningful practice. However, knowledge is not the sole factor necessary for establishing social work relationships. The sensitivity of the practitioner to the culture and traditions of the client is equally important. This book offers a broad conceptual model applicable to working with any diverse ethnic population. Rather than discussing specific groups, it illustrates a model that can be universally applied to all populations. Beginning with the concept of the “ethnic lens” and its many dimensions, the book addresses social work with individuals, families, groups, and communities with separate chapters on ethnicity and services, healthcare, and policy. As each of these areas is examined through the lens, rather than through a description of specific ethnic characteristics or traits, it enables practitioners to become aware of their own lenses as well as those of others and thus to have greater awareness of how society, problems, the helping process, they themselves as social workers may be perceived. The book avoids stereotyping and generalizations as it provides comprehensive conceptual framework that can be used by students and practitioners.Less
Diversity has become a keynote feature of our society and social workers are increasingly finding themselves working with clients from a multitude of backgrounds and cultures. In order to work effectively with these groups and communities, it is imperative that they understand the significance of ethnicity and the ways in which it influences perceptions, behaviors, and responses to interventions. Knowledge is a prerequisite for such understanding and therefore critical for meaningful practice. However, knowledge is not the sole factor necessary for establishing social work relationships. The sensitivity of the practitioner to the culture and traditions of the client is equally important. This book offers a broad conceptual model applicable to working with any diverse ethnic population. Rather than discussing specific groups, it illustrates a model that can be universally applied to all populations. Beginning with the concept of the “ethnic lens” and its many dimensions, the book addresses social work with individuals, families, groups, and communities with separate chapters on ethnicity and services, healthcare, and policy. As each of these areas is examined through the lens, rather than through a description of specific ethnic characteristics or traits, it enables practitioners to become aware of their own lenses as well as those of others and thus to have greater awareness of how society, problems, the helping process, they themselves as social workers may be perceived. The book avoids stereotyping and generalizations as it provides comprehensive conceptual framework that can be used by students and practitioners.
Gerardo Patriotta
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275243
- eISBN:
- 9780191719684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275243.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter develops a three-lens framework to describe and observe knowledge-based phenomena in a systematic fashion. This consists of the following: time, breakdowns, and narratives. The three ...
More
This chapter develops a three-lens framework to describe and observe knowledge-based phenomena in a systematic fashion. This consists of the following: time, breakdowns, and narratives. The three lenses provide operational devices for disentangling organizational knowledge from the tacit background against which it is utilized on a day-to-day basis. The chapter contains five sections. Section 3.2 outlines the main issues related to the application of interpretative, ethnography-based approaches to the study of organizations. Section 3.3 provides an illustration of how thick description generates interpretation. Section 3.4 presents the three-lens framework deployed in this research to study knowledge as an empirical phenomenon. The concluding section addresses issues of validity and rhetorical representation of theory.Less
This chapter develops a three-lens framework to describe and observe knowledge-based phenomena in a systematic fashion. This consists of the following: time, breakdowns, and narratives. The three lenses provide operational devices for disentangling organizational knowledge from the tacit background against which it is utilized on a day-to-day basis. The chapter contains five sections. Section 3.2 outlines the main issues related to the application of interpretative, ethnography-based approaches to the study of organizations. Section 3.3 provides an illustration of how thick description generates interpretation. Section 3.4 presents the three-lens framework deployed in this research to study knowledge as an empirical phenomenon. The concluding section addresses issues of validity and rhetorical representation of theory.
Wahl Jan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813136189
- eISBN:
- 9780813141176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813136189.003.0008
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Wahl describes the movement of the camera and its magical ability to alter what it sees. At one point, Dreyer steps away from the camera to survey the landscape. While he is away, one of the actors, ...
More
Wahl describes the movement of the camera and its magical ability to alter what it sees. At one point, Dreyer steps away from the camera to survey the landscape. While he is away, one of the actors, Cay Kristiansen, crouches behind the camera and looks through the forbidden lens. The crew stands frozen; Bendsten, who should have been guarding the camera, is gone. Dreyer stands immobile, in shock that someone peered through his camera. When Kristiansen is finally stopped, he is dumbfounded and in awe of what he has seen through the lens.Less
Wahl describes the movement of the camera and its magical ability to alter what it sees. At one point, Dreyer steps away from the camera to survey the landscape. While he is away, one of the actors, Cay Kristiansen, crouches behind the camera and looks through the forbidden lens. The crew stands frozen; Bendsten, who should have been guarding the camera, is gone. Dreyer stands immobile, in shock that someone peered through his camera. When Kristiansen is finally stopped, he is dumbfounded and in awe of what he has seen through the lens.
David J. Gerber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228225
- eISBN:
- 9780191711350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228225.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
This chapter explores US anti-trust law experience and its influence on thought, expectations, and interpretations of competition law around the world. US anti-trust law has been at the center of ...
More
This chapter explores US anti-trust law experience and its influence on thought, expectations, and interpretations of competition law around the world. US anti-trust law has been at the center of competition law development since the end of World War II, and it continues to play the central role in global competition law development. In particular, the centrality of neo-classical economics in US anti-trust law is a controversial and critically important issue for many. Countries everywhere have looked to US law in shaping their own competition law decisions. Moreover, it is the lens through which US officials, scholars, and practitioners have viewed competition law in other countries and on the global level, and this further enhances the need for others and for the US anti-trust community to understand that lens and its influence.Less
This chapter explores US anti-trust law experience and its influence on thought, expectations, and interpretations of competition law around the world. US anti-trust law has been at the center of competition law development since the end of World War II, and it continues to play the central role in global competition law development. In particular, the centrality of neo-classical economics in US anti-trust law is a controversial and critically important issue for many. Countries everywhere have looked to US law in shaping their own competition law decisions. Moreover, it is the lens through which US officials, scholars, and practitioners have viewed competition law in other countries and on the global level, and this further enhances the need for others and for the US anti-trust community to understand that lens and its influence.
Andrew Ranicki
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198509240
- eISBN:
- 9780191708725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509240.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Geometry / Topology
Whitehead torsion is an algebraic K-theory invariant, which decides if an h-cobordism of high-dimensional manifolds is trivial. The classification of lens spaces via Whitehead torsion is given in ...
More
Whitehead torsion is an algebraic K-theory invariant, which decides if an h-cobordism of high-dimensional manifolds is trivial. The classification of lens spaces via Whitehead torsion is given in this chapter.Less
Whitehead torsion is an algebraic K-theory invariant, which decides if an h-cobordism of high-dimensional manifolds is trivial. The classification of lens spaces via Whitehead torsion is given in this chapter.
Arnold J. Wilkins
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521747
- eISBN:
- 9780191706691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521747.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Most electric lighting pulsates in brightness twice with each cycle of the alternating electricity supply. Fluorescent lighting fluctuates to such an extent as to affect the firing of visual neurons. ...
More
Most electric lighting pulsates in brightness twice with each cycle of the alternating electricity supply. Fluorescent lighting fluctuates to such an extent as to affect the firing of visual neurons. The fluctuation is responsible for more than half the headaches and eye-strain suffered by office workers. Glasses that absorb light at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, where the fluctuations are maximal, may reduce headaches in children with migraine.Less
Most electric lighting pulsates in brightness twice with each cycle of the alternating electricity supply. Fluorescent lighting fluctuates to such an extent as to affect the firing of visual neurons. The fluctuation is responsible for more than half the headaches and eye-strain suffered by office workers. Glasses that absorb light at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, where the fluctuations are maximal, may reduce headaches in children with migraine.
Arnold J. Wilkins
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521747
- eISBN:
- 9780191706691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521747.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
A new system for precision ophthalmic tinting is described, together with some preliminary findings. A colorimeter is described that illuminates text with coloured light in such a way that the hue, ...
More
A new system for precision ophthalmic tinting is described, together with some preliminary findings. A colorimeter is described that illuminates text with coloured light in such a way that the hue, saturation, and brightness can be varied separately. The colorimeter is used to guide the precise dyeing of coloured ophthalmic lenses.Less
A new system for precision ophthalmic tinting is described, together with some preliminary findings. A colorimeter is described that illuminates text with coloured light in such a way that the hue, saturation, and brightness can be varied separately. The colorimeter is used to guide the precise dyeing of coloured ophthalmic lenses.
Isobel Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265277
- eISBN:
- 9780191754203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265277.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture argues that new optical experiences created by the lens and what we now call the virtual image were the foundation alike of ‘high’ science, associated at this historical moment with the ...
More
This lecture argues that new optical experiences created by the lens and what we now call the virtual image were the foundation alike of ‘high’ science, associated at this historical moment with the telescope, and popular spectacle. They precipitated and renewed an enquiry into the nature and status of the image (always incipient in poetics) as the technologies of the phantasmagoria, the kaleidoscope and the diorama penetrated deep into the poets' worlds and words. The projected image, without a correspondence in reality, was a troubling aspect of this modern technology, provoking new understandings of materiality and immateriality. Colour, reflection and refraction became central concerns as a corollary of the debate. Some poets (Wordsworth, Coleridge, Amelia Opie, Keats, Shelley) assimilated this imagery into their work, albeit skeptically. Others (Charlotte Smith, Blake) violently resisted it. The lecture looks closely at image-making in poetic language, and argues that there were both ontological and political stakes in this enquiry.Less
This lecture argues that new optical experiences created by the lens and what we now call the virtual image were the foundation alike of ‘high’ science, associated at this historical moment with the telescope, and popular spectacle. They precipitated and renewed an enquiry into the nature and status of the image (always incipient in poetics) as the technologies of the phantasmagoria, the kaleidoscope and the diorama penetrated deep into the poets' worlds and words. The projected image, without a correspondence in reality, was a troubling aspect of this modern technology, provoking new understandings of materiality and immateriality. Colour, reflection and refraction became central concerns as a corollary of the debate. Some poets (Wordsworth, Coleridge, Amelia Opie, Keats, Shelley) assimilated this imagery into their work, albeit skeptically. Others (Charlotte Smith, Blake) violently resisted it. The lecture looks closely at image-making in poetic language, and argues that there were both ontological and political stakes in this enquiry.
Carole B. Cox and Paul H. Ephross
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195099317
- eISBN:
- 9780199864744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099317.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
Ethnicity and ethnic group membership are major concerns to society and to the social work profession. Beginning with the COS and the settlement movements, the roots of social work in the United ...
More
Ethnicity and ethnic group membership are major concerns to society and to the social work profession. Beginning with the COS and the settlement movements, the roots of social work in the United States are closely tied to meeting the needs of diverse groups. Ethnicity is a complex term that involves objective and subjective attributes and both social and psychological identity. Ethnicity is not a constant; its saliency alters with generations and with the life course. It is not the same as race although the two terms are frequently interchanged; a plethora of ethnic groups can be subsumed within one racial group. The person-in-environment framework may not apply to ethnic groups as the person may not be the fundamental object of interaction, and thus social workers must be knowledgeable about the groups' emphasis on individuals, family, or past generations. Ethnic identity provides lenses through which persons perceive, attribute meaning to experiences, and decide upon actions. The practitioner's lens must be free of distortion if interactions with ethnic groups are to be effective.Less
Ethnicity and ethnic group membership are major concerns to society and to the social work profession. Beginning with the COS and the settlement movements, the roots of social work in the United States are closely tied to meeting the needs of diverse groups. Ethnicity is a complex term that involves objective and subjective attributes and both social and psychological identity. Ethnicity is not a constant; its saliency alters with generations and with the life course. It is not the same as race although the two terms are frequently interchanged; a plethora of ethnic groups can be subsumed within one racial group. The person-in-environment framework may not apply to ethnic groups as the person may not be the fundamental object of interaction, and thus social workers must be knowledgeable about the groups' emphasis on individuals, family, or past generations. Ethnic identity provides lenses through which persons perceive, attribute meaning to experiences, and decide upon actions. The practitioner's lens must be free of distortion if interactions with ethnic groups are to be effective.
Carole B. Cox and Paul H. Ephross
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195099317
- eISBN:
- 9780199864744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099317.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
This book examines the ways in which ethnicity affects social work practice and its role in health care and social policy. It explores ethnicity as a generic concept with commonly shared elements ...
More
This book examines the ways in which ethnicity affects social work practice and its role in health care and social policy. It explores ethnicity as a generic concept with commonly shared elements rather than discussing specific groups. Certainly, there is diversity within and among groups, but describing each individually is impractical and can be conducive to stereotyping. Both clients and social workers perceive through an ethnic lens that can be distorted by prejudices, stereotypes, and past experiences. The practitioner's lens must be clear to recognize heterogeneity among groups, patterns that may be responses to years of indifference or oppression, and other underlying factors that impact perceptions. It is through the sensitivity of the ethnic lens that barriers associated with ethnicity can be removed.Less
This book examines the ways in which ethnicity affects social work practice and its role in health care and social policy. It explores ethnicity as a generic concept with commonly shared elements rather than discussing specific groups. Certainly, there is diversity within and among groups, but describing each individually is impractical and can be conducive to stereotyping. Both clients and social workers perceive through an ethnic lens that can be distorted by prejudices, stereotypes, and past experiences. The practitioner's lens must be clear to recognize heterogeneity among groups, patterns that may be responses to years of indifference or oppression, and other underlying factors that impact perceptions. It is through the sensitivity of the ethnic lens that barriers associated with ethnicity can be removed.
David M. Paganin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567288
- eISBN:
- 9780191717963
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567288.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter sequentially considers the three features present in almost all experiments in coherent X-ray optics: X-ray sources, X-ray optical elements, and X-ray detectors. Regarding sources, the ...
More
This chapter sequentially considers the three features present in almost all experiments in coherent X-ray optics: X-ray sources, X-ray optical elements, and X-ray detectors. Regarding sources, the concepts of brightness and emittance are introduced, followed by a discussion of fixed-anode sources, rotating-anode sources, synchrotron sources, free-electron lasers, energy-recovering linear accelerators, and soft X-ray lasers. Several key X-ray optical elements are then discussed including diffraction gratings, Fresnel zone plates, analyzer crystals, crystal monochromators, crystal beam-splitters, crystal interferometers, Bragg-Fresnel optics, capillary optics, square-channel arrays, X-ray mirrors, prisms, compound refractive lenses, and virtual optics. Finally, several common forms of detector are considered, classified according to whether they are counting detector or integrating detectors. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of the relation between detectors and coherence.Less
This chapter sequentially considers the three features present in almost all experiments in coherent X-ray optics: X-ray sources, X-ray optical elements, and X-ray detectors. Regarding sources, the concepts of brightness and emittance are introduced, followed by a discussion of fixed-anode sources, rotating-anode sources, synchrotron sources, free-electron lasers, energy-recovering linear accelerators, and soft X-ray lasers. Several key X-ray optical elements are then discussed including diffraction gratings, Fresnel zone plates, analyzer crystals, crystal monochromators, crystal beam-splitters, crystal interferometers, Bragg-Fresnel optics, capillary optics, square-channel arrays, X-ray mirrors, prisms, compound refractive lenses, and virtual optics. Finally, several common forms of detector are considered, classified according to whether they are counting detector or integrating detectors. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of the relation between detectors and coherence.
Lee Jussim
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195366600
- eISBN:
- 9780199933044
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195366600.003.0041
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Social perception in general, and accuracy in particular, can be viewed as being composed of different components. Several different componential approaches to accuracy (Cronbach’s [1955], Kenny’s ...
More
Social perception in general, and accuracy in particular, can be viewed as being composed of different components. Several different componential approaches to accuracy (Cronbach’s [1955], Kenny’s [1994], and Judd & Park’s [1993]) are described, reviewed, and critically evaluated. For example, if Roberto accurately predicts the weather to be warm and sunny tomorrow, is that because he is an inveterate optimist who usually predicts good things, because he usually predicts the weather in particular to be nice, or because he has based his prediction for tomorrow on the latest and most valid in meteorological tools? Each of these reasons can be viewed as a “component” (one component is his tendency to predict good things, another is his tendency to predict uniquely good weather, the third is his knowledge of tomorrow’s weather in particular). This chapter concludes that although componential approaches provide important and useful information about the processes of social judgment and sources of accuracy and inaccuracy, the claim that one “must” assess components in order to assess accuracy—often made by advocates of componential approaches—is not justified. Several productive and instructive theoretical perspectives on accuracy that are not explicitly componential are reviewed. Although they do not “conflict” with componential approaches, they do demonstrate that one can productively study accuracy without performing an explicitly componential analysis. These include correlational approaches to accuracy (which include an instructive subsection emphasizing the similarities of assessing social perceptual accuracy to those of assessing construct validity in the social sciences), Brunswik’s Lens Model, Funder’s Realistic Accuracy Model, and Dawes’ Improper Linear Models. Nonetheless, this chapter also concludes that understanding componential approaches also contributes to a greater understanding of results even obtained from approaches that do not specifically perform componential analyses.Less
Social perception in general, and accuracy in particular, can be viewed as being composed of different components. Several different componential approaches to accuracy (Cronbach’s [1955], Kenny’s [1994], and Judd & Park’s [1993]) are described, reviewed, and critically evaluated. For example, if Roberto accurately predicts the weather to be warm and sunny tomorrow, is that because he is an inveterate optimist who usually predicts good things, because he usually predicts the weather in particular to be nice, or because he has based his prediction for tomorrow on the latest and most valid in meteorological tools? Each of these reasons can be viewed as a “component” (one component is his tendency to predict good things, another is his tendency to predict uniquely good weather, the third is his knowledge of tomorrow’s weather in particular). This chapter concludes that although componential approaches provide important and useful information about the processes of social judgment and sources of accuracy and inaccuracy, the claim that one “must” assess components in order to assess accuracy—often made by advocates of componential approaches—is not justified. Several productive and instructive theoretical perspectives on accuracy that are not explicitly componential are reviewed. Although they do not “conflict” with componential approaches, they do demonstrate that one can productively study accuracy without performing an explicitly componential analysis. These include correlational approaches to accuracy (which include an instructive subsection emphasizing the similarities of assessing social perceptual accuracy to those of assessing construct validity in the social sciences), Brunswik’s Lens Model, Funder’s Realistic Accuracy Model, and Dawes’ Improper Linear Models. Nonetheless, this chapter also concludes that understanding componential approaches also contributes to a greater understanding of results even obtained from approaches that do not specifically perform componential analyses.
James K. Bowmaker
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195334654
- eISBN:
- 9780199933167
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334654.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter describes the evolution of vertebrate “camera” eyes and concentrates on color vision and visual pigments. The vertebrate camera eye with a lens, a variable pupil aperture, and a ...
More
This chapter describes the evolution of vertebrate “camera” eyes and concentrates on color vision and visual pigments. The vertebrate camera eye with a lens, a variable pupil aperture, and a photosensitive receptor layer in the retina, evolved in primitive jawless fish under relatively bright light in shallow seas. With the broad spectral range of daylight, four spectral classes of cone photoreceptor rapidly evolved, offering the benefit of tetrachromatic color vision in order to take full advantage of the visual information available in the environment. This highly successful design has been greatly modified as vertebrates evolved into all the major classes, extending their environmental range into the oceans, the deep sea, freshwater, terrestrial habitats, and the air.Less
This chapter describes the evolution of vertebrate “camera” eyes and concentrates on color vision and visual pigments. The vertebrate camera eye with a lens, a variable pupil aperture, and a photosensitive receptor layer in the retina, evolved in primitive jawless fish under relatively bright light in shallow seas. With the broad spectral range of daylight, four spectral classes of cone photoreceptor rapidly evolved, offering the benefit of tetrachromatic color vision in order to take full advantage of the visual information available in the environment. This highly successful design has been greatly modified as vertebrates evolved into all the major classes, extending their environmental range into the oceans, the deep sea, freshwater, terrestrial habitats, and the air.
Ofer Gal and Raz Chen-Morris
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226923987
- eISBN:
- 9780226923994
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923994.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book presents a radically new perspective on the study of early modern science. Instead of the triumph of reason and rationality and the celebration of the discoveries and breakthroughs of the ...
More
This book presents a radically new perspective on the study of early modern science. Instead of the triumph of reason and rationality and the celebration of the discoveries and breakthroughs of the period, they examine science in the context of the baroque, analyzing the tensions, paradoxes, and compromises that shaped the New Science of the seventeenth century and enabled its spectacular success. The authors show how scientists during the seventeenth century turned away from the trust in the acquisition of knowledge through the senses towards a growing reliance on the mediation of artificial instruments, such as lenses and mirrors for observation and mechanical and pneumatic devices for experimentation. Likewise, the mathematical techniques and procedures that allowed the success of mathematical natural philosophy became increasingly obscure and artificial, and in place of divine harmonies they revealed an assemblage of isolated, contingent laws and constants. In its attempts to enforce order in the face of threatening chaos, blur the boundaries of the natural and the artificial, and mobilize passions in the service of objective knowledge, the New Science is a baroque phenomenon.Less
This book presents a radically new perspective on the study of early modern science. Instead of the triumph of reason and rationality and the celebration of the discoveries and breakthroughs of the period, they examine science in the context of the baroque, analyzing the tensions, paradoxes, and compromises that shaped the New Science of the seventeenth century and enabled its spectacular success. The authors show how scientists during the seventeenth century turned away from the trust in the acquisition of knowledge through the senses towards a growing reliance on the mediation of artificial instruments, such as lenses and mirrors for observation and mechanical and pneumatic devices for experimentation. Likewise, the mathematical techniques and procedures that allowed the success of mathematical natural philosophy became increasingly obscure and artificial, and in place of divine harmonies they revealed an assemblage of isolated, contingent laws and constants. In its attempts to enforce order in the face of threatening chaos, blur the boundaries of the natural and the artificial, and mobilize passions in the service of objective knowledge, the New Science is a baroque phenomenon.
Ting Xu and Wei Gong
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266380
- eISBN:
- 9780191879579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266380.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter deals with the conceptualisation of collective property in the Chinese context. It is argued that this concept can be understood and defined through the lens of community via undertaking ...
More
This chapter deals with the conceptualisation of collective property in the Chinese context. It is argued that this concept can be understood and defined through the lens of community via undertaking three methodological steps. The first step lays out the theoretical framework concerning the interplay between community and property. The second step examines the formation and transformation of the collective from a historical perspective. The final step analyses key cases concerning the relationship between membership of the collective and land rights. It is concluded that collective property in the Chinese context is a hybrid property system with permeable boundaries, and the closing commentary therefore questions the nature of the role that the law plays in sustaining collective property.Less
This chapter deals with the conceptualisation of collective property in the Chinese context. It is argued that this concept can be understood and defined through the lens of community via undertaking three methodological steps. The first step lays out the theoretical framework concerning the interplay between community and property. The second step examines the formation and transformation of the collective from a historical perspective. The final step analyses key cases concerning the relationship between membership of the collective and land rights. It is concluded that collective property in the Chinese context is a hybrid property system with permeable boundaries, and the closing commentary therefore questions the nature of the role that the law plays in sustaining collective property.
Bob Heyman and Mike Titterton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198569008
- eISBN:
- 9780191717499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569008.003.10
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter introduces the social science of health risk. Analysis of references to risk in health-related research papers shows that use of the ‘lens of risk’ has expanded remarkably steadily in ...
More
This chapter introduces the social science of health risk. Analysis of references to risk in health-related research papers shows that use of the ‘lens of risk’ has expanded remarkably steadily in the period since World War II. This chapter surveys existing texts, identifies a need for a book which offers accessible critical analysis, and promotes risk literacy. Tendencies to make naïve claims about medical rationality in some health service oriented texts and to use impenetrable jargon in social science writing are illustrated. An important distinction between ‘the study of risks’ and ‘the study of risk’ is drawn. Those who engage with health risks focus on specific clinical issues and tend to take the framework of risk-thinking for granted. The social sciences can direct attention towards the general presuppositions that must be drawn upon whenever a particular risk is considered.Less
This chapter introduces the social science of health risk. Analysis of references to risk in health-related research papers shows that use of the ‘lens of risk’ has expanded remarkably steadily in the period since World War II. This chapter surveys existing texts, identifies a need for a book which offers accessible critical analysis, and promotes risk literacy. Tendencies to make naïve claims about medical rationality in some health service oriented texts and to use impenetrable jargon in social science writing are illustrated. An important distinction between ‘the study of risks’ and ‘the study of risk’ is drawn. Those who engage with health risks focus on specific clinical issues and tend to take the framework of risk-thinking for granted. The social sciences can direct attention towards the general presuppositions that must be drawn upon whenever a particular risk is considered.
Natasha O'Hear
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199590100
- eISBN:
- 9780191725678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590100.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter 6 represents an attempt to draw together and analyse the various hermeneutical strategies exhibited by the seven artistic case studies discussed in this study. The first part represents a ...
More
Chapter 6 represents an attempt to draw together and analyse the various hermeneutical strategies exhibited by the seven artistic case studies discussed in this study. The first part represents a thorough analysis of the case studies as examples of visual exegesis, a sort of exegesis akin to Sachexegese. The visual strategies are first summarized with a particular focus on the relationship between text and image and also on the different ways in which the John‐figure has been visualized. The different strategies and their differences and similarities are then considered further, firstly via Gadmer's Darstellung/Vorstellung ‘lens’ and also via an interpretative grid devised by the theologians Kovacs and Rowland. Chapter 6 part two explores a slightly different sort of exegesis, that which engages not with the content but with the visionary character of the source text. Where relevant, other artists, such as William Blake and Kip Gresham, are brought into the discussion of both types of visual exegesis.Less
Chapter 6 represents an attempt to draw together and analyse the various hermeneutical strategies exhibited by the seven artistic case studies discussed in this study. The first part represents a thorough analysis of the case studies as examples of visual exegesis, a sort of exegesis akin to Sachexegese. The visual strategies are first summarized with a particular focus on the relationship between text and image and also on the different ways in which the John‐figure has been visualized. The different strategies and their differences and similarities are then considered further, firstly via Gadmer's Darstellung/Vorstellung ‘lens’ and also via an interpretative grid devised by the theologians Kovacs and Rowland. Chapter 6 part two explores a slightly different sort of exegesis, that which engages not with the content but with the visionary character of the source text. Where relevant, other artists, such as William Blake and Kip Gresham, are brought into the discussion of both types of visual exegesis.
Vivian Center Seltzer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814740422
- eISBN:
- 9780814741023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814740422.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This book has explored confusing adolescent behavior from a Peer Arena lens. Recognizing such behavior as primarily the result of psychological interactions and comparison with peers provides an ...
More
This book has explored confusing adolescent behavior from a Peer Arena lens. Recognizing such behavior as primarily the result of psychological interactions and comparison with peers provides an opportunity to better understand adolescents' efforts to see themselves through the stressful period of individuation and of becoming their own person. The Peer Arena lens allows the professional to accept the fact that adolescents want to be together with other adolescents. Professionals who focus on the “conflict of the generations” and “rebellion” miss the essence of adolescence and the importance of the Peer Arena for adolescent development. This book has provided key insights into the theory and practice of working with adolescents by drawing on Peer Arena Retrospective (PAR) protocols and the Peer Arena Lens (PAL) group therapy.Less
This book has explored confusing adolescent behavior from a Peer Arena lens. Recognizing such behavior as primarily the result of psychological interactions and comparison with peers provides an opportunity to better understand adolescents' efforts to see themselves through the stressful period of individuation and of becoming their own person. The Peer Arena lens allows the professional to accept the fact that adolescents want to be together with other adolescents. Professionals who focus on the “conflict of the generations” and “rebellion” miss the essence of adolescence and the importance of the Peer Arena for adolescent development. This book has provided key insights into the theory and practice of working with adolescents by drawing on Peer Arena Retrospective (PAR) protocols and the Peer Arena Lens (PAL) group therapy.
Ta-Pei Cheng
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573639
- eISBN:
- 9780191722448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573639.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
A spherically symmetric metric has two unknown scalar metric functions. The Schwarzschild solution to the GR field equation is presented. An embedding diagram is used to visualize such a warp space. ...
More
A spherically symmetric metric has two unknown scalar metric functions. The Schwarzschild solution to the GR field equation is presented. An embedding diagram is used to visualize such a warp space. GR predicts a solar deflection of a light ray that is twice as large as that implied by the equivalence principle. We present a brief discussion of gravitational lensing, with the lens equation derived. The precession of Mercury's perihelion and the Shapiro time delay of a light ray are worked out as successful tests of general relativity.Less
A spherically symmetric metric has two unknown scalar metric functions. The Schwarzschild solution to the GR field equation is presented. An embedding diagram is used to visualize such a warp space. GR predicts a solar deflection of a light ray that is twice as large as that implied by the equivalence principle. We present a brief discussion of gravitational lensing, with the lens equation derived. The precession of Mercury's perihelion and the Shapiro time delay of a light ray are worked out as successful tests of general relativity.
G. A. D. Briggs and O. V. Kolosov
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199232734
- eISBN:
- 9780191716355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232734.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
You cannot make a high resolution acoustic lens which will give an image of an extended object all at once. But it is possible to make an acoustic lens which has excellent properties on its axis. The ...
More
You cannot make a high resolution acoustic lens which will give an image of an extended object all at once. But it is possible to make an acoustic lens which has excellent properties on its axis. The refractive index for acoustic waves passing from a solid such as sapphire to a fluid such as water is n = 0.135, and as a result the geometrical aberrations for on‐axis focusing are almost negligible, and usually much less than a wavelength. By focusing on the axis and then scanning in a raster, a high resolution image can be built up. The first acoustic microscopes operated in transmission, with two lenses aligned confocally. Most acoustic microscopes operate in reflection, with a single confocal lens for both transmitting a wave and receiving the reflection. A grating with a period of 0.8 μm can be resolved with an acoustic frequency of 2 GHz.Less
You cannot make a high resolution acoustic lens which will give an image of an extended object all at once. But it is possible to make an acoustic lens which has excellent properties on its axis. The refractive index for acoustic waves passing from a solid such as sapphire to a fluid such as water is n = 0.135, and as a result the geometrical aberrations for on‐axis focusing are almost negligible, and usually much less than a wavelength. By focusing on the axis and then scanning in a raster, a high resolution image can be built up. The first acoustic microscopes operated in transmission, with two lenses aligned confocally. Most acoustic microscopes operate in reflection, with a single confocal lens for both transmitting a wave and receiving the reflection. A grating with a period of 0.8 μm can be resolved with an acoustic frequency of 2 GHz.
