Sarah Hoesch and Alireza Saniei-Pour
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447335702
- eISBN:
- 9781447335740
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447335702.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explores the legal, political, economic and ideological problems not addressed in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that undermine women's empowerment and gender equality in ...
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This chapter explores the legal, political, economic and ideological problems not addressed in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that undermine women's empowerment and gender equality in conflict states. The MDGs sought to reduce inequalities by promoting gender equality, empowering women and expanding the role of women in society. Yet women's universal rights have yet to be fully realised. This is evident in conflict and post conflict states, where women's standings have deteriorated. The chapter first considers the sociological and legal conception of women as minority before discussing women's position in conflict. In particular, it examines sexual violence as a tool of terror and the current situation with regards to political representation and representation in peace negotiations. It also comments on legal discrimination that is aggravating conflict and post-conflict situations and concludes with an assessment of the post-2015 framework based on the limitations and problems of the MDGs.Less
This chapter explores the legal, political, economic and ideological problems not addressed in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that undermine women's empowerment and gender equality in conflict states. The MDGs sought to reduce inequalities by promoting gender equality, empowering women and expanding the role of women in society. Yet women's universal rights have yet to be fully realised. This is evident in conflict and post conflict states, where women's standings have deteriorated. The chapter first considers the sociological and legal conception of women as minority before discussing women's position in conflict. In particular, it examines sexual violence as a tool of terror and the current situation with regards to political representation and representation in peace negotiations. It also comments on legal discrimination that is aggravating conflict and post-conflict situations and concludes with an assessment of the post-2015 framework based on the limitations and problems of the MDGs.
Karin Fischer
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719091964
- eISBN:
- 9781526115379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091964.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
Chapter 6 discusses current structural trends in the education system from the perspective of inclusion, civic and social equality, looking at the diversification of school types and the involvement ...
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Chapter 6 discusses current structural trends in the education system from the perspective of inclusion, civic and social equality, looking at the diversification of school types and the involvement of private interests and their consequences in terms of school segregation, continuing discrimination and the issue of democratic legitimacy in the whole system. Until now the Irish State has worked to preserve legal forms of discrimination through exemptions to equality legislation, ultimately subordinating the rights of all individual members of the school community to those of particular groups (mainly religious bodies) acting as private patrons, with the exception of the Education and Training Boards. The human rights of children, including the right to freedom of conscience, have been ignored by the Irish State, despite calls from various United Nations Committees and from local groups to eliminate all discrimination in admission policies and within schools. Competing understandings of the notion of community (cultural/religious vs local) along with the market-based idea of parental choice, have contributed to maintaining school segregation along religious, social and even indirectly ‘racial’ lines, going against the idea of a local common school for all children upheld notably by the Irish National Teachers’ Organisation.Less
Chapter 6 discusses current structural trends in the education system from the perspective of inclusion, civic and social equality, looking at the diversification of school types and the involvement of private interests and their consequences in terms of school segregation, continuing discrimination and the issue of democratic legitimacy in the whole system. Until now the Irish State has worked to preserve legal forms of discrimination through exemptions to equality legislation, ultimately subordinating the rights of all individual members of the school community to those of particular groups (mainly religious bodies) acting as private patrons, with the exception of the Education and Training Boards. The human rights of children, including the right to freedom of conscience, have been ignored by the Irish State, despite calls from various United Nations Committees and from local groups to eliminate all discrimination in admission policies and within schools. Competing understandings of the notion of community (cultural/religious vs local) along with the market-based idea of parental choice, have contributed to maintaining school segregation along religious, social and even indirectly ‘racial’ lines, going against the idea of a local common school for all children upheld notably by the Irish National Teachers’ Organisation.
Dara Z. Strolovitch
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226777405
- eISBN:
- 9780226777450
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226777450.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The United States boasts scores of organizations that offer crucial representation for groups that are marginalized in national politics, from women to racial minorities to the poor. This systematic ...
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The United States boasts scores of organizations that offer crucial representation for groups that are marginalized in national politics, from women to racial minorities to the poor. This systematic study of these organizations explores the challenges and opportunities they face in the new millennium, as waning legal discrimination coincides with increasing political and economic inequalities within the populations they represent. Drawing on data from a survey of 286 organizations and interviews with forty officials, the author finds that groups too often prioritize the interests of their most advantaged members: male rather than female racial minorities, for example, or affluent rather than poor women. But she also finds that many organizations try to remedy this inequity, and concludes by distilling their best practices into a set of principles that she calls affirmative advocacy—a form of representation that aims to overcome the entrenched but often subtle biases against people at the intersection of more than one marginalized group.Less
The United States boasts scores of organizations that offer crucial representation for groups that are marginalized in national politics, from women to racial minorities to the poor. This systematic study of these organizations explores the challenges and opportunities they face in the new millennium, as waning legal discrimination coincides with increasing political and economic inequalities within the populations they represent. Drawing on data from a survey of 286 organizations and interviews with forty officials, the author finds that groups too often prioritize the interests of their most advantaged members: male rather than female racial minorities, for example, or affluent rather than poor women. But she also finds that many organizations try to remedy this inequity, and concludes by distilling their best practices into a set of principles that she calls affirmative advocacy—a form of representation that aims to overcome the entrenched but often subtle biases against people at the intersection of more than one marginalized group.
Luca Bicocchi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015271
- eISBN:
- 9780262295437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015271.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter focuses on the rights of undocumented children in Europe. Lack of protection for the rights of undocumented children has become a prime concern for international organizations across the ...
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This chapter focuses on the rights of undocumented children in Europe. Lack of protection for the rights of undocumented children has become a prime concern for international organizations across the European Union. Legal discrimination has been identified as a major reason for the lack of equal opportunities provision for undocumented children. Local administrators’ abuse of power and bureaucratic practices are also considered barriers in accessing rights for undocumented children in Europe. The chapter concludes that, for undocumented migrant children, development healthcare, housing, and education access is important, and denying any one of these rights will have an adverse effect on all the others.Less
This chapter focuses on the rights of undocumented children in Europe. Lack of protection for the rights of undocumented children has become a prime concern for international organizations across the European Union. Legal discrimination has been identified as a major reason for the lack of equal opportunities provision for undocumented children. Local administrators’ abuse of power and bureaucratic practices are also considered barriers in accessing rights for undocumented children in Europe. The chapter concludes that, for undocumented migrant children, development healthcare, housing, and education access is important, and denying any one of these rights will have an adverse effect on all the others.
Silvan Niedermeier
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780252042409
- eISBN:
- 9780252051241
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042409.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter studies two high-profile cases in which police officers used torture to extract confessions from black criminal suspects. In these cases, African Americans, aided by prominent white ...
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This chapter studies two high-profile cases in which police officers used torture to extract confessions from black criminal suspects. In these cases, African Americans, aided by prominent white allies and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), appealed to the courts to protest acts of torture, contest forced confessions, and challenge legal discrimination. The chapter places these protests within the context of the “long Civil Rights movement” to illuminate the tensions between the demands of white supremacy and the demands of a “color-blind” law characteristic of the modern bureaucratic state.Less
This chapter studies two high-profile cases in which police officers used torture to extract confessions from black criminal suspects. In these cases, African Americans, aided by prominent white allies and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), appealed to the courts to protest acts of torture, contest forced confessions, and challenge legal discrimination. The chapter places these protests within the context of the “long Civil Rights movement” to illuminate the tensions between the demands of white supremacy and the demands of a “color-blind” law characteristic of the modern bureaucratic state.
Adam Malka
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469636290
- eISBN:
- 9781469636313
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636290.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter, along with the next two, interrogates the ways that police reform amplified ordinary white men’s power to police free black Baltimoreans. One site of such racial policing was the ...
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This chapter, along with the next two, interrogates the ways that police reform amplified ordinary white men’s power to police free black Baltimoreans. One site of such racial policing was the workplace. By the late 1850s, Chapter 3 shows, white workingmen were commonly engaging in job busting – i.e. chasing skilled black workingmen from the docks and rail yards with the police’s complicity. This was because the law did not treat all workers equally, even in an industrializing city where employers held much of the leverage and the vast majority of the people of color were free. Black workers were prolific in Baltimore, and the wages black Baltimoreans earned were meaningful evidence of their freedom, but the legal and institutional discrimination they confronted put them at a severe disadvantage when facing white violence in the workplace. More times than not, professional policemen confirmed the disparity.Less
This chapter, along with the next two, interrogates the ways that police reform amplified ordinary white men’s power to police free black Baltimoreans. One site of such racial policing was the workplace. By the late 1850s, Chapter 3 shows, white workingmen were commonly engaging in job busting – i.e. chasing skilled black workingmen from the docks and rail yards with the police’s complicity. This was because the law did not treat all workers equally, even in an industrializing city where employers held much of the leverage and the vast majority of the people of color were free. Black workers were prolific in Baltimore, and the wages black Baltimoreans earned were meaningful evidence of their freedom, but the legal and institutional discrimination they confronted put them at a severe disadvantage when facing white violence in the workplace. More times than not, professional policemen confirmed the disparity.
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846312007
- eISBN:
- 9781846315138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846312007.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter investigates the police procedures during the riots in their ports and addresses the court cases that followed. People arrested by the police following the port riots appeared before the ...
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This chapter investigates the police procedures during the riots in their ports and addresses the court cases that followed. People arrested by the police following the port riots appeared before the courts in a series of trials in the weeks and occasionally months after. Most of white people caught during the rioting were convicted. It is shown that legal discrimination was introduced in some of the London prosecutions; only in the aftermath of the August rioting at Canning Town did it seem to be absent. Frequently, black and Arab people in the rioting were accused with police assault and weapons offences. The cases of self-defence are also reported. In general, Britain's black and Arab populations were victimised by white crowds, targeted by police in arrest procedure and often given harsher sentences by the courts than white people convicted of similar offences.Less
This chapter investigates the police procedures during the riots in their ports and addresses the court cases that followed. People arrested by the police following the port riots appeared before the courts in a series of trials in the weeks and occasionally months after. Most of white people caught during the rioting were convicted. It is shown that legal discrimination was introduced in some of the London prosecutions; only in the aftermath of the August rioting at Canning Town did it seem to be absent. Frequently, black and Arab people in the rioting were accused with police assault and weapons offences. The cases of self-defence are also reported. In general, Britain's black and Arab populations were victimised by white crowds, targeted by police in arrest procedure and often given harsher sentences by the courts than white people convicted of similar offences.
