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This introductory chapter considers perspectives on modern Kachin ethno-nationalism from the vantage point of different communities in Burma, India, China, and Thailand. It discusses anthropological representations of ‘the Kachin’ in the work of Edmund Leach, Jonathan Friedman, and lately that of James C. Scott, and examines the political implications of these representations. The chapter also considers why historians have found it difficult to undertake detailed studies of this region and the dangers of over-privileging the mandala as the defining historical intellectual apparatus. The methodological approach and objectives of the book are outlined in relation to these issues, with a particular focus on Jinghpaw dynamic political expansionism as a critical historical construct. The chapter concludes by briefly outlining each chapter to follow.

Chapter 7 looks at organization and management of financial supervisors. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 reflected deregulatory sentiment and left serious gaps in the regulatory system. The apparently benevolent period of the early 2000s, when it did not seem easily possible for financial institutions to make serious mistakes, lulled not only financial firms and rating agencies, but also policy makers and supervisors into complacency. Supervisors were reluctant to bring enforcement actions against firms that appeared to be so profitable. Supervisors often were unable or unwilling to set limits when firms engaged in regulatory arbitrage, especially to avoid capital requirements. Informal prodding was the approach of choice for supervisors who feared that a supervised firm might move to another supervisor that seemed more congenial. If a supervised firm left to another regulator, the agency losing jurisdiction over the firm would lose budget resources. Interagency cooperation to set limits on risky practices was difficult and meant that interagency guidance often was weak and late.

This section examines the notion of "mimesis" as it relates to the prospect of global meltdown. Figures discussed include Walter Benjamin, Jean Rouch, Jerry Leach and Gary Kildea ("Trobriand Cricket").

The war nearly destroyed a century of painstaking effort among British firms in Hong Kong and China. The colony's insurance sector was not spared the havoc. In face of imminent invasion, foreign insurers made plans to suspend business and retreat from Hong Kong. In January 1941, Union Insurance moved its headquarters from Hong Kong to Sydney, as well as Canton Insurance. The relocation decision had been approved by the board of directors only a year before. In hindsight, the board's chairman, J. Dickson Leach, affirmed that this decision helped save the company. Tokio Marine & Fire Insurance Company, once Union's primary source of re-insurance business from Japan, stepped up as agent for the company in Hong Kong. The insurance sector ground to a halt. In August 1945, the Japanese surrendered and the war ended. Hong Kong's postwar economy recovered, and businesses flourished. This ushered in a new phase in the development of the insurance industry.

Males sharing moments of sexual pleasure were one thing in American culture in the generation before Stonewall, but men who shared domestic space, apart from a few specific settings, were something else again, transgressors more troubling still. Part One introduces several such male couples, characterizing them as genuine cultural outlaws who apparently posed particular threats to their society’s dominant culture. How the outlaws comported and considered themselves, the author maintains, provides fresh insight into queer culture before “gay liberation” as well as into the harsh workings of American culture at large. Among those featured are Lee Fuller and Frank Leach, seemingly mundane middle class men of Monrovia, California; considerably less mundane poet Robert Duncan and painter Jess Collins; and San Francisco Bay Area typesetters Thomas Rolfsen and Chalmer Cochran. The centerpiece of Part One is the coupling of modernist furniture designer Edward Wormley and theater professor Edward Crouse, their involvement beginning during their Midwest boyhoods, thereafter documented by their sometimes-daily correspondence that ended only when late in middle age they realized their lifelong dream of sharing a home. The Wormley-Crouse letters, housed in Cornell’s rich Human Sexuality Collection, is by itself a priceless document, heretofore unused, of twentieth-century queer life.

This chapter looks at letters that reflect the 1960s as a decade of concurrent movements, such as civil rights, Vietnam War protests, Native American and women's movements, consumer movements, and environmental movements. It focuses on the letter of E. R. Leach, who brought the concept of power into the ethnographic picture of highland Burma. It also refers to Leach's awareness of tensions between generations and of class variants and their impact on the sociology of knowledge. The chapter recounts the author's work with Shia Muslims in South Lebanon in the summer of 1961 to learn about dispute settlement in villages and examined whether it was secular or religious. It mentions exchanges of letters with Professor G. E. von Grunebaum from UCLA, who awarded the author a grant to go to Lebanon.

This chapter focuses in the Baetidae family of mayflies in Japan. It provides a revised list of this family from Japan that includes 11 genera and 39 species with valid names. The list includes Acentrella Bengtsson, Alainites Waltz, Baetis Leach, and Promatsura Hubbard. In addition to the papers and reports referring to material or descriptions from Japan, the chapter also cites original descriptions of the Japanese mayflies.

Large banks and their political allies waged a twenty-year campaign to secure legislation that would remove the structural buffers established by the Glass-Steagall and Bank Holding Company Acts. That campaign triumphed in 1999, when Congress passed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA). GLBA authorized the creation of financial holding companies that owned banks, securities firms, and insurance companies. In 2000, Congress passed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA), which exempted over-the-counter derivatives from substantive regulation by the federal government or the states. GLBA and CFMA enabled large U.S. banks to become universal banks for the first time since the 1930s. Large U.S. securities firms responded by becoming shadow banks (and de facto universal banks) through their issuance of deposit substitutes (shadow deposits). Similar patterns of deregulation encouraged the growth of large universal banks in the U.K. and Europe. A group of seventeen U.S., U.K., and European financial conglomerates dominated global financial markets by 2000.

Chapter 1 covers the years 1904 to 1915, from Archie Leach’s birth through his childhood to age 11. It offers information on the city of his birth, Bristol, and it considers his extended family’s background. It is revealed that his mother’s side of the family, the Kingdons, were particularly troubled and impoverished: his maternal grandfather died in the workhouse, his aunt was committed to a workhouse and subsequently the Bristol Lunatic Asylum, and one of his uncles spent his adolescence in a borstal-like facility. It also considers his mother’s aspirational nature and his parents’ unhappy marriage, which culminated in his mother’s disappearance just after his 11th birthday.

The chapter examines how ideas of the ‘good’ and ‘bad’ mother were conveyed to women through the writings of childcare experts. It considers the work of principal authorities on child development who were popular from the 1940s to 1990s including Frederick Truby King, John Bowlby, Donald Winnicott, Benjamin Spock, Penelope Leach and Gina Ford. Literature on childcare abounded throughout the second half of the twentieth century and ideas of how mothers should behave were hotly contested. Definitions of what made a ‘good’ mother were constantly in flux, though, so women had to adjust to these changing requirements. Through an analysis of the oral history interviews, this chapter explores the relationship between mothers and the experts. It shows how mothers could struggle to reconcile the demands that these experts were making upon them.

This chapter presents a technical critique challenging the most basic premises underlying the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act—that “financial data” refers to data held by financial institutions. Instead, it argues that a better analysis starts with looking to the data, not the holder. After providing a primer on the basics of information security engineering, it asks whether there is something inherent in the nature of financial information that makes it a challenge for information security and any regulatory framework. Analyzing the two most common forms of financial information—credit card numbers and Social Security numbers—the chapter concludes that although the credit card industry appears to successfully mitigate risks of disclosure, the use of Social Security numbers as a financial identifier is inherently problematic and should be eliminated.

With the exception of nuclear submarines and some military applications, nuclear energy is only used to generate electricity. In the United States, uranium and plutonium are the fuels of choice, while some other countries, notably India, are developing thorium as the nuclear fuel. There are two main types of nuclear reactors—the pressurized water reactor (PWR) and the boiling water reactor (BWR). The PWR is the more common design, where the water used to generate steam and drive the turbine is isolated from the reactor core. In contrast, the water that moderates reactor heat in the BWR is also used to generate the steam, so this water must be contained to prevent radioactive contamination. In the United States, nuclear energy accounts for about 20% of electricity generation. Worldwide uranium reserves are about 6 million tonnes based on a price of $130/kg, but if this price constraint is relaxed, the supply of uranium is virtually unlimited since it is present in seawater at parts per billion levels.

Entitlement, as here understood, is a kind of rational ground to accept a proposition that consists neither in the possession of evidence for its truth, nor in the occurrence of any kind of cognitive achievement that would normally be regarded as apt to constitute knowledge of it. In earlier work the chapter argues for the possibility of using such a notion to fashion a unified response to two of the most traditional and disturbing forms of sceptical paradox. The present chapter further explores the potential epistemological significance of entitlements, suggests some refinements of the chapter’s earlier proposals, reassesses the prototype of entitlement derivable from Hans Reichenbach’s ideas about the justification of induction, argues that entitlements are indeed properly viewed as epistemic warrants, and responds to a number of objections and difficulties for the chapter’s proposals which have surfaced in the recent literature.

The question “What do I need to know about cyber frameworks, standards, and laws?” distills the complex landscape of cyber risk laws, requirements, and standards. The chapter begins with a case study on Nielsen Holdings’ legal and business trouble with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It distinguishes compliance from security—explaining how readers can achieve both—and clarifies the dynamic, complex legal landscape in a world of ever-evolving cyber risk. It reviews legislation relating to cyber risk including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GBLA), the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA), and GDPR. The chapter describes the importance of adopting the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework, creating a cyber policy/act/law/regulation “watch list” and purchasing cyber insurance. At the chapter’s end Falco shares Embedded Endurance strategy insight from his experience leading a team developing a cyber standard of care.

A soil is salineif the electrical conductivity of its soil solution as obtained by extraction from a water-saturated soil paste (ECe) exceeds 4 dS m-1. (The measurement of electrical conductivity for a soil saturation extract is discussed in Methods of Soil Analysis,listed under For Further Reading at the end of this chapter.) According to this definition, about a quarter of the agricultural soils worldwide are saline, but values of ECe > 1 dS m-1 are encountered typically in arid-zone soils, which cover almost one-third of the global ice-free land area. Ions released into the soil solution by mineral weathering, or introduced there by the intrusion of saline surface water or groundwater, tend to accumulate in the secondary minerals formed as the soils dry. These secondary minerals typically include clay minerals (Section 2.3), carbonates and sulfates (Section 2.5), and chlorides. Because Na, K, Ca, and Mg are brought into the soil solution relatively easily—either as displaced exchangeable cations or as cations dissolved from carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides—it is this set of four metals that contributes most to soil salinity. The corresponding set of anions that contributes to salinity is CO3, SO4, and Cl. Thus, arid-zone soil solutions are essentially electrolyte solutions containing chloride, sulfate, and carbonate salts of four metal cations. According to Eq. 4.21, an electrical conductivity of 4 dS m-1 corresponds to an ionic strength of 58 mM (log I = -1.841 + 1.009 log4 = 0.0584). This level of salinity is less than 10% of that of seawater (EC = 46.21 dS m-1), but high enough that only crops that are relatively salt tolerant can withstand it. Moderately salt-sensitive crops are affected when the electrical conductivity of a soil saturation extract approaches 2 dS m-1, corresponding to an ionic strength of 29 mM, and salt-sensitive crops are affected at 1 dS m-1 (I = 14 mM). Thus, with respect to crop salinity tolerance, a soil can be judged saline at any saturation extract ionic strength greater than 15 mM if crops are stressed.

Oxide glasses represent some of the most important and prevalent materials that we encounter in our daily lives. The glass industry in the United States produces more than 75,000 glass products, with annual production estimated to be around 20,000,000 t. Roughly 50% of this production is for glass containers for food, beverages, and other liquids. Everyone relies on transparent glass windows for their homes, cars, and even their cell phones. Fiberglass provides insulation for our homes and businesses. We rely on glass for many optical systems, ranging from eyeglasses to microscope lenses to optical fiber communications. Glass is also an optically pleasing material found in many works of art, including stained glass windows. Glass even plays a role in energy transport and storage, being an important electrical insulator used in devices ranging from transformers to batteries. Glass compositions need to be optimized for specific applications, with important parameters being melting properties, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, strength, dielectric properties, and, of course, optical properties. In most of these applications, glass objects encounter water, either to perform their basic functions or as a result of long-term environmental exposure. This means the chemical properties of many glasses also need to be optimized. Fortunately, borosilicate glasses, which represent the most widely used technological glass compositions, tend to exhibit a high level of resistance to aqueous attack. Understanding the kinetics and mechanisms of glass dissolution is critically important to the nuclear power and defense industries, which involves how to dispose of nuclear wastes safely. These wastes can be exceedingly complex, and contain almost every element found in the Periodic Table. The challenge is to incorporate these wastes into solids that encapsulate radionuclides safely for millions of years. Glass is an attractive option as a waste form because glass melts can accommodate almost all the constituents found in nuclear wastes. However, the deployment of glass waste forms requires the ability to predict the stability of the waste out to exceedingly long times based on science-based glass-dissolution models.

Empathy makes an epistemic contribution to human rights. The account of empathy advocated in this chapter blends key elements from ordinary speech with helpful distinctions from David Hume and Adam Smith. It also engages with contemporary philosophical treatments of empathy, including Peter Goldie’s and Catriona Mackenzie and Jackie Leach Scully’s. Empathy enables you to viscerally grasp values and disvalues as another person experiences them. Analysis of A Woman in Berlin, a diary recounting an outbreak of mass rape during armed combat, rebuts Sonia Kruks’s claim that sexed/gendered embodiment impedes empathy with differently embodied others. This story induces empathy with attacks on our common humanity and with the individuality of a victim’s suffering. Empathetically processed, the gravity of human rights abuse, the moral void that many victims’ stories depict, and the demand they issue for a moral response are viscerally encoded. As a result, empathy can transform your value system.