Adrian Randall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259908
- eISBN:
- 9780191717444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259908.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter examines both the legal background to riot and the forces of law and order available to confront protest in Hanoverian England. Riot characterized Hanoverian England, with the reigns of ...
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This chapter examines both the legal background to riot and the forces of law and order available to confront protest in Hanoverian England. Riot characterized Hanoverian England, with the reigns of the first three Georges probably seeing a higher level of social disorder than any other similar period, the Civil War included. In a desperate attempt to reinforce its grip on a law and order situation in the country, the government under the reign of George I introduced a new statute, ‘An Act for preventing tumults and riotous assemblies, and for the more speedy and effectual punishing the rioters’. This ‘Riot Act’, flawed in some key respects, was to survive as the primary judicial weapon against public disturbance until its eventual repeal in 1919. The new Act significantly changed the definition of riot and the legal context for its suppression.Less
This chapter examines both the legal background to riot and the forces of law and order available to confront protest in Hanoverian England. Riot characterized Hanoverian England, with the reigns of the first three Georges probably seeing a higher level of social disorder than any other similar period, the Civil War included. In a desperate attempt to reinforce its grip on a law and order situation in the country, the government under the reign of George I introduced a new statute, ‘An Act for preventing tumults and riotous assemblies, and for the more speedy and effectual punishing the rioters’. This ‘Riot Act’, flawed in some key respects, was to survive as the primary judicial weapon against public disturbance until its eventual repeal in 1919. The new Act significantly changed the definition of riot and the legal context for its suppression.
Pascal Mbongo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548781
- eISBN:
- 9780191720673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548781.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter provides a picture of the French authorities' (Government and judges) interference in the freedom of expression which are justified by the refusal of Hate speech. These interferences ...
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This chapter provides a picture of the French authorities' (Government and judges) interference in the freedom of expression which are justified by the refusal of Hate speech. These interferences appear like mirrors, not only of the French notion of freedom of expression, but also of the relationship that the French state maintains with society. The French notion of freedom of expression has in fact always been relativistic if only because, by constantly establishing a balance between freedom of expression and ‘law and order’, French constitutional texts have never brought about a debate comparable to the American debate relating to the First Amendment's provision that Congress shall make no law abridging freedom of speech. As a matter of fact, the constancy of this balance between freedom of expression and ‘law and order’ tells us something about a certain form of ‘paternalism’ that is particularly characteristic of the French state in its relations with society.Less
This chapter provides a picture of the French authorities' (Government and judges) interference in the freedom of expression which are justified by the refusal of Hate speech. These interferences appear like mirrors, not only of the French notion of freedom of expression, but also of the relationship that the French state maintains with society. The French notion of freedom of expression has in fact always been relativistic if only because, by constantly establishing a balance between freedom of expression and ‘law and order’, French constitutional texts have never brought about a debate comparable to the American debate relating to the First Amendment's provision that Congress shall make no law abridging freedom of speech. As a matter of fact, the constancy of this balance between freedom of expression and ‘law and order’ tells us something about a certain form of ‘paternalism’ that is particularly characteristic of the French state in its relations with society.
Charles Townshend
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198229780
- eISBN:
- 9780191678929
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229780.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
In recent years, such episodes as the death of Blair Peach, the Miners' Strike, the Scarman Report, and the Ponting and Stalker affairs have raised serious doubts as to whether the ‘British trick’ of ...
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In recent years, such episodes as the death of Blair Peach, the Miners' Strike, the Scarman Report, and the Ponting and Stalker affairs have raised serious doubts as to whether the ‘British trick’ of maintaining law and order by consensus is still feasible. Beginning with the Swing, Chartist, and Plug Riots, this book shows how public order was steadily tightened during the Victorian era and how that process has continued throughout this century, thanks to such legislation as the Official Secrets, Public Order, Defence of the Realm, and Emergency Powers Acts. This is a historical analysis of the fundamental concepts on which the law-and-order debate rests. In addition to exploring the issues and events that have influenced mainland affairs, the book also examines the Irish situation between the First Land Act and the Prevention of Terrorism Act, and offers valuable insights into the periodic ‘crises of order’ that seem to be threatening modern Britain.Less
In recent years, such episodes as the death of Blair Peach, the Miners' Strike, the Scarman Report, and the Ponting and Stalker affairs have raised serious doubts as to whether the ‘British trick’ of maintaining law and order by consensus is still feasible. Beginning with the Swing, Chartist, and Plug Riots, this book shows how public order was steadily tightened during the Victorian era and how that process has continued throughout this century, thanks to such legislation as the Official Secrets, Public Order, Defence of the Realm, and Emergency Powers Acts. This is a historical analysis of the fundamental concepts on which the law-and-order debate rests. In addition to exploring the issues and events that have influenced mainland affairs, the book also examines the Irish situation between the First Land Act and the Prevention of Terrorism Act, and offers valuable insights into the periodic ‘crises of order’ that seem to be threatening modern Britain.
Lisa D. Brush
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195398502
- eISBN:
- 9780199897483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398502.003.0011
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter provides the intellectual scaffolding for the book. The chapter reviews the explanatory frameworks that together constitute the conventional wisdom about poverty, battering, and the ...
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This chapter provides the intellectual scaffolding for the book. The chapter reviews the explanatory frameworks that together constitute the conventional wisdom about poverty, battering, and the central role of women’s work in addressing them. The hegemonic explanations for poverty and abuse include victim empowerment folklore, criminological expertise and law-and-order logic, the politics of disgust, and work-first common sense. The chapter then presents an alternative approach (drawn from feminist structural challenges to conventional wisdom) that focuses on how women are trapped by poverty and abuse. The chapter concludes the chapter with a critical description of the contradictory dynamics of the institutionalization of conventional wisdom in two key U.S. policies on poverty and battering: the Personal Responsibility Act and the Violence Against Women Act.Less
This chapter provides the intellectual scaffolding for the book. The chapter reviews the explanatory frameworks that together constitute the conventional wisdom about poverty, battering, and the central role of women’s work in addressing them. The hegemonic explanations for poverty and abuse include victim empowerment folklore, criminological expertise and law-and-order logic, the politics of disgust, and work-first common sense. The chapter then presents an alternative approach (drawn from feminist structural challenges to conventional wisdom) that focuses on how women are trapped by poverty and abuse. The chapter concludes the chapter with a critical description of the contradictory dynamics of the institutionalization of conventional wisdom in two key U.S. policies on poverty and battering: the Personal Responsibility Act and the Violence Against Women Act.
Deepak Lal
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199275793
- eISBN:
- 9780191706097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275793.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter addresses the question of whether the British succeeded in altering the living conditions of the mass of the Indian people, and whether this latest foreign assault on the Hindu ...
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This chapter addresses the question of whether the British succeeded in altering the living conditions of the mass of the Indian people, and whether this latest foreign assault on the Hindu equilibrium established at the beginning of the Christian era was any more successful in altering the basic parameters of India's polity, society, and economy than its predecessor. The British conquest of India was virtually completed by 1818. Acquired by a band of foreign merchants, Britain's Indian empire at that date ran along the coast from Bengal to Gujarat except for the territorial pockets of Portuguese Goa and French Pondicherry, which were in the hands of the other two European powers who had established footholds in India's coastal economies.Less
This chapter addresses the question of whether the British succeeded in altering the living conditions of the mass of the Indian people, and whether this latest foreign assault on the Hindu equilibrium established at the beginning of the Christian era was any more successful in altering the basic parameters of India's polity, society, and economy than its predecessor. The British conquest of India was virtually completed by 1818. Acquired by a band of foreign merchants, Britain's Indian empire at that date ran along the coast from Bengal to Gujarat except for the territorial pockets of Portuguese Goa and French Pondicherry, which were in the hands of the other two European powers who had established footholds in India's coastal economies.
Cedric Ryngaert
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199544714
- eISBN:
- 9780191719943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544714.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Under public international law, two approaches could be taken to the question of jurisdiction. Either one allows States to exercise jurisdiction as they see fit, unless there is a prohibitive rule to ...
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Under public international law, two approaches could be taken to the question of jurisdiction. Either one allows States to exercise jurisdiction as they see fit, unless there is a prohibitive rule to the contrary, or one prohibits States from exercising jurisdiction as they see fit, unless there is a permissive rule to the contrary. The first approach was taken by the PCIJ in the 1927 Lotus case. The second has been taken by most States and the majority of the doctrine. Under this approach, States are not authorized to exercise their jurisdiction, unless they could rely on such permissive principles as the territoriality, personality, protective, and universality principles. It is unclear which doctrine has the upper hand.Less
Under public international law, two approaches could be taken to the question of jurisdiction. Either one allows States to exercise jurisdiction as they see fit, unless there is a prohibitive rule to the contrary, or one prohibits States from exercising jurisdiction as they see fit, unless there is a permissive rule to the contrary. The first approach was taken by the PCIJ in the 1927 Lotus case. The second has been taken by most States and the majority of the doctrine. Under this approach, States are not authorized to exercise their jurisdiction, unless they could rely on such permissive principles as the territoriality, personality, protective, and universality principles. It is unclear which doctrine has the upper hand.
O.P. Mishra
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075950
- eISBN:
- 9780199080892
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075950.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This concluding chapter discusses the importance of the police. It provides an evaluation of the overall performance of the Delhi police and an analysis of police station-wise crime. The chapter also ...
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This concluding chapter discusses the importance of the police. It provides an evaluation of the overall performance of the Delhi police and an analysis of police station-wise crime. The chapter also shows different steps they have undertaken to help fight crime in the city. The first is the general expansion of the police force. This has provided a greater number of police officers to help, detect, and prevent crime; more police stations in various sections of the city and the addition of specialized police units for specific types of crime. The second is placing effective pressure on the recorded criminals and budding gangs through community policing. The third is on the proper management of traffic congestion and regulation. The final step in fighting crime in Delhi is maintaining law and order.Less
This concluding chapter discusses the importance of the police. It provides an evaluation of the overall performance of the Delhi police and an analysis of police station-wise crime. The chapter also shows different steps they have undertaken to help fight crime in the city. The first is the general expansion of the police force. This has provided a greater number of police officers to help, detect, and prevent crime; more police stations in various sections of the city and the addition of specialized police units for specific types of crime. The second is placing effective pressure on the recorded criminals and budding gangs through community policing. The third is on the proper management of traffic congestion and regulation. The final step in fighting crime in Delhi is maintaining law and order.
Miguel de Beistegui
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226547374
- eISBN:
- 9780226547404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226547404.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter argues that the complex phenomenon known as neoliberalism reveals a radicalization and further internalization of the economic regime of desire, which defines liberalism, and which ...
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This chapter argues that the complex phenomenon known as neoliberalism reveals a radicalization and further internalization of the economic regime of desire, which defines liberalism, and which consists in a normalization of subjectivity through the promotion of self-interest and the maximization of utility. But it also departs from liberalism on a few key aspects, and introduces new norms and new technologies of desire. So, whilst neoliberalism inherits the normative framework initially introduced by the likes of James Stuart, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill, it also builds on it, and innovates: to the norms of interest and utility, through which individuals experience and govern their own subjectivity, it adds those of competition, efficiency, and management (of one’s life, one’s human capital, and the risks one is willing or encouraged to take). It sees those norms as inseparable, and as revealing the true mechanisms behind the actions and motivations of human beings.Less
This chapter argues that the complex phenomenon known as neoliberalism reveals a radicalization and further internalization of the economic regime of desire, which defines liberalism, and which consists in a normalization of subjectivity through the promotion of self-interest and the maximization of utility. But it also departs from liberalism on a few key aspects, and introduces new norms and new technologies of desire. So, whilst neoliberalism inherits the normative framework initially introduced by the likes of James Stuart, Adam Smith, and John Stuart Mill, it also builds on it, and innovates: to the norms of interest and utility, through which individuals experience and govern their own subjectivity, it adds those of competition, efficiency, and management (of one’s life, one’s human capital, and the risks one is willing or encouraged to take). It sees those norms as inseparable, and as revealing the true mechanisms behind the actions and motivations of human beings.
George C. Thomas III and Richard A. Leo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195338935
- eISBN:
- 9780199933303
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195338935.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
In the twentieth century, American interrogation law moved from the Hawkins “no pressure” principle to a Wigmore rationalist approach that included the third degree as a deviant outlier. Partly as a ...
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In the twentieth century, American interrogation law moved from the Hawkins “no pressure” principle to a Wigmore rationalist approach that included the third degree as a deviant outlier. Partly as a reaction to the third degree, partly as a result of state courts ignoring high-pressure tactics, and partly as a realization that many of the state cases involved black suspects and white law enforcement, the Supreme Court began in the 1940s to attempt to control state and local police interrogation. It first applied the common law norm that confessions had to be “voluntary.” This doctrinal move was doomed to failure because it is too vague to constrain courts and conceptually incoherent—all utterances are voluntary in the only meaningful sense of the term. In 1966, Miranda v. Arizona held that statements were inadmissible unless the police had warned the suspect of the right to remain silent and the right to counsel. The 5-4 decision sparked virulent opposition from police, prosecutors, Congress, and many newspapers. The charge was that the Court had befriended criminals to the detriment of law and order. Miranda was an issue in the 1968 presidential campaign and probably helped lead to the election of Richard Nixon.Less
In the twentieth century, American interrogation law moved from the Hawkins “no pressure” principle to a Wigmore rationalist approach that included the third degree as a deviant outlier. Partly as a reaction to the third degree, partly as a result of state courts ignoring high-pressure tactics, and partly as a realization that many of the state cases involved black suspects and white law enforcement, the Supreme Court began in the 1940s to attempt to control state and local police interrogation. It first applied the common law norm that confessions had to be “voluntary.” This doctrinal move was doomed to failure because it is too vague to constrain courts and conceptually incoherent—all utterances are voluntary in the only meaningful sense of the term. In 1966, Miranda v. Arizona held that statements were inadmissible unless the police had warned the suspect of the right to remain silent and the right to counsel. The 5-4 decision sparked virulent opposition from police, prosecutors, Congress, and many newspapers. The charge was that the Court had befriended criminals to the detriment of law and order. Miranda was an issue in the 1968 presidential campaign and probably helped lead to the election of Richard Nixon.
Sarah Deer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816696314
- eISBN:
- 9781452952338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816696314.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
This chapter focuses on a discussion of contemporary policy and potential reform. It provides detailed information about recent federal reform in the Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 and the ...
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This chapter focuses on a discussion of contemporary policy and potential reform. It provides detailed information about recent federal reform in the Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 and the reauthorization in 2013 of the Violence Against Women Act. These reforms, largely spearheaded by grassroots Native women activists, present a new era in federal–tribal relations and provide a starting point for full reform. While many tribal-sovereignty activists may reject engagement with the federal systems that created the problems they seek to address, it argues the case for working with the federal government to reform a system that has been deeply damaged by the failure to include tribal perspectives.Less
This chapter focuses on a discussion of contemporary policy and potential reform. It provides detailed information about recent federal reform in the Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 and the reauthorization in 2013 of the Violence Against Women Act. These reforms, largely spearheaded by grassroots Native women activists, present a new era in federal–tribal relations and provide a starting point for full reform. While many tribal-sovereignty activists may reject engagement with the federal systems that created the problems they seek to address, it argues the case for working with the federal government to reform a system that has been deeply damaged by the failure to include tribal perspectives.
Rod Morgan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199565955
- eISBN:
- 9780191701948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565955.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter extends the analysis in which David Downes and the author engaged in their joint essay on ‘law and order’ politics over three editions of the Oxford Handbook of Criminology. In doing so, ...
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This chapter extends the analysis in which David Downes and the author engaged in their joint essay on ‘law and order’ politics over three editions of the Oxford Handbook of Criminology. In doing so, it reflects on developments since the new millennium. It also suggests as the starting point Prime Minister Blair's pronouncement that the excesses to be laid at the door of the liberal 1960s are now to be tackled head on. This represents, it argues, the latest effort by New Labour finally to expel the Old Labour ‘skeletons in the cupboard’, as David and the author termed it, thereby preventing the Tories from recovering their traditional stronghold to the ‘law and order’ right of Labour. It is stated that the rules of the game have indeed changed, and are radically changing. The autumn 2005 ‘rules’ debate has of course been placed on a much more bitter argument about whether the 2003 invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq was and is justified, and whether those events have made the world and Britain a more dangerous place.Less
This chapter extends the analysis in which David Downes and the author engaged in their joint essay on ‘law and order’ politics over three editions of the Oxford Handbook of Criminology. In doing so, it reflects on developments since the new millennium. It also suggests as the starting point Prime Minister Blair's pronouncement that the excesses to be laid at the door of the liberal 1960s are now to be tackled head on. This represents, it argues, the latest effort by New Labour finally to expel the Old Labour ‘skeletons in the cupboard’, as David and the author termed it, thereby preventing the Tories from recovering their traditional stronghold to the ‘law and order’ right of Labour. It is stated that the rules of the game have indeed changed, and are radically changing. The autumn 2005 ‘rules’ debate has of course been placed on a much more bitter argument about whether the 2003 invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq was and is justified, and whether those events have made the world and Britain a more dangerous place.
Lucy Riall
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206804
- eISBN:
- 9780191677311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206804.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
This chapter examines some of the failings of the liberal government in Sicily. It suggests that the January 1867 amnesty offered to political prisoners from the Palermo revolt failed to produce the ...
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This chapter examines some of the failings of the liberal government in Sicily. It suggests that the January 1867 amnesty offered to political prisoners from the Palermo revolt failed to produce the intended result of gaining moral support for the government because it only benefitted the members of the revolutionary committee and most others were treated as criminals. This amnesty also failed to reassure those concerned about the government's apparent inconsistency and its lack of commitment to maintaining law and order.Less
This chapter examines some of the failings of the liberal government in Sicily. It suggests that the January 1867 amnesty offered to political prisoners from the Palermo revolt failed to produce the intended result of gaining moral support for the government because it only benefitted the members of the revolutionary committee and most others were treated as criminals. This amnesty also failed to reassure those concerned about the government's apparent inconsistency and its lack of commitment to maintaining law and order.
della Porta and Caiani Wagemann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641260
- eISBN:
- 9780191738654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641260.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Chapter 7 looks at the way in which the extreme right frames and acts upon conservative values, within its fight against modernity. Notwithstanding the general religious revival, law and order ...
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Chapter 7 looks at the way in which the extreme right frames and acts upon conservative values, within its fight against modernity. Notwithstanding the general religious revival, law and order concerns emerged in the analysis as still stronger than religious ones. In each of the three countries under study, the extreme right focuses on (and emphasizes) different aspects of conservative issues, more oriented towards God in the US, the family in Italy, and the nation in Germany. These results are linked to the different political and cultural opportunity structures offered by the three contexts.Less
Chapter 7 looks at the way in which the extreme right frames and acts upon conservative values, within its fight against modernity. Notwithstanding the general religious revival, law and order concerns emerged in the analysis as still stronger than religious ones. In each of the three countries under study, the extreme right focuses on (and emphasizes) different aspects of conservative issues, more oriented towards God in the US, the family in Italy, and the nation in Germany. These results are linked to the different political and cultural opportunity structures offered by the three contexts.
Anne E. Parsons
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469640631
- eISBN:
- 9781469640655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640631.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
By the end of the 1960s, anti-institutionalism had extended beyond mental health and bled into prison reform. This chapter tracks the rise and fall of efforts to find alternatives to prisons. In the ...
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By the end of the 1960s, anti-institutionalism had extended beyond mental health and bled into prison reform. This chapter tracks the rise and fall of efforts to find alternatives to prisons. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, changes in psychiatry, politics, and the law led to a deinstitutionalization in both mental health and corrections policy making. Not only did politicians and advocates look for alternatives to mental hospitals, they also sought alternatives to prisons. They expanded probation, parole, and furlough and created community corrections initiatives such as halfway houses and work-release programs. The number of people in prisons and jails fell, even during a time of increased policing. These reforms came under attack, however, as politicians depicted people in prison as dangerous criminals and ushered in harsh sentencing reforms. A law and order politics that relied on racial discrimination halted efforts to deinstitutionalize prisons. By the mid-1970s, after more than a decade of decline, new prison construction began and the number of imprisoned people nationwide rose. These changes had a devastating effect on individuals with mental health conditions. Many of them were caught in the web of this new era of mass incarceration.Less
By the end of the 1960s, anti-institutionalism had extended beyond mental health and bled into prison reform. This chapter tracks the rise and fall of efforts to find alternatives to prisons. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, changes in psychiatry, politics, and the law led to a deinstitutionalization in both mental health and corrections policy making. Not only did politicians and advocates look for alternatives to mental hospitals, they also sought alternatives to prisons. They expanded probation, parole, and furlough and created community corrections initiatives such as halfway houses and work-release programs. The number of people in prisons and jails fell, even during a time of increased policing. These reforms came under attack, however, as politicians depicted people in prison as dangerous criminals and ushered in harsh sentencing reforms. A law and order politics that relied on racial discrimination halted efforts to deinstitutionalize prisons. By the mid-1970s, after more than a decade of decline, new prison construction began and the number of imprisoned people nationwide rose. These changes had a devastating effect on individuals with mental health conditions. Many of them were caught in the web of this new era of mass incarceration.
Alasdair Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450334
- eISBN:
- 9780801464201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450334.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter discusses the impact of the First Great Depression on law and order. In cities and farms across the United States, economic decline awakened old grievances about inequities in the ...
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This chapter discusses the impact of the First Great Depression on law and order. In cities and farms across the United States, economic decline awakened old grievances about inequities in the distribution of economic and political power. Disgruntled Americans were organized more easily to push for change, and many were willing to resort to violence to demonstrate their resistance to the status quo. This was most clearly the case in the northeastern United States, where agrarian and industrial laborers, not shackled by the institution of slavery, had the capacity to organize and articulate their grievances. The violence raised questions about the capacity of citizens to regulate themselves, and also about the ability of a nation organized on democratic principles to maintain civil peace. In Rhode Island, New York, and Philadelphia, authorities responded to severe outbreaks of violence in similar ways. Tentative attempts to maintain order eventually gave way to the ruthless suppression of resistance against established authority. Law and order had to be preserved, and police power became one of the essential requirements for the survival of a fragile, open economy.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of the First Great Depression on law and order. In cities and farms across the United States, economic decline awakened old grievances about inequities in the distribution of economic and political power. Disgruntled Americans were organized more easily to push for change, and many were willing to resort to violence to demonstrate their resistance to the status quo. This was most clearly the case in the northeastern United States, where agrarian and industrial laborers, not shackled by the institution of slavery, had the capacity to organize and articulate their grievances. The violence raised questions about the capacity of citizens to regulate themselves, and also about the ability of a nation organized on democratic principles to maintain civil peace. In Rhode Island, New York, and Philadelphia, authorities responded to severe outbreaks of violence in similar ways. Tentative attempts to maintain order eventually gave way to the ruthless suppression of resistance against established authority. Law and order had to be preserved, and police power became one of the essential requirements for the survival of a fragile, open economy.
Simon Balto
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469649597
- eISBN:
- 9781469649610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469649597.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Chapter five focuses on the years from 1960 to 1967, aligning with the tenure of Chicago Police Department Superintendent Orlando Wilson. Hired in the wake of a massive scandal within the police ...
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Chapter five focuses on the years from 1960 to 1967, aligning with the tenure of Chicago Police Department Superintendent Orlando Wilson. Hired in the wake of a massive scandal within the police department, Wilson came in as a departmental outsider, and with aims to reform and professionalize the department and ensure greater accountability to the public. For these efforts, Wilson is remembered as perhaps the most consequential leader of the CPD in the department’s history. He implemented the first Internal Investigations Division and labored to better the image of the police in the eyes of the public. However, he was also a strong law-and-order proponent who firmly believed in an expansive police power, leading to an evermore aggressive police presence in Black neighborhoods that would have longstanding consequences and a contentious relationship with Chicago’s civil rights movement (known as the Chicago Freedom Movement) when it sought to use civil disobedience in pursuit of racial justice. At the same time, Wilson’s reform efforts—especially those intended to bring more oversight and accountability to police behavior—were fought tooth and nail by many of his subordinates, led by groups like the Chicago Patrolman’s Association, the Fraternal Order of Police, and other police organizations that were direct ancestors of modern police unions. In the end, this meant that systems of accountability, while technically implemented during this period, were dysfunctional in actually halting police brutality and other abuses of power.Less
Chapter five focuses on the years from 1960 to 1967, aligning with the tenure of Chicago Police Department Superintendent Orlando Wilson. Hired in the wake of a massive scandal within the police department, Wilson came in as a departmental outsider, and with aims to reform and professionalize the department and ensure greater accountability to the public. For these efforts, Wilson is remembered as perhaps the most consequential leader of the CPD in the department’s history. He implemented the first Internal Investigations Division and labored to better the image of the police in the eyes of the public. However, he was also a strong law-and-order proponent who firmly believed in an expansive police power, leading to an evermore aggressive police presence in Black neighborhoods that would have longstanding consequences and a contentious relationship with Chicago’s civil rights movement (known as the Chicago Freedom Movement) when it sought to use civil disobedience in pursuit of racial justice. At the same time, Wilson’s reform efforts—especially those intended to bring more oversight and accountability to police behavior—were fought tooth and nail by many of his subordinates, led by groups like the Chicago Patrolman’s Association, the Fraternal Order of Police, and other police organizations that were direct ancestors of modern police unions. In the end, this meant that systems of accountability, while technically implemented during this period, were dysfunctional in actually halting police brutality and other abuses of power.
Georg Wenzelburger
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- June 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190920487
- eISBN:
- 9780190920517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190920487.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
Chapter 1 gives an overview of the politics of law and order and presents the research design for the volume. Based on a discussion of the state of the art, it argues why it is crucial to analyze ...
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Chapter 1 gives an overview of the politics of law and order and presents the research design for the volume. Based on a discussion of the state of the art, it argues why it is crucial to analyze party politics to fully understand why some countries moved law and order policies toward the more repressive poles while others didn’t follow the same path.Less
Chapter 1 gives an overview of the politics of law and order and presents the research design for the volume. Based on a discussion of the state of the art, it argues why it is crucial to analyze party politics to fully understand why some countries moved law and order policies toward the more repressive poles while others didn’t follow the same path.
Mark Newman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496818867
- eISBN:
- 9781496818904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818867.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
For decades prior to the civil rights movement, most Catholic prelates, clergy and white laity in the South did not perceive or acknowledge any conflict between their commitment to law and order and ...
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For decades prior to the civil rights movement, most Catholic prelates, clergy and white laity in the South did not perceive or acknowledge any conflict between their commitment to law and order and democracy, and the existence of public segregation and the denial of voting rights to most African Americans in the region. By outlawing public school segregation in 1954, the United States Supreme Court’s Brown ruling brought southern state and federal law into conflict and bore directly on Catholic leaders’ concerns about public education, law and order, democracy and the Cold War. When southern state governments took measures designed to thwart Brown’s implementation, or when public school desegregation under federal court order became imminent, diocesan leaders and some lay groups in the areas affected often spoke out in defense of public education and obedience to federal law, and called for acceptance of desegregation. Some Catholics also supported voting rights.Less
For decades prior to the civil rights movement, most Catholic prelates, clergy and white laity in the South did not perceive or acknowledge any conflict between their commitment to law and order and democracy, and the existence of public segregation and the denial of voting rights to most African Americans in the region. By outlawing public school segregation in 1954, the United States Supreme Court’s Brown ruling brought southern state and federal law into conflict and bore directly on Catholic leaders’ concerns about public education, law and order, democracy and the Cold War. When southern state governments took measures designed to thwart Brown’s implementation, or when public school desegregation under federal court order became imminent, diocesan leaders and some lay groups in the areas affected often spoke out in defense of public education and obedience to federal law, and called for acceptance of desegregation. Some Catholics also supported voting rights.
Stephen Farrall and Will Jennings
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265703
- eISBN:
- 9780191771880
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265703.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter explores the Thatcherite legacy for crime and the criminal justice system. We argue that, despite much of Thatcher’s rhetoric on ‘law and order’, most criminal justice activity during ...
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This chapter explores the Thatcherite legacy for crime and the criminal justice system. We argue that, despite much of Thatcher’s rhetoric on ‘law and order’, most criminal justice activity during her period in office was essentially liberal (that is, progressive) in nature. Nevertheless, the social and economic policies pursued in the early to mid-1980s were, we argue, associated with rises in the crime rate, which in turn shifted public attitudes towards crime and the treatment of offenders. Coupled with the Labour party’s shift rightwards from the early 1990s and Blair’s focus on crime as a topic Labour ‘owned’ meant that both the Conservative and Labour parties were engaged in a crime ‘arms race’ towards policies which were in tune with the Thatcherite instinct on crime.Less
This chapter explores the Thatcherite legacy for crime and the criminal justice system. We argue that, despite much of Thatcher’s rhetoric on ‘law and order’, most criminal justice activity during her period in office was essentially liberal (that is, progressive) in nature. Nevertheless, the social and economic policies pursued in the early to mid-1980s were, we argue, associated with rises in the crime rate, which in turn shifted public attitudes towards crime and the treatment of offenders. Coupled with the Labour party’s shift rightwards from the early 1990s and Blair’s focus on crime as a topic Labour ‘owned’ meant that both the Conservative and Labour parties were engaged in a crime ‘arms race’ towards policies which were in tune with the Thatcherite instinct on crime.
Joshua Dubler and Vincent W. Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- August 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190949150
- eISBN:
- 9780190949181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190949150.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Religious Studies
Chapter 2 tracks the way American political elites talked about justice and punishment before and during the rise of mass incarceration. The authors show how these concepts were once closely ...
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Chapter 2 tracks the way American political elites talked about justice and punishment before and during the rise of mass incarceration. The authors show how these concepts were once closely connected with the religious imagination. When that link was severed, justice was reduced to the proper functioning of the law, to a criminal justice system, and a new set of ideas and institutions promoting law and order and victims’ rights took over. The chapter demonstrates how, at the level of political rhetoric, religion—along with economics and race—was essential for promoting incarceration as the sole mechanism for effecting justice.Less
Chapter 2 tracks the way American political elites talked about justice and punishment before and during the rise of mass incarceration. The authors show how these concepts were once closely connected with the religious imagination. When that link was severed, justice was reduced to the proper functioning of the law, to a criminal justice system, and a new set of ideas and institutions promoting law and order and victims’ rights took over. The chapter demonstrates how, at the level of political rhetoric, religion—along with economics and race—was essential for promoting incarceration as the sole mechanism for effecting justice.
