Patricia A. Gilman, Elizabeth M. Toney, and Nicholas H. Beale
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813042428
- eISBN:
- 9780813043074
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813042428.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
One focus of recent research on early agriculture (Late Archaic period—2000 B.C.–A.D. 150) in the southern Southwest of the United States and northwestern Mexico has been the debate surrounding the ...
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One focus of recent research on early agriculture (Late Archaic period—2000 B.C.–A.D. 150) in the southern Southwest of the United States and northwestern Mexico has been the debate surrounding the impact of these early farmers on their landscapes. In at least two places, the Tucson Basin in southern Arizona and northern Chihuahua in northwest Mexico, agriculture was relatively intensive, while in others such as the San Simon Basin in southeastern Arizona, it apparently was not. Using an historical ecology perspective, we examine the likely impact of early agriculture using faunal and projectile point data from the Tucson Basin, northern Chihuahua, and the San Simon Basin. Our analysis suggests that these early farmers had less impact on their landscapes than expected.Less
One focus of recent research on early agriculture (Late Archaic period—2000 B.C.–A.D. 150) in the southern Southwest of the United States and northwestern Mexico has been the debate surrounding the impact of these early farmers on their landscapes. In at least two places, the Tucson Basin in southern Arizona and northern Chihuahua in northwest Mexico, agriculture was relatively intensive, while in others such as the San Simon Basin in southeastern Arizona, it apparently was not. Using an historical ecology perspective, we examine the likely impact of early agriculture using faunal and projectile point data from the Tucson Basin, northern Chihuahua, and the San Simon Basin. Our analysis suggests that these early farmers had less impact on their landscapes than expected.
Rune Frederiksen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199578122
- eISBN:
- 9780191808289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199578122.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter presents an analysis of the topography and architecture of pre-Classical city walls in an effort to answer questions regarding the manner of constructing the walls, the evolution of city ...
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This chapter presents an analysis of the topography and architecture of pre-Classical city walls in an effort to answer questions regarding the manner of constructing the walls, the evolution of city wall architecture at a certain time period, the distinction between Early Iron Age and Archaic city walls, and the nature of settlements within these city walls as influenced by their topography and architecture. It begins with an investigation about Early Iron Age fortification walls which are usually located in coastal areas, followed by 7th-century walls, middle Archaic city walls, late Archaic city walls. It is necessary to recognize the difference between the Early Iron Age and Archaic city walls in order to thoroughly examine the architectural distinctions and formulate a conclusive generalization about these city walls.Less
This chapter presents an analysis of the topography and architecture of pre-Classical city walls in an effort to answer questions regarding the manner of constructing the walls, the evolution of city wall architecture at a certain time period, the distinction between Early Iron Age and Archaic city walls, and the nature of settlements within these city walls as influenced by their topography and architecture. It begins with an investigation about Early Iron Age fortification walls which are usually located in coastal areas, followed by 7th-century walls, middle Archaic city walls, late Archaic city walls. It is necessary to recognize the difference between the Early Iron Age and Archaic city walls in order to thoroughly examine the architectural distinctions and formulate a conclusive generalization about these city walls.
Jonathan Haas and Winifred Creamer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813038087
- eISBN:
- 9780813043128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813038087.003.0011
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The Norte Chico region witnessed an early florescence of mound construction at more than 30 Late Archaic (3000 to 1800 B.C.) sites in an area of only 1800 sq km. Each of these sites has from 1 to 7 ...
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The Norte Chico region witnessed an early florescence of mound construction at more than 30 Late Archaic (3000 to 1800 B.C.) sites in an area of only 1800 sq km. Each of these sites has from 1 to 7 mounds ranging from 3000 to 100,000 cu m in volume. In looking at the emergence of this complex cultural system, a critical question is how and why these mounds were constructed over many generations. This chapter will examine evidence for the scale of labor involved in mound construction and for (or against) centralized organization of labor.Less
The Norte Chico region witnessed an early florescence of mound construction at more than 30 Late Archaic (3000 to 1800 B.C.) sites in an area of only 1800 sq km. Each of these sites has from 1 to 7 mounds ranging from 3000 to 100,000 cu m in volume. In looking at the emergence of this complex cultural system, a critical question is how and why these mounds were constructed over many generations. This chapter will examine evidence for the scale of labor involved in mound construction and for (or against) centralized organization of labor.
Jessica Joyce Christie and Matthew Piscitelli
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062785
- eISBN:
- 9780813051703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062785.003.0007
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter discusses how stone monuments at selected Late Archaic (3000–1800 B.C.) and Early Horizon (1200–200 B.C.) sites on the north central coast of Peru provide insights into social ...
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This chapter discusses how stone monuments at selected Late Archaic (3000–1800 B.C.) and Early Horizon (1200–200 B.C.) sites on the north central coast of Peru provide insights into social transformation processes across collective and autocratic societies. The monuments under analysis are upright stone slabs (huancas) found at a number of Late Archaic sites in the Norte Chico region, as well as the row of towers at Chankillo dated to the late Early Horizon in the Casma Valley. Christie and Piscitelli argue that these upright stone monuments demarcated places and spaces in which people coordinated collective actions representing varying trajectories of social change. The political and ritual landscapes constructed at the Norte Chico and Chankillo sites were decidedly inward-oriented, concerned with establishing community centers and creating order. The sheer scale of the settings and the related coordination of ritual use there suggest emerging elites and corporate hierarchies. Following the trajectory of an expansionist state on the other hand, the Inca political landscape looks outward from long-existing centers. Comparative study of stone monuments and their associated ideologies, along with the study of place-making, can help illuminate social changes in the Andes over time.Less
This chapter discusses how stone monuments at selected Late Archaic (3000–1800 B.C.) and Early Horizon (1200–200 B.C.) sites on the north central coast of Peru provide insights into social transformation processes across collective and autocratic societies. The monuments under analysis are upright stone slabs (huancas) found at a number of Late Archaic sites in the Norte Chico region, as well as the row of towers at Chankillo dated to the late Early Horizon in the Casma Valley. Christie and Piscitelli argue that these upright stone monuments demarcated places and spaces in which people coordinated collective actions representing varying trajectories of social change. The political and ritual landscapes constructed at the Norte Chico and Chankillo sites were decidedly inward-oriented, concerned with establishing community centers and creating order. The sheer scale of the settings and the related coordination of ritual use there suggest emerging elites and corporate hierarchies. Following the trajectory of an expansionist state on the other hand, the Inca political landscape looks outward from long-existing centers. Comparative study of stone monuments and their associated ideologies, along with the study of place-making, can help illuminate social changes in the Andes over time.
Asa R. Randall and Zackary I. Gilmore
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781683400219
- eISBN:
- 9781683400578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400219.003.0008
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Methodology and Techniques
This chapter examines how ceremonial shell vessels, which were a part of everyday life in the Late Archaic, relate to later ceramic technology. The authors trace how Late Archaic cooking vessels ...
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This chapter examines how ceremonial shell vessels, which were a part of everyday life in the Late Archaic, relate to later ceramic technology. The authors trace how Late Archaic cooking vessels moved through the lives of the inhabitants of the St. Johns, from their production to their ultimate deposition. These so-called itineraries follow the wanderings of vessels and persons as they came together in various social contexts. The authors found that vessels were implicated in the daily happenings of many persons, as they afforded the opportunity both to transform substances into consumed foods and to interact with others. Yet they were also central to the commemorative or ceremonial lives of past persons as well, since the vessels both contained and sustained memories and meanings.Less
This chapter examines how ceremonial shell vessels, which were a part of everyday life in the Late Archaic, relate to later ceramic technology. The authors trace how Late Archaic cooking vessels moved through the lives of the inhabitants of the St. Johns, from their production to their ultimate deposition. These so-called itineraries follow the wanderings of vessels and persons as they came together in various social contexts. The authors found that vessels were implicated in the daily happenings of many persons, as they afforded the opportunity both to transform substances into consumed foods and to interact with others. Yet they were also central to the commemorative or ceremonial lives of past persons as well, since the vessels both contained and sustained memories and meanings.
Matthew P. Purtill
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813060408
- eISBN:
- 9780813050645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060408.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
Traditionally, evidence for domestic dwellings dating to the Late Archaic Period, here defined as between 6000 and 2650 B.P., has been rare and ephemeral. With the advent of CRM archaeology, however, ...
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Traditionally, evidence for domestic dwellings dating to the Late Archaic Period, here defined as between 6000 and 2650 B.P., has been rare and ephemeral. With the advent of CRM archaeology, however, the inventory of known structures in Ohio and surrounding regions has expanded considerably over the last 30 years. To date, several forms have been documented including circular, oval, C-shaped, and rectangular patterns. At certain sites, evidence points to use of only one form; whereas at other sites simultaneous use of more than one structural type is indicated. Although our knowledge of this early architecture has grown, no attempts have been made to synthesize available data in Ohio or along segments of the Ohio River (e.g., northern Kentucky, northwestern West Virginia). This chapter provides a complete inventory of all Late Archaic structures in the region and highlights possible chronological and regional trends in form, construction methods, and size.Less
Traditionally, evidence for domestic dwellings dating to the Late Archaic Period, here defined as between 6000 and 2650 B.P., has been rare and ephemeral. With the advent of CRM archaeology, however, the inventory of known structures in Ohio and surrounding regions has expanded considerably over the last 30 years. To date, several forms have been documented including circular, oval, C-shaped, and rectangular patterns. At certain sites, evidence points to use of only one form; whereas at other sites simultaneous use of more than one structural type is indicated. Although our knowledge of this early architecture has grown, no attempts have been made to synthesize available data in Ohio or along segments of the Ohio River (e.g., northern Kentucky, northwestern West Virginia). This chapter provides a complete inventory of all Late Archaic structures in the region and highlights possible chronological and regional trends in form, construction methods, and size.
Rebecca Saunders and Margaret K. Wrenn
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813049366
- eISBN:
- 9780813050140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813049366.003.0010
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
In this chapter, we discuss the origin and trajectory of Orange pottery in northeast Florida, one of the earliest potteries in the United States, by comparing the assemblages at two Late Archaic ...
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In this chapter, we discuss the origin and trajectory of Orange pottery in northeast Florida, one of the earliest potteries in the United States, by comparing the assemblages at two Late Archaic period shell rings on the northeast Florida coast, Rollins Shell Ring (8DU7510) and Guana Shell Ring (8SJ2554).1 The sites are just 25 miles (40 kilometers) apart, and they occupy similar environments: extensive estuaries west of the rings and beach resources nearby to the east (figure 9.1). However, the two sites are in distinct river drainages. Rollins is north of the St. Johns River in the Nassau River drainage and Guana is south of the St. Johns in the Guana River drainage. Hypothetically, the distinct drainage areas may have defined the geographic boundaries for the communities that built the rings, which we interpret as venues for feasting and other ceremonial activitiesLess
In this chapter, we discuss the origin and trajectory of Orange pottery in northeast Florida, one of the earliest potteries in the United States, by comparing the assemblages at two Late Archaic period shell rings on the northeast Florida coast, Rollins Shell Ring (8DU7510) and Guana Shell Ring (8SJ2554).1 The sites are just 25 miles (40 kilometers) apart, and they occupy similar environments: extensive estuaries west of the rings and beach resources nearby to the east (figure 9.1). However, the two sites are in distinct river drainages. Rollins is north of the St. Johns River in the Nassau River drainage and Guana is south of the St. Johns in the Guana River drainage. Hypothetically, the distinct drainage areas may have defined the geographic boundaries for the communities that built the rings, which we interpret as venues for feasting and other ceremonial activities
Robert Knapp
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520231696
- eISBN:
- 9780520927902
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520231696.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
Since 1974 the University of California at Berkeley has been sponsoring extensive excavations at the Panhellenic athletic festival center of ancient Nemea in the modern Greek province of Korinthia. ...
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Since 1974 the University of California at Berkeley has been sponsoring extensive excavations at the Panhellenic athletic festival center of ancient Nemea in the modern Greek province of Korinthia. With its well-documented excavation and clear historical context, the site offers an excellent opportunity for investigation and analysis. This book, the third in a series of publications on Nemea, is a detailed presentation of the more than 3,000 legible coins from all over the ancient world that have been unearthed there. The coins, which are mostly bronze but show an unusually high proportion of silver, reflect the periods of greatest activity at the site—the late Archaic and Early Classical, the Early Hellenistic, the Early Christian, and the Byzantine. More than a compendium of data, the study breaks new ground with its analysis and contextualization of numismatic evidence in an archaeological setting.Less
Since 1974 the University of California at Berkeley has been sponsoring extensive excavations at the Panhellenic athletic festival center of ancient Nemea in the modern Greek province of Korinthia. With its well-documented excavation and clear historical context, the site offers an excellent opportunity for investigation and analysis. This book, the third in a series of publications on Nemea, is a detailed presentation of the more than 3,000 legible coins from all over the ancient world that have been unearthed there. The coins, which are mostly bronze but show an unusually high proportion of silver, reflect the periods of greatest activity at the site—the late Archaic and Early Classical, the Early Hellenistic, the Early Christian, and the Byzantine. More than a compendium of data, the study breaks new ground with its analysis and contextualization of numismatic evidence in an archaeological setting.
Tristram R. Kidder
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813042428
- eISBN:
- 9780813043074
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813042428.003.0010
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter explores the concept embedded in historical ecology that humans are part of what we often define as nature and not apart from it. Four observations are considered: first, small-scale ...
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This chapter explores the concept embedded in historical ecology that humans are part of what we often define as nature and not apart from it. Four observations are considered: first, small-scale societies transform their world; second, these transformations have been ongoing since the dawn of humanity; third, micro-analyses are required to reconstruct histories of local events; and fourth, historical environmental changes are the product of both intentional and unintentional activities. The histories of the Late Archaic Jaketown and Poverty Point sites are used as examples. Finally, the policy implications of these conclusions are considered. Our hunter-gatherer ancestors may not have had the tools that allowed them to see the effects of their actions on the physical world, but modern society cannot claim such ignorance.Less
This chapter explores the concept embedded in historical ecology that humans are part of what we often define as nature and not apart from it. Four observations are considered: first, small-scale societies transform their world; second, these transformations have been ongoing since the dawn of humanity; third, micro-analyses are required to reconstruct histories of local events; and fourth, historical environmental changes are the product of both intentional and unintentional activities. The histories of the Late Archaic Jaketown and Poverty Point sites are used as examples. Finally, the policy implications of these conclusions are considered. Our hunter-gatherer ancestors may not have had the tools that allowed them to see the effects of their actions on the physical world, but modern society cannot claim such ignorance.
