John D. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515340
- eISBN:
- 9780191705687
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515340.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This book integrates a diverse and scattered literature to produce a synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central theme is differentiation, both among and within species, in the ...
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This book integrates a diverse and scattered literature to produce a synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central theme is differentiation, both among and within species, in the contemporary flora of the Mediterranean basin. This theme is developed by linking population processes to species evolution, and by examining the variation and evolution of ecological function in the context of spatial habitat variation and regional history. The Mediterranean is a region with a complex geological and climatic history, and a highly heterogeneous landscape in which human activities have greatly modified local conditions and the spatial configuration of habitats. This book explores the evolutionary processes that have shaped plant evolution in the context of these major influences on vegetation. The book is structured around two central topics in evolutionary ecology: diversity and adaptation. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of such endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is also characterized by dramatic variations in ecological conditions, often over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in the Mediterranean mosaic.Less
This book integrates a diverse and scattered literature to produce a synthetic account of plant evolutionary ecology. The central theme is differentiation, both among and within species, in the contemporary flora of the Mediterranean basin. This theme is developed by linking population processes to species evolution, and by examining the variation and evolution of ecological function in the context of spatial habitat variation and regional history. The Mediterranean is a region with a complex geological and climatic history, and a highly heterogeneous landscape in which human activities have greatly modified local conditions and the spatial configuration of habitats. This book explores the evolutionary processes that have shaped plant evolution in the context of these major influences on vegetation. The book is structured around two central topics in evolutionary ecology: diversity and adaptation. The Mediterranean region is a hotspot of plant biodiversity, a key ingredient of which is its richness in endemic species. A primary question motivating this book concerns the role of historical factors and spatial environmental variation in the evolution of such endemism. The Mediterranean landscape is also characterized by dramatic variations in ecological conditions, often over short distances. A second focus is on the ecological and historical factors that mediate dispersal, reproduction, and adaptive trait variation in the Mediterranean mosaic.
Constanze Guthenke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231850
- eISBN:
- 9780191716188
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231850.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of ...
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This book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of modern Greece, by both foreign and Greek writers, run on notions of a significant landscape. Landscape, as a critical term, is itself the product of the period when Greece assumed increasing importance as a territorial, political and modern entity. The implied authority of nature, in turn, follows its own dynamic and highly ambivalent logic of representation. Greece operated as a material symbol, one that shared the brittle structure of the Romantic image. To explicate this enabling structure this study draws on the critical writings of Herder, Schiller and the early Romantics, while grounding mainly German philhellenic writing in its cultural and political context. Main authors discussed are Friedrich Hölderlin and Wilhelm Müller, but also the first generation of Greek writers in the new nation state after 1821: Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Panagiotis Soutsos, Andreas Kalvos and Dionysios Solomos. To enlist authors challenged to write from within the place of Greece allows not only a new take on the problematic imagery of Greece, but also gives a new dimension to the study of Hellenism as a trans-national movement.Less
This book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of modern Greece, by both foreign and Greek writers, run on notions of a significant landscape. Landscape, as a critical term, is itself the product of the period when Greece assumed increasing importance as a territorial, political and modern entity. The implied authority of nature, in turn, follows its own dynamic and highly ambivalent logic of representation. Greece operated as a material symbol, one that shared the brittle structure of the Romantic image. To explicate this enabling structure this study draws on the critical writings of Herder, Schiller and the early Romantics, while grounding mainly German philhellenic writing in its cultural and political context. Main authors discussed are Friedrich Hölderlin and Wilhelm Müller, but also the first generation of Greek writers in the new nation state after 1821: Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Panagiotis Soutsos, Andreas Kalvos and Dionysios Solomos. To enlist authors challenged to write from within the place of Greece allows not only a new take on the problematic imagery of Greece, but also gives a new dimension to the study of Hellenism as a trans-national movement.
Andrew Poulter (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264027
- eISBN:
- 9780191734908
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264027.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This book provides a significant insight into the changes that occurred in the late Roman period and which shaped the emergence of early medieval Europe. The book provides detail regarding the ...
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This book provides a significant insight into the changes that occurred in the late Roman period and which shaped the emergence of early medieval Europe. The book provides detail regarding the changes in the character of urbanism, military organization and the rural landscape which separate the Roman Empire from Late Antiquity (first to early seventh centuries AD). Some chapters focus on the lower Danube, others provide comparative studies which range from northern Italy and Pannonia to Greece, western Asia Minor and as far east as the Euphrates. These chapters compare the results of different international research teams but also contrast approaches and methodology in order to assess the extent to which these differences might account for apparently contradictory conclusions. The volume also demonstrates the uses and pitfalls encountered in attempts to combine evidence provided by ancient historians and archaeologists — a theme which has wider implications beyond this text.Less
This book provides a significant insight into the changes that occurred in the late Roman period and which shaped the emergence of early medieval Europe. The book provides detail regarding the changes in the character of urbanism, military organization and the rural landscape which separate the Roman Empire from Late Antiquity (first to early seventh centuries AD). Some chapters focus on the lower Danube, others provide comparative studies which range from northern Italy and Pannonia to Greece, western Asia Minor and as far east as the Euphrates. These chapters compare the results of different international research teams but also contrast approaches and methodology in order to assess the extent to which these differences might account for apparently contradictory conclusions. The volume also demonstrates the uses and pitfalls encountered in attempts to combine evidence provided by ancient historians and archaeologists — a theme which has wider implications beyond this text.
Yuriko Saito
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278350
- eISBN:
- 9780191707001
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278350.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
Everyday aesthetic experiences and concerns occupy a large part of our aesthetic life. However, because of their prevalence and mundane nature, we tend not to pay much attention to them, let alone ...
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Everyday aesthetic experiences and concerns occupy a large part of our aesthetic life. However, because of their prevalence and mundane nature, we tend not to pay much attention to them, let alone examine their significance. Western aesthetic theories of the last two centuries also neglect everyday aesthetics because of their almost exclusive emphasis on art. This book aims to correct this neglect by revealing how our everyday aesthetic tastes and judgments can exert a powerful influence on the state of the world and the quality of life. By analyzing a wide range of contemporary examples from our aesthetic interactions with nature, the environment, and everyday objects, as well as precedents in 18th century British aesthetics, 19th century American landscape appreciation, and Japanese culture, this book illustrates the complex nature of seemingly simple and innocuous aesthetic responses. The issues discussed include the inadequacy of art-centered aesthetics, diverse modes of practicing everyday aesthetics, the environmental ramifications of our everyday aesthetic tastes and judgments, green aesthetics, the aesthetic appreciation of the distinctive characteristics of objects and phenomena, responses to various manifestations of transience, and the aesthetic experience of moral values. The discussion of each issue explores the complex nature of everyday aesthetics, as well as the power of the aesthetic, by illuminating its serious moral, political, existential, and environmental implications that are often unrecognized.Less
Everyday aesthetic experiences and concerns occupy a large part of our aesthetic life. However, because of their prevalence and mundane nature, we tend not to pay much attention to them, let alone examine their significance. Western aesthetic theories of the last two centuries also neglect everyday aesthetics because of their almost exclusive emphasis on art. This book aims to correct this neglect by revealing how our everyday aesthetic tastes and judgments can exert a powerful influence on the state of the world and the quality of life. By analyzing a wide range of contemporary examples from our aesthetic interactions with nature, the environment, and everyday objects, as well as precedents in 18th century British aesthetics, 19th century American landscape appreciation, and Japanese culture, this book illustrates the complex nature of seemingly simple and innocuous aesthetic responses. The issues discussed include the inadequacy of art-centered aesthetics, diverse modes of practicing everyday aesthetics, the environmental ramifications of our everyday aesthetic tastes and judgments, green aesthetics, the aesthetic appreciation of the distinctive characteristics of objects and phenomena, responses to various manifestations of transience, and the aesthetic experience of moral values. The discussion of each issue explores the complex nature of everyday aesthetics, as well as the power of the aesthetic, by illuminating its serious moral, political, existential, and environmental implications that are often unrecognized.
Amy M. King
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195161519
- eISBN:
- 9780199787838
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161519.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
Starting from the botanical crazes inspired by Linnaeus in the 18th century, and exploring the variations it spawned — natural history, landscape architecture, polemical battles over botany's ...
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Starting from the botanical crazes inspired by Linnaeus in the 18th century, and exploring the variations it spawned — natural history, landscape architecture, polemical battles over botany's prurience — this book offers a fresh reading of the courtship novel from Jane Austen to George Eliot and Henry James. By reanimating a cultural understanding of botany and sexuality that we have lost, it provides a new and powerful account of the novel's role in scripting sexualized courtship, and illuminates how the novel and popular science together created a cultural figure, the blooming girl, that stood at the center of both fictional and scientific worlds.Less
Starting from the botanical crazes inspired by Linnaeus in the 18th century, and exploring the variations it spawned — natural history, landscape architecture, polemical battles over botany's prurience — this book offers a fresh reading of the courtship novel from Jane Austen to George Eliot and Henry James. By reanimating a cultural understanding of botany and sexuality that we have lost, it provides a new and powerful account of the novel's role in scripting sexualized courtship, and illuminates how the novel and popular science together created a cultural figure, the blooming girl, that stood at the center of both fictional and scientific worlds.
Masahiko Aoki
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199218530
- eISBN:
- 9780191711510
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218530.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Strategy
The 2008 financial crisis calls for a re-examination of the basic premise of the orthodox shareholder-oriented model of the corporate firm and its governance. This book tries to meet this challenge. ...
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The 2008 financial crisis calls for a re-examination of the basic premise of the orthodox shareholder-oriented model of the corporate firm and its governance. This book tries to meet this challenge. It posits that the primary raison d'être of business corporations is the organization of associative cognitive and physical actions to create corporate values broader than shareholders' values. It identifies five generic modes of organizational architecture distinguished by discrete combinations of human cognitive assets among management and workers, as well as their relationships to use-control rights of physical assets that are provided by the investors. For each of those architectural modes, a particular governance structure is associated as an essentially self-enforcing agreement among the three types of asset-holders. The selection of a corporate form from the possible varieties is evolutionarily conditioned and institutionally linked to stable outcomes of social and political games in which corporations are embedded and play. The book looks at the nature of the evolving diversity of the global corporate landscape and the rising importance of CSR, which contribute to the accumulation of corporate social capital. This evolving state appears to require the redefinition of the role of financial markets as informational, and governance infrastructures that are complimentary to diverse corporate organizations, rather than as dominant principals of corporations.Less
The 2008 financial crisis calls for a re-examination of the basic premise of the orthodox shareholder-oriented model of the corporate firm and its governance. This book tries to meet this challenge. It posits that the primary raison d'être of business corporations is the organization of associative cognitive and physical actions to create corporate values broader than shareholders' values. It identifies five generic modes of organizational architecture distinguished by discrete combinations of human cognitive assets among management and workers, as well as their relationships to use-control rights of physical assets that are provided by the investors. For each of those architectural modes, a particular governance structure is associated as an essentially self-enforcing agreement among the three types of asset-holders. The selection of a corporate form from the possible varieties is evolutionarily conditioned and institutionally linked to stable outcomes of social and political games in which corporations are embedded and play. The book looks at the nature of the evolving diversity of the global corporate landscape and the rising importance of CSR, which contribute to the accumulation of corporate social capital. This evolving state appears to require the redefinition of the role of financial markets as informational, and governance infrastructures that are complimentary to diverse corporate organizations, rather than as dominant principals of corporations.
Masahiko Aoki
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199218530
- eISBN:
- 9780191711510
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218530.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, Strategy
This chapter first depicts an increasing diversity of Japanese corporations in which a non-traditional mode, characterized by market monitoring of relational employment, becomes emergent side-by-side ...
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This chapter first depicts an increasing diversity of Japanese corporations in which a non-traditional mode, characterized by market monitoring of relational employment, becomes emergent side-by-side with other modes as complements. This mode is interpreted as indicating the increasing essentiality of workers' cognitive assets in corporate cognitive systems, and it is argued that similar phenomena are evolving in other developed economies as well, modifying traditional national models. The chapter discusses the economic merits, social consequences, and political agendas associated with this emergent diversity in the global corporate landscape. Particularly it calls for the re-definition of the role of financial intermediaries and markets as infrastructures complementary to diverse corporate organizations as opposed to being their omnipotent principals.Less
This chapter first depicts an increasing diversity of Japanese corporations in which a non-traditional mode, characterized by market monitoring of relational employment, becomes emergent side-by-side with other modes as complements. This mode is interpreted as indicating the increasing essentiality of workers' cognitive assets in corporate cognitive systems, and it is argued that similar phenomena are evolving in other developed economies as well, modifying traditional national models. The chapter discusses the economic merits, social consequences, and political agendas associated with this emergent diversity in the global corporate landscape. Particularly it calls for the re-definition of the role of financial intermediaries and markets as infrastructures complementary to diverse corporate organizations as opposed to being their omnipotent principals.
Linda L. Barnes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195167979
- eISBN:
- 9780199784981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019516797X.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This chapter proposes two ways to study religion and healing. The first outlines a program that involves an urban ethnographic study of culturally/religiously based approaches to healing in the ...
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This chapter proposes two ways to study religion and healing. The first outlines a program that involves an urban ethnographic study of culturally/religiously based approaches to healing in the African Diaspora communities of Boston, Massachusetts. The second relates to ways in which findings from the first kind of course can be incorporated into different levels of medical education, thereby introducing a highly-focused aspect of religious studies into the training of biomedical clinicians.Less
This chapter proposes two ways to study religion and healing. The first outlines a program that involves an urban ethnographic study of culturally/religiously based approaches to healing in the African Diaspora communities of Boston, Massachusetts. The second relates to ways in which findings from the first kind of course can be incorporated into different levels of medical education, thereby introducing a highly-focused aspect of religious studies into the training of biomedical clinicians.
Peter S. Wells
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143385
- eISBN:
- 9781400844777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143385.003.0003
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter discusses the visual world of late prehistoric Europe. It first uses Teniers's painting of the interior of an inn at the beginning of the chapter in order to introduce the topic of light ...
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This chapter discusses the visual world of late prehistoric Europe. It first uses Teniers's painting of the interior of an inn at the beginning of the chapter in order to introduce the topic of light as an important issue in any consideration of seeing in times previous to the ready availability of electric light. It then describes changes in the landscape, in the character of settlements, houses, and in other aspects of the visual environment during the two millennia between the beginning of the Early Bronze Age and the end of the Iron Age. These changes were most often gradual. A number of significant trends are recognizable in the environmental evidence pertaining to changes in the landscape; and there is archaeological evidence pertaining to changes in tool use, the digging of ditches, the building of walls, and the construction of settlements and houses.Less
This chapter discusses the visual world of late prehistoric Europe. It first uses Teniers's painting of the interior of an inn at the beginning of the chapter in order to introduce the topic of light as an important issue in any consideration of seeing in times previous to the ready availability of electric light. It then describes changes in the landscape, in the character of settlements, houses, and in other aspects of the visual environment during the two millennia between the beginning of the Early Bronze Age and the end of the Iron Age. These changes were most often gradual. A number of significant trends are recognizable in the environmental evidence pertaining to changes in the landscape; and there is archaeological evidence pertaining to changes in tool use, the digging of ditches, the building of walls, and the construction of settlements and houses.
Jayne Carroll, Andrew Reynolds, and Barbara Yorke (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266588
- eISBN:
- 9780191896040
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266588.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This volume brings together a series of case studies of spatial configurations of power among the early medieval societies of Europe. The geographical range extends from Ireland to Kosovo and from ...
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This volume brings together a series of case studies of spatial configurations of power among the early medieval societies of Europe. The geographical range extends from Ireland to Kosovo and from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean world and brings together quite different scholarly traditions in a focused enquiry into the character of places of power from the end of the Roman period into the central Middle Ages. The book's strength lies in the basis that it provides for a comparative analysis of the formation, function and range of power relations in early medieval societies. The editors' introductory chapter provides an extended scene setting review of the current state of knowledge in the field of early medieval social complexity and sets out an agenda for future work in this topical area. The regional and local case studies found in the volume, most of them interdisciplinary, showcase detailed studies of particular situations at a range of scales. While much previous work tends to focus on comparisons with the classical world, this volume emphasises the uniqueness of early medieval modes of social organisation and the need to assess these societies on their own terms.Less
This volume brings together a series of case studies of spatial configurations of power among the early medieval societies of Europe. The geographical range extends from Ireland to Kosovo and from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean world and brings together quite different scholarly traditions in a focused enquiry into the character of places of power from the end of the Roman period into the central Middle Ages. The book's strength lies in the basis that it provides for a comparative analysis of the formation, function and range of power relations in early medieval societies. The editors' introductory chapter provides an extended scene setting review of the current state of knowledge in the field of early medieval social complexity and sets out an agenda for future work in this topical area. The regional and local case studies found in the volume, most of them interdisciplinary, showcase detailed studies of particular situations at a range of scales. While much previous work tends to focus on comparisons with the classical world, this volume emphasises the uniqueness of early medieval modes of social organisation and the need to assess these societies on their own terms.
Ken Nicolson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028108
- eISBN:
- 9789882207561
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028108.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This history and tour highlights the need for urgent action to conserve the built and natural heritage resources of this important cultural landscape. The book challenges the reader to reconsider the ...
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This history and tour highlights the need for urgent action to conserve the built and natural heritage resources of this important cultural landscape. The book challenges the reader to reconsider the basic approach to heritage conservation adopted in Hong Kong where a false dichotomy persists between natural and built heritage conservation initiatives. The Hong Kong Cemetery provides an excellent example of a precious cultural landscape which is deteriorating because simplistic approaches to site management have failed to understand and protect the complex interrelationship between the natural (flora mid fauna habitats) and built (monuments and memorials) heritage resources. The first three chapters introduce the cemetery garden concept as it evolved in early nineteenth-century Europe, and was eventually established in Hong Kong by the British. The second half of the book provides a self-guided tour of the cemetery highlighting its resources as well as explaining the main conservation problems and possible solutions to protect the cemetery.Less
This history and tour highlights the need for urgent action to conserve the built and natural heritage resources of this important cultural landscape. The book challenges the reader to reconsider the basic approach to heritage conservation adopted in Hong Kong where a false dichotomy persists between natural and built heritage conservation initiatives. The Hong Kong Cemetery provides an excellent example of a precious cultural landscape which is deteriorating because simplistic approaches to site management have failed to understand and protect the complex interrelationship between the natural (flora mid fauna habitats) and built (monuments and memorials) heritage resources. The first three chapters introduce the cemetery garden concept as it evolved in early nineteenth-century Europe, and was eventually established in Hong Kong by the British. The second half of the book provides a self-guided tour of the cemetery highlighting its resources as well as explaining the main conservation problems and possible solutions to protect the cemetery.
Colin G. Calloway
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195340129
- eISBN:
- 9780199867202
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340129.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
The Introduction sets out the scope and themes of the book. It examines areas of similarity in the culture, perceptions, and experiences of Highland Scots and American Indians and discusses ...
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The Introduction sets out the scope and themes of the book. It examines areas of similarity in the culture, perceptions, and experiences of Highland Scots and American Indians and discusses colonialism as a framework for understanding their histories and relations.Less
The Introduction sets out the scope and themes of the book. It examines areas of similarity in the culture, perceptions, and experiences of Highland Scots and American Indians and discusses colonialism as a framework for understanding their histories and relations.
Stephen Rippon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199203826
- eISBN:
- 9780191708282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203826.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter introduces the concept of regional variation in landscape character and reviews past literature and current debates on the subject. The processes whereby cultural landscapes can change ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of regional variation in landscape character and reviews past literature and current debates on the subject. The processes whereby cultural landscapes can change over time are reviewed. The strongly interdisciplinary approach of this book is introduced, along with its case‐studies in Somerset, the South‐West, East Anglia, and Essex, and south‐east Monmouthshire and Pembrokeshire in South Wales.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of regional variation in landscape character and reviews past literature and current debates on the subject. The processes whereby cultural landscapes can change over time are reviewed. The strongly interdisciplinary approach of this book is introduced, along with its case‐studies in Somerset, the South‐West, East Anglia, and Essex, and south‐east Monmouthshire and Pembrokeshire in South Wales.
Stephen Rippon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199203826
- eISBN:
- 9780191708282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203826.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the landscape of Somerset, which lies at the south‐western limit of landscapes that in the medieval period were characterized by villages and open fields. The topographical ...
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This chapter examines the landscape of Somerset, which lies at the south‐western limit of landscapes that in the medieval period were characterized by villages and open fields. The topographical regions within the county are introduced, followed by a characterization of the historic landscape (the present patterns of fields, roads, settlements, land‐uses, etc.). Possible explanations for the regional variation in landscape character within Somerset are reviewed. There is now considerable evidence for villages and common fields existed by the tenth century though only to the east of the Blackdown and Quantock Hills.Less
This chapter examines the landscape of Somerset, which lies at the south‐western limit of landscapes that in the medieval period were characterized by villages and open fields. The topographical regions within the county are introduced, followed by a characterization of the historic landscape (the present patterns of fields, roads, settlements, land‐uses, etc.). Possible explanations for the regional variation in landscape character within Somerset are reviewed. There is now considerable evidence for villages and common fields existed by the tenth century though only to the east of the Blackdown and Quantock Hills.
Lisa M. Bitel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195336528
- eISBN:
- 9780199868599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336528.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, Early Christian Studies
This chapter sets up the book’s main argument by explaining how people in ancient Europe interpreted their landscapes and holy places. Fifth-century Parisians understood their city in several ...
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This chapter sets up the book’s main argument by explaining how people in ancient Europe interpreted their landscapes and holy places. Fifth-century Parisians understood their city in several different ways: as a moderately important military and imperial administrative center, as one point in a larger economic network, and as a collection of sacral sites. These three ways of looking at Paris would become important to the story of Gauls’ christianization and Saint Genovefa’s part in it.Less
This chapter sets up the book’s main argument by explaining how people in ancient Europe interpreted their landscapes and holy places. Fifth-century Parisians understood their city in several different ways: as a moderately important military and imperial administrative center, as one point in a larger economic network, and as a collection of sacral sites. These three ways of looking at Paris would become important to the story of Gauls’ christianization and Saint Genovefa’s part in it.
W. Berry Lyons and Jacques C. Finlay
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213887
- eISBN:
- 9780191707506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213887.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Aquatic Biology
Polar aquatic ecosystems are excellent laboratories for biogeochemical research. The polar regions are among the least modified by human activities, so there are opportunities to study biogeochemical ...
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Polar aquatic ecosystems are excellent laboratories for biogeochemical research. The polar regions are among the least modified by human activities, so there are opportunities to study biogeochemical processes in the absence of overwhelming anthropogenic influences. In addition, there are abundant freshwater ecosystems in which comparative or experimental work can be conducted, and increasing evidence for environmental change is driving a rapid expansion in polar research. This chapter draws upon extensive surveys of lake chemistry to summarize the biogeochemical composition of polar lakes, and to illustrate the growing potential for cross-system comparisons. It describes the general features of biogeochemical cycles in polar aquatic environments, and the important and sometimes unique controls over biogeochemical processes.Less
Polar aquatic ecosystems are excellent laboratories for biogeochemical research. The polar regions are among the least modified by human activities, so there are opportunities to study biogeochemical processes in the absence of overwhelming anthropogenic influences. In addition, there are abundant freshwater ecosystems in which comparative or experimental work can be conducted, and increasing evidence for environmental change is driving a rapid expansion in polar research. This chapter draws upon extensive surveys of lake chemistry to summarize the biogeochemical composition of polar lakes, and to illustrate the growing potential for cross-system comparisons. It describes the general features of biogeochemical cycles in polar aquatic environments, and the important and sometimes unique controls over biogeochemical processes.
Malcolm Ausden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198568728
- eISBN:
- 9780191717529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568728.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter discusses some general techniques and considerations common to managing most habitats. These include principles of managing for different groups, landscape factors, and disturbances; ...
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This chapter discusses some general techniques and considerations common to managing most habitats. These include principles of managing for different groups, landscape factors, and disturbances; different approaches to grazing, and methods of controlling unwanted plant species. Eradication of rats and cats on islands is also covered, since this affects a number of different habitats, and can be of critical importance in conserving some island endemics and important seabird colonies. The chapter also includes a discussion of the likely effects of climate change on species and habitats, and potential ways to mitigate and compensate for its damaging effects.Less
This chapter discusses some general techniques and considerations common to managing most habitats. These include principles of managing for different groups, landscape factors, and disturbances; different approaches to grazing, and methods of controlling unwanted plant species. Eradication of rats and cats on islands is also covered, since this affects a number of different habitats, and can be of critical importance in conserving some island endemics and important seabird colonies. The chapter also includes a discussion of the likely effects of climate change on species and habitats, and potential ways to mitigate and compensate for its damaging effects.
Graham Bell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198569725
- eISBN:
- 9780191717741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569725.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
The mechanism of evolutionary change can be studied directly through selection experiments in laboratory microcosms. This chapter begins by describing the experimental approach to evolution, and goes ...
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The mechanism of evolutionary change can be studied directly through selection experiments in laboratory microcosms. This chapter begins by describing the experimental approach to evolution, and goes on to analyse adaptation over different time scales. The first section in this chapter is about microcosmologica. Subsections here concern Dallinger's experiment; the laboratory microcosm; the inhabitants of the microcosm; the selection experiment; fitness and adaptedness; and microcosm genealogy. The second section is all about sorting (in other words selection of pre-existing variation) and includes subsection on a single episode of selection; the sorting of a single type; the mixture of discrete types; the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection; the sorting in finite populations; drift and selection; and fluctuating population size. The third section is on purifying selection (defined as maintaining adaptedness despite genetic deterioration) and this section discusses the following: mutation-drift balance; mutation-selection equilibrium; and Muller's Ratchet. The fourth section is about directional selection (this is restoring adaptedness despite environmental deterioration) and details the probability that a beneficial mutation will be fixed; periodic selection; Fisher's geometrical analogy; the variable-mutation model; the extreme-value mode; clonal interference; the distribution of fitness effects; genetic interference; and the genetic basis of adaptation. The fifth section is about successive substitution and includes detail on phenotypic evolution towards the optimum; adaptive walks; transitivity; and clonal interference. The sixth section, Cumulative adaptation, includes the following: the protein matrix; connectance; synthetic beneficial mutations; functional interaction in a protein structure; the evolution of RNA sequences; reversibility; cumulation; cumulative construction of novel amidases; diminishing returns; and contingency. The last section called Successive substitution at several loci explains genetic interactions; the adaptive landscape; the allele matrix; compensatory mutations; compound structures; processing chains; the effect of mutation in a simple processing chain; the pattern of adaptation; the evolution of metabolic pathways; in vitro selection; genetic changes during adaptation; and repeated adaptation.Less
The mechanism of evolutionary change can be studied directly through selection experiments in laboratory microcosms. This chapter begins by describing the experimental approach to evolution, and goes on to analyse adaptation over different time scales. The first section in this chapter is about microcosmologica. Subsections here concern Dallinger's experiment; the laboratory microcosm; the inhabitants of the microcosm; the selection experiment; fitness and adaptedness; and microcosm genealogy. The second section is all about sorting (in other words selection of pre-existing variation) and includes subsection on a single episode of selection; the sorting of a single type; the mixture of discrete types; the Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection; the sorting in finite populations; drift and selection; and fluctuating population size. The third section is on purifying selection (defined as maintaining adaptedness despite genetic deterioration) and this section discusses the following: mutation-drift balance; mutation-selection equilibrium; and Muller's Ratchet. The fourth section is about directional selection (this is restoring adaptedness despite environmental deterioration) and details the probability that a beneficial mutation will be fixed; periodic selection; Fisher's geometrical analogy; the variable-mutation model; the extreme-value mode; clonal interference; the distribution of fitness effects; genetic interference; and the genetic basis of adaptation. The fifth section is about successive substitution and includes detail on phenotypic evolution towards the optimum; adaptive walks; transitivity; and clonal interference. The sixth section, Cumulative adaptation, includes the following: the protein matrix; connectance; synthetic beneficial mutations; functional interaction in a protein structure; the evolution of RNA sequences; reversibility; cumulation; cumulative construction of novel amidases; diminishing returns; and contingency. The last section called Successive substitution at several loci explains genetic interactions; the adaptive landscape; the allele matrix; compensatory mutations; compound structures; processing chains; the effect of mutation in a simple processing chain; the pattern of adaptation; the evolution of metabolic pathways; in vitro selection; genetic changes during adaptation; and repeated adaptation.
Bas van Bavel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278664
- eISBN:
- 9780191707032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278664.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The chapter presents the landscapes and soils, and discusses the interaction between land, water and men in the Low Countries. This interaction contributed to the wide diversity of landscapes found ...
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The chapter presents the landscapes and soils, and discusses the interaction between land, water and men in the Low Countries. This interaction contributed to the wide diversity of landscapes found here, with the medieval Low Countries consisting of some 25 distinctive regions. The chapter discusses how these regions were occupied and reclaimed after the post‐Roman population low, and describes the ethnic composition and the growth of the population in the early Middle Ages. Occupation was concentrated in a few fertile and easy to reclaim regions, while others remained virtually empty. Some coastal regions, which formed a kind of frontier area, were occupied in the high Middle Ages, often requiring challenging hydrological tasks. In all these regions, which formed the stage for further development, growing population pressure and increasing interference with nature caused ecological problems, but associations and authorities were mostly able to limit the negative effects.Less
The chapter presents the landscapes and soils, and discusses the interaction between land, water and men in the Low Countries. This interaction contributed to the wide diversity of landscapes found here, with the medieval Low Countries consisting of some 25 distinctive regions. The chapter discusses how these regions were occupied and reclaimed after the post‐Roman population low, and describes the ethnic composition and the growth of the population in the early Middle Ages. Occupation was concentrated in a few fertile and easy to reclaim regions, while others remained virtually empty. Some coastal regions, which formed a kind of frontier area, were occupied in the high Middle Ages, often requiring challenging hydrological tasks. In all these regions, which formed the stage for further development, growing population pressure and increasing interference with nature caused ecological problems, but associations and authorities were mostly able to limit the negative effects.
Thomas F. Farr
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195179958
- eISBN:
- 9780199869749
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179958.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
China is the largest and, arguably, the most consequential nation for American interests. It has a huge conventional and nuclear military establishment, is a permanent member of the UN Security ...
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China is the largest and, arguably, the most consequential nation for American interests. It has a huge conventional and nuclear military establishment, is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, is a major economic power, and has enormous influence in the Far East, especially in North Korea. Its explosion of religious devotion has disoriented Chinese officials, leading to quixotic attempts at control and management of religious communities. Such efforts, in turn, routinely lead to persecution of Tibetan Buddhists, Uighur Muslims and Christians. This chapter, centered on the author's travels in China, describes the religious landscape and offers new ways to “think with the Chinese” about their religious “problem.” For American diplomacy, the solution lies in the economy, law, scholarship, education and civil society. The stakes are high: if China cannot come to see the growing percentages of religious adherents as resources rather than threats, the result could be catastrophic—for China, its religious citizens, and U.S. interests.Less
China is the largest and, arguably, the most consequential nation for American interests. It has a huge conventional and nuclear military establishment, is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, is a major economic power, and has enormous influence in the Far East, especially in North Korea. Its explosion of religious devotion has disoriented Chinese officials, leading to quixotic attempts at control and management of religious communities. Such efforts, in turn, routinely lead to persecution of Tibetan Buddhists, Uighur Muslims and Christians. This chapter, centered on the author's travels in China, describes the religious landscape and offers new ways to “think with the Chinese” about their religious “problem.” For American diplomacy, the solution lies in the economy, law, scholarship, education and civil society. The stakes are high: if China cannot come to see the growing percentages of religious adherents as resources rather than threats, the result could be catastrophic—for China, its religious citizens, and U.S. interests.
