Giovanni Andrea Cornia (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271412
- eISBN:
- 9780191601255
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271410.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Based on an extensive review of relevant literature and an econometric analysis of inequality indexes, this book provides the first systematic analysis of the changes in within‐country income ...
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Based on an extensive review of relevant literature and an econometric analysis of inequality indexes, this book provides the first systematic analysis of the changes in within‐country income inequality over the last 20 years. Within‐country income inequality has risen since the early 1980s in most of the OECD, in all transitional countries, and in many developing countries; more recently, inequality has also risen in India and nations affected by the Asian crisis. Altogether, over the last 20 years, inequality worsened in 70% of the 73 countries analysed in the book, with the Gini index rising by more than five points in half of them. Mainstream theory focussing on rises in wage differentials by skill caused by North–South trade, migration, or on technological change, poorly explains the recent rise in income inequality. Likewise, while the traditional causes of income polarization—landownership inequality (high land concentration), unequal access to education, the urban bias (rural–urban inequality), the ‘curse of natural resources’—still account for much of the cross‐country variation in income inequality, they too cannot explain its recent rise. The book suggests that the recent rise in income inequality was caused to a considerable extent by a policy‐driven worsening in factorial income distribution, wage spread, and spatial inequality; in this regard, it discusses the distributive impact of reforms in trade and financial liberalization, taxation, public expenditure, safety nets, and labour markets. The volume represents one of the first attempts to analyse systematically the relation between policy changes inspired by liberalization and globalization and income inequality. It suggests that capital account liberalization appears to have had on average the strongest disequalizing effect, followed by domestic financial liberalization, labour market deregulation, and tax reform. Trade liberalization had unclear effects, while public expenditure reform often had positive effects. The book is arranged in four parts: I, Income Distribution Trends, Theories and Policies (2 chapters); II, Traditional Causes of Inequality: Still Relevant for Explaining its Rise in the 1980s–90s? (3 chapters); III, Recent Factors Influencing the Distribution of Income (6 chapters); and IV. Country Case Studies (5 chapters on India, Venezuela, Turkey, South Africa, and Thailand).Less
Based on an extensive review of relevant literature and an econometric analysis of inequality indexes, this book provides the first systematic analysis of the changes in within‐country income inequality over the last 20 years. Within‐country income inequality has risen since the early 1980s in most of the OECD, in all transitional countries, and in many developing countries; more recently, inequality has also risen in India and nations affected by the Asian crisis. Altogether, over the last 20 years, inequality worsened in 70% of the 73 countries analysed in the book, with the Gini index rising by more than five points in half of them. Mainstream theory focussing on rises in wage differentials by skill caused by North–South trade, migration, or on technological change, poorly explains the recent rise in income inequality. Likewise, while the traditional causes of income polarization—landownership inequality (high land concentration), unequal access to education, the urban bias (rural–urban inequality), the ‘curse of natural resources’—still account for much of the cross‐country variation in income inequality, they too cannot explain its recent rise. The book suggests that the recent rise in income inequality was caused to a considerable extent by a policy‐driven worsening in factorial income distribution, wage spread, and spatial inequality; in this regard, it discusses the distributive impact of reforms in trade and financial liberalization, taxation, public expenditure, safety nets, and labour markets. The volume represents one of the first attempts to analyse systematically the relation between policy changes inspired by liberalization and globalization and income inequality. It suggests that capital account liberalization appears to have had on average the strongest disequalizing effect, followed by domestic financial liberalization, labour market deregulation, and tax reform. Trade liberalization had unclear effects, while public expenditure reform often had positive effects. The book is arranged in four parts: I, Income Distribution Trends, Theories and Policies (2 chapters); II, Traditional Causes of Inequality: Still Relevant for Explaining its Rise in the 1980s–90s? (3 chapters); III, Recent Factors Influencing the Distribution of Income (6 chapters); and IV. Country Case Studies (5 chapters on India, Venezuela, Turkey, South Africa, and Thailand).
Richard Von Glahn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265314
- eISBN:
- 9780191760402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265314.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Civil registration for the purposes of social control and the mobilization of labour has been a cornerstone of the Chinese imperial state since ancient times. This chapter traces the origins and ...
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Civil registration for the purposes of social control and the mobilization of labour has been a cornerstone of the Chinese imperial state since ancient times. This chapter traces the origins and historical development of the civil registration system of imperial China in order to clarify its ideological and institutional evolution, focusing on four key phases: the initial development of household registration for military conscription that accompanied the rise of autocratic states and the founding of the first empires during the first millennium bce; the institution of state landownership during the fifth to eighth centuries ce; the shift from the household to wealth as the basis of taxation and the introduction of household-ranking systems under the Song dynasty; and the rise and demise of the lijia system of rural social organization during the late imperial era (Ming and Qing dynasties).Less
Civil registration for the purposes of social control and the mobilization of labour has been a cornerstone of the Chinese imperial state since ancient times. This chapter traces the origins and historical development of the civil registration system of imperial China in order to clarify its ideological and institutional evolution, focusing on four key phases: the initial development of household registration for military conscription that accompanied the rise of autocratic states and the founding of the first empires during the first millennium bce; the institution of state landownership during the fifth to eighth centuries ce; the shift from the household to wealth as the basis of taxation and the introduction of household-ranking systems under the Song dynasty; and the rise and demise of the lijia system of rural social organization during the late imperial era (Ming and Qing dynasties).
Robert Wuthnow
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691146119
- eISBN:
- 9781400836246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691146119.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines how rustic life was reinvented in the Middle West. In middle America, hicks, hillbillies, and hayseeds drove down the cultural barometer. They spoke in a nasal dialect and ...
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This chapter examines how rustic life was reinvented in the Middle West. In middle America, hicks, hillbillies, and hayseeds drove down the cultural barometer. They spoke in a nasal dialect and perpetuated peculiar locutions, like “crick” and “warsh.” The picture was almost a mirror opposite of the Jeffersonian ideal that saw agrarian life as the taproot of civilization. The heartland was a national embarrassment. Rustics were simpleminded, ignorant, usually boring, and sometimes downright comical. The chapter shows how, between the 1940s and 1960s, heartland residents gained exposure to newer and more positive interpretations of the rustic life. It also considers shifting perceptions of the Wild West in the 1880s by looking at the stories of two Nebraskans: William F. Cody and Polly Spence. Finally, it suggests that the monetary connotation of landownership encourages residents to focus more on the landscape in conjunction with rustic life.Less
This chapter examines how rustic life was reinvented in the Middle West. In middle America, hicks, hillbillies, and hayseeds drove down the cultural barometer. They spoke in a nasal dialect and perpetuated peculiar locutions, like “crick” and “warsh.” The picture was almost a mirror opposite of the Jeffersonian ideal that saw agrarian life as the taproot of civilization. The heartland was a national embarrassment. Rustics were simpleminded, ignorant, usually boring, and sometimes downright comical. The chapter shows how, between the 1940s and 1960s, heartland residents gained exposure to newer and more positive interpretations of the rustic life. It also considers shifting perceptions of the Wild West in the 1880s by looking at the stories of two Nebraskans: William F. Cody and Polly Spence. Finally, it suggests that the monetary connotation of landownership encourages residents to focus more on the landscape in conjunction with rustic life.
Colin Morris
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269250
- eISBN:
- 9780191600708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269250.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The experiments with hermits (Ch. 3) grew into new and elaborate orders, extending throughout Christendom, and these in turn gave rise to fierce controversy with the champions of older orders. With ...
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The experiments with hermits (Ch. 3) grew into new and elaborate orders, extending throughout Christendom, and these in turn gave rise to fierce controversy with the champions of older orders. With the new orders came a new (and arguably more oppressive) pattern of landowning.Less
The experiments with hermits (Ch. 3) grew into new and elaborate orders, extending throughout Christendom, and these in turn gave rise to fierce controversy with the champions of older orders. With the new orders came a new (and arguably more oppressive) pattern of landowning.
Kathryn Gleadle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264492
- eISBN:
- 9780191734274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264492.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter considers the public career of Mary Ann Gilbert (1776–1845), a landed proprietor in Eastbourne in East Sussex where she established herself as a leading agricultural expert and poor law ...
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This chapter considers the public career of Mary Ann Gilbert (1776–1845), a landed proprietor in Eastbourne in East Sussex where she established herself as a leading agricultural expert and poor law reformer. Her activities had a substantial impact on local parochial politics and her work was cited and discussed in parliamentary reports and government commissions. Gilbert personifies the overlapping themes of landownership, local influence, and personal authority. Her ability to construct herself as a female expert through cultural confidence and specialized knowledge, her employment of the varying modes of epistolary exchange, her use of ephemeral print culture, and her relationship with parochial government all emerge as particularly important themes. This chapter examines the salience of dynastic subjectivity as well as Gilbert's public spheres, her marriage, and her role in agricultural reform and the allotment movement during her time.Less
This chapter considers the public career of Mary Ann Gilbert (1776–1845), a landed proprietor in Eastbourne in East Sussex where she established herself as a leading agricultural expert and poor law reformer. Her activities had a substantial impact on local parochial politics and her work was cited and discussed in parliamentary reports and government commissions. Gilbert personifies the overlapping themes of landownership, local influence, and personal authority. Her ability to construct herself as a female expert through cultural confidence and specialized knowledge, her employment of the varying modes of epistolary exchange, her use of ephemeral print culture, and her relationship with parochial government all emerge as particularly important themes. This chapter examines the salience of dynastic subjectivity as well as Gilbert's public spheres, her marriage, and her role in agricultural reform and the allotment movement during her time.
F. M. L. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263204
- eISBN:
- 9780191734205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263204.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
Hrothgar John Habakkuk was an outstanding economic historian, greatly admired Principal of Jesus College Oxford for seventeen years, and a distinguished Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University. The ...
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Hrothgar John Habakkuk was an outstanding economic historian, greatly admired Principal of Jesus College Oxford for seventeen years, and a distinguished Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University. The publication of his first book, in 1962, American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century not only consolidated his position as one of the leading figures on the international stage, but also created a whole school of (mainly) American economic historians, who have paralleled in their vigour and significance the school of (mainly) British historians of landownership which grew out of his 1940 article. The book remains the most brilliant example of Hrothgar's historiographical methodology, the ‘marriage of history and theory’ expressed in the elegant prose of a master of the logical deduction of theoretical explanations from concrete empirical observations.Less
Hrothgar John Habakkuk was an outstanding economic historian, greatly admired Principal of Jesus College Oxford for seventeen years, and a distinguished Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University. The publication of his first book, in 1962, American and British Technology in the Nineteenth Century not only consolidated his position as one of the leading figures on the international stage, but also created a whole school of (mainly) American economic historians, who have paralleled in their vigour and significance the school of (mainly) British historians of landownership which grew out of his 1940 article. The book remains the most brilliant example of Hrothgar's historiographical methodology, the ‘marriage of history and theory’ expressed in the elegant prose of a master of the logical deduction of theoretical explanations from concrete empirical observations.
Victoria C. Stead
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780824856663
- eISBN:
- 9780824872991
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824856663.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Becoming Landowners: Entanglements of Custom and Modernity in Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste examines the impact of modernising processes of change—globalization, “development,” state- and ...
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Becoming Landowners: Entanglements of Custom and Modernity in Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste examines the impact of modernising processes of change—globalization, “development,” state- and nation-building—on customary land tenures, and customary communities, in two Pacific countries. Moving between multiple sites, scales, and forms of collectivity, Becoming Landowners explores the entanglements of custom and modernity that emerge from these processes. These entanglements are deeply ambivalent, giving rise to competing cartographies of power. They lend themselves to the diminishing of local autonomy but also, importantly, create new possibilities for reasserting that autonomy, and for rearticulating the forms and sites of authority to which customary connection to land gives rise. Pacific peoples are becoming landowners, the book argues, both in the sense that modernising processes of change compel forms of property relations, and in the sense that “landowner” and “custom landowner” become identities to be wielded against the encroachment of both state and capital. In places where customary forms of land tenure have long been dominant, deeply intertwined with senses of self and relationships with others, land now becomes a crucible upon which social relations, power and culture are reconfigured and reimagined.Less
Becoming Landowners: Entanglements of Custom and Modernity in Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste examines the impact of modernising processes of change—globalization, “development,” state- and nation-building—on customary land tenures, and customary communities, in two Pacific countries. Moving between multiple sites, scales, and forms of collectivity, Becoming Landowners explores the entanglements of custom and modernity that emerge from these processes. These entanglements are deeply ambivalent, giving rise to competing cartographies of power. They lend themselves to the diminishing of local autonomy but also, importantly, create new possibilities for reasserting that autonomy, and for rearticulating the forms and sites of authority to which customary connection to land gives rise. Pacific peoples are becoming landowners, the book argues, both in the sense that modernising processes of change compel forms of property relations, and in the sense that “landowner” and “custom landowner” become identities to be wielded against the encroachment of both state and capital. In places where customary forms of land tenure have long been dominant, deeply intertwined with senses of self and relationships with others, land now becomes a crucible upon which social relations, power and culture are reconfigured and reimagined.
Matthew Rendle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199236251
- eISBN:
- 9780191717154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236251.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes the emergence of a ‘landed movement’ during 1917. The agrarian policies of the Provisional Government were broadly acceptable, but landowners reacted to the steady increase in ...
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This chapter describes the emergence of a ‘landed movement’ during 1917. The agrarian policies of the Provisional Government were broadly acceptable, but landowners reacted to the steady increase in the peasant movement by forming their own local unions to defend the right to own land. In May, the nationwide Union of Landowners, which had existed since 1916, was revived to unite the numerous local bodies. The union's new, liberally‐inclined leadership targeted peasant landowners to broaden their support, and these landowners quickly formed the vast majority of members. However, as rural unrest gathered pace, the union faced several problems. The sheer scale of the unrest overwhelmed its own size, whilst it struggled to prevent the government from introducing policies that undermined landownership. It also faced growing opposition from socialist parties, and its peasant members proved susceptible to socialist propaganda. All of this led to increasing disillusionment by August 1917.Less
This chapter describes the emergence of a ‘landed movement’ during 1917. The agrarian policies of the Provisional Government were broadly acceptable, but landowners reacted to the steady increase in the peasant movement by forming their own local unions to defend the right to own land. In May, the nationwide Union of Landowners, which had existed since 1916, was revived to unite the numerous local bodies. The union's new, liberally‐inclined leadership targeted peasant landowners to broaden their support, and these landowners quickly formed the vast majority of members. However, as rural unrest gathered pace, the union faced several problems. The sheer scale of the unrest overwhelmed its own size, whilst it struggled to prevent the government from introducing policies that undermined landownership. It also faced growing opposition from socialist parties, and its peasant members proved susceptible to socialist propaganda. All of this led to increasing disillusionment by August 1917.
Alvin Jackson
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204985
- eISBN:
- 9780191676437
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204985.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Colonel Edward Saunderson, the original leader of Irish Unionism, and the most prominent defender of Irish landlords in the late 19th century, has suffered undue neglect. This book explores the ...
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Colonel Edward Saunderson, the original leader of Irish Unionism, and the most prominent defender of Irish landlords in the late 19th century, has suffered undue neglect. This book explores the political traditions of the Saunderson family as well as the development and repercussions of the Colonel’s career. The twin poles of Saunderson’s life, landownership and the Union, represent the central themes of this study. Saunderson’s Unionism was intimately bound with this status as a landed proprietor, and the party institutions and strategies which he helped to create owed much to the strengths and preoccupations of his caste. Equally, the retreat of the gentry within Irish society affected the structure and direction of the whole unionist movement. This book offers an account of an Irish landed family concentrating on its most notable member, and on the last decades of its influence.Less
Colonel Edward Saunderson, the original leader of Irish Unionism, and the most prominent defender of Irish landlords in the late 19th century, has suffered undue neglect. This book explores the political traditions of the Saunderson family as well as the development and repercussions of the Colonel’s career. The twin poles of Saunderson’s life, landownership and the Union, represent the central themes of this study. Saunderson’s Unionism was intimately bound with this status as a landed proprietor, and the party institutions and strategies which he helped to create owed much to the strengths and preoccupations of his caste. Equally, the retreat of the gentry within Irish society affected the structure and direction of the whole unionist movement. This book offers an account of an Irish landed family concentrating on its most notable member, and on the last decades of its influence.
Edward L. Ayers
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195086898
- eISBN:
- 9780199854226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195086898.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter discusses the plights of a regular Southern farmer and his climb up the “agricultural ladder”. Merchants were of equal importance in the Southern agricultural scene and had even been ...
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This chapter discusses the plights of a regular Southern farmer and his climb up the “agricultural ladder”. Merchants were of equal importance in the Southern agricultural scene and had even been blamed for the South's debilitating addiction to cotton for they served as links that tie isolated farms to commercial agriculture. This chapter also touches on the problems connected with cotton production such as more tenancy among races, fewer livestock, and less grain. It also looks at social issues like family planning, women's labor, and mobility. Teaching was one of the few professions that women were employed in. This chapter also touches on political battles regarding laws requiring livestock to be fenced leaving landless farmers no way of keeping their animals. Other issues regarding tenantry and landownership are also tackled in this chapter.Less
This chapter discusses the plights of a regular Southern farmer and his climb up the “agricultural ladder”. Merchants were of equal importance in the Southern agricultural scene and had even been blamed for the South's debilitating addiction to cotton for they served as links that tie isolated farms to commercial agriculture. This chapter also touches on the problems connected with cotton production such as more tenancy among races, fewer livestock, and less grain. It also looks at social issues like family planning, women's labor, and mobility. Teaching was one of the few professions that women were employed in. This chapter also touches on political battles regarding laws requiring livestock to be fenced leaving landless farmers no way of keeping their animals. Other issues regarding tenantry and landownership are also tackled in this chapter.
JEREMY ADELMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, ...
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American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, and legislation allocated exclusive private property rights to homesteaders and not to ranchers, the judicial system favoured enclosure of the public domain for use in small-scale arable agriculture. As the amount of free homestead land dwindled, settlers increasingly staked land within territories reserved for grazing. This chapter discusses the political economy of the settlement, the land market and speculation, land distribution, and land use.Less
American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, and legislation allocated exclusive private property rights to homesteaders and not to ranchers, the judicial system favoured enclosure of the public domain for use in small-scale arable agriculture. As the amount of free homestead land dwindled, settlers increasingly staked land within territories reserved for grazing. This chapter discusses the political economy of the settlement, the land market and speculation, land distribution, and land use.
JEREMY ADELMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter discusses the labour supply conditions in the Canadian prairies. The prairies, so far from the concentrations of populations in central Canada, and cut off by the pre-Cambrian shield ...
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This chapter discusses the labour supply conditions in the Canadian prairies. The prairies, so far from the concentrations of populations in central Canada, and cut off by the pre-Cambrian shield through Ontario, presented intractable obstacles to enjoying an effective supply of labour. This chapter describes immigration policy, immigration to the prairies from 1890 to 1914, the homesteader dependency on the labour market, and tenancy on the prairies. Migrants to the Canadian west were different and were determined to become permanent members of the region's economy. Their strategy of economic advancement was based on the prospect of landownership, to reap all the earnings themselves and realize capital gains at some future date.Less
This chapter discusses the labour supply conditions in the Canadian prairies. The prairies, so far from the concentrations of populations in central Canada, and cut off by the pre-Cambrian shield through Ontario, presented intractable obstacles to enjoying an effective supply of labour. This chapter describes immigration policy, immigration to the prairies from 1890 to 1914, the homesteader dependency on the labour market, and tenancy on the prairies. Migrants to the Canadian west were different and were determined to become permanent members of the region's economy. Their strategy of economic advancement was based on the prospect of landownership, to reap all the earnings themselves and realize capital gains at some future date.
MATTHEW CRAGOE
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205944
- eISBN:
- 9780191676864
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205944.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This book has examined how an elite, strong and self-confident until the 1860s, gradually declined thereafter. Different aspects of their influence disappeared at different rates: their ability to ...
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This book has examined how an elite, strong and self-confident until the 1860s, gradually declined thereafter. Different aspects of their influence disappeared at different rates: their ability to decide parliamentary elections, for example, disappeared earlier than their domination of local government. By 1885, landownership in all areas of Great Britain was beginning to lose the prestige it had enjoyed in 1832. The agricultural depression had undermined its economic attractions whilst the secret ballot had shorn the landowner of political influence. Both these factors represented crucial limitations on the ability of the paternalist aristocracy to perform that role of involved communal leadership which had been the credo of their class since the 1840s. The first county council elections in Wales were held in January 1889. Over the Principality as a whole, the results were an impressive triumph for the Liberal Party, which returned twice as many candidates as the combination of Conservatives, Liberal Unionists, and Independents. In Carmarthenshire, thirty-seven Liberals were joined on the new council by fourteen Conservatives.Less
This book has examined how an elite, strong and self-confident until the 1860s, gradually declined thereafter. Different aspects of their influence disappeared at different rates: their ability to decide parliamentary elections, for example, disappeared earlier than their domination of local government. By 1885, landownership in all areas of Great Britain was beginning to lose the prestige it had enjoyed in 1832. The agricultural depression had undermined its economic attractions whilst the secret ballot had shorn the landowner of political influence. Both these factors represented crucial limitations on the ability of the paternalist aristocracy to perform that role of involved communal leadership which had been the credo of their class since the 1840s. The first county council elections in Wales were held in January 1889. Over the Principality as a whole, the results were an impressive triumph for the Liberal Party, which returned twice as many candidates as the combination of Conservatives, Liberal Unionists, and Independents. In Carmarthenshire, thirty-seven Liberals were joined on the new council by fourteen Conservatives.
William D. Rubinstein
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199593767
- eISBN:
- 9780191728815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593767.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter explores the occupational composition and geographical venues of the very wealthy in Britain between 1809 and 1906. It provides biographical information about individuals who left ...
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This chapter explores the occupational composition and geographical venues of the very wealthy in Britain between 1809 and 1906. It provides biographical information about individuals who left probated wealth of at least £100,000 in three periods: 1809–39, 1860–1, and in 1906. In terms of occupations, the commercial and financial sector accounted for the largest number of very wealthy individuals, although over the period the proportion of those from administrative and professional backgrounds declined whilst those from the manufacturing and industrial sectors increased. London remained the geographical focus of these wealth holders, although in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, elites from provincial centres became more common. By the start of the twentieth century, it appeared that the possession of money rivalled the ownership of land as a measure of social status.Less
This chapter explores the occupational composition and geographical venues of the very wealthy in Britain between 1809 and 1906. It provides biographical information about individuals who left probated wealth of at least £100,000 in three periods: 1809–39, 1860–1, and in 1906. In terms of occupations, the commercial and financial sector accounted for the largest number of very wealthy individuals, although over the period the proportion of those from administrative and professional backgrounds declined whilst those from the manufacturing and industrial sectors increased. London remained the geographical focus of these wealth holders, although in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, elites from provincial centres became more common. By the start of the twentieth century, it appeared that the possession of money rivalled the ownership of land as a measure of social status.
Robert C. Allen
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198282969
- eISBN:
- 9780191684425
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198282969.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses the ways the landlords' agricultural revolution helped increase inequality. Their agricultural revolution was conducted through the concentration of landownership, the ...
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This chapter discusses the ways the landlords' agricultural revolution helped increase inequality. Their agricultural revolution was conducted through the concentration of landownership, the enclosure movement, and the increase in farm size. The discussion also attempts to answer the question: Would it have been possible to avoid or mitigate those adverse effects while still realizing the growth in efficiency?Less
This chapter discusses the ways the landlords' agricultural revolution helped increase inequality. Their agricultural revolution was conducted through the concentration of landownership, the enclosure movement, and the increase in farm size. The discussion also attempts to answer the question: Would it have been possible to avoid or mitigate those adverse effects while still realizing the growth in efficiency?
John Hatcher
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198282822
- eISBN:
- 9780191684418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198282822.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Economic History
Throughout the medieval and early modern centuries landed wealth far surpassed all other forms of wealth, and since the initiative in the exploitation of minerals resided first of all with the owners ...
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Throughout the medieval and early modern centuries landed wealth far surpassed all other forms of wealth, and since the initiative in the exploitation of minerals resided first of all with the owners of the land under which they lay, it was destined that landowners and the patterns of landownership should be fundamental to the history of coalmining. This chapter discusses proprietors and entrepreneurs, the sources of mining capital, executive decision-making, and mining leases.Less
Throughout the medieval and early modern centuries landed wealth far surpassed all other forms of wealth, and since the initiative in the exploitation of minerals resided first of all with the owners of the land under which they lay, it was destined that landowners and the patterns of landownership should be fundamental to the history of coalmining. This chapter discusses proprietors and entrepreneurs, the sources of mining capital, executive decision-making, and mining leases.
Rupert Stasch
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520256859
- eISBN:
- 9780520943322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520256859.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter investigates the Korowai social landscape as a field of otherness. It discusses landownership as a major medium through which Korowai live out a basic social problematic of autonomy, ...
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This chapter investigates the Korowai social landscape as a field of otherness. It discusses landownership as a major medium through which Korowai live out a basic social problematic of autonomy, separation, and boundary-traversing relatedness. The Korowai landownership world is a world of connections that people make across boundaries of strangeness, drawing the familiar and strange together. Korowai understandings emphasize that people demonstrate ownership of land through action on it and through mixing their labor with it. Interaction between hosts and guests illustrates how Korowai systematically join together qualities of otherness and close involvement as the positive substance of social bonds. It shows that the relations between Korowai and other Korowai take place on “beaches” in Greg Dening's sense. In forest space alone, Korowai society is located in people's motions across a heterogeneous landscape and their disparities of position on that landscape.Less
This chapter investigates the Korowai social landscape as a field of otherness. It discusses landownership as a major medium through which Korowai live out a basic social problematic of autonomy, separation, and boundary-traversing relatedness. The Korowai landownership world is a world of connections that people make across boundaries of strangeness, drawing the familiar and strange together. Korowai understandings emphasize that people demonstrate ownership of land through action on it and through mixing their labor with it. Interaction between hosts and guests illustrates how Korowai systematically join together qualities of otherness and close involvement as the positive substance of social bonds. It shows that the relations between Korowai and other Korowai take place on “beaches” in Greg Dening's sense. In forest space alone, Korowai society is located in people's motions across a heterogeneous landscape and their disparities of position on that landscape.
Oscar de la Torre
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643243
- eISBN:
- 9781469643267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643243.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Taking an oral tradition conveyed by a slave-descendant from the municipality of Vigia (Pará), this chapter argues that black peasants merged slavery-era traditions embedded in the landscape with ...
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Taking an oral tradition conveyed by a slave-descendant from the municipality of Vigia (Pará), this chapter argues that black peasants merged slavery-era traditions embedded in the landscape with discourses of legal access to landownership learned in freedom to form a single but multifaceted discourse of citizenship. It examines two processes. The first relates to the changes in the landscape that took place as the Campina sugar plantation became a farming community between 1862 and 1944. I discuss Campina's “golden age” as a slave plantation, the end of slavery in 1888, and the transition to free peasantry in the early twentieth century. The sequence of these three moments illuminates the social and economic changes the slave-descendants experienced, and constitutes the material basis for the second part of the chapter. That part turns to the ideological and cultural origins of the construct of citizens of Tauapará by interrogating popular understandings of landownership, relationships with patriarchal landowners, and the imagined life of legal documents.Less
Taking an oral tradition conveyed by a slave-descendant from the municipality of Vigia (Pará), this chapter argues that black peasants merged slavery-era traditions embedded in the landscape with discourses of legal access to landownership learned in freedom to form a single but multifaceted discourse of citizenship. It examines two processes. The first relates to the changes in the landscape that took place as the Campina sugar plantation became a farming community between 1862 and 1944. I discuss Campina's “golden age” as a slave plantation, the end of slavery in 1888, and the transition to free peasantry in the early twentieth century. The sequence of these three moments illuminates the social and economic changes the slave-descendants experienced, and constitutes the material basis for the second part of the chapter. That part turns to the ideological and cultural origins of the construct of citizens of Tauapará by interrogating popular understandings of landownership, relationships with patriarchal landowners, and the imagined life of legal documents.
RAMóN EDUARDO RUIZ
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520262355
- eISBN:
- 9780520947528
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520262355.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
The golden age of capitalism, when the tree of the Industrial Revolution bore ripe fruit, was no time for the peripheral world to free itself from colonialism's thumb. Known as the Gilded Age in the ...
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The golden age of capitalism, when the tree of the Industrial Revolution bore ripe fruit, was no time for the peripheral world to free itself from colonialism's thumb. Known as the Gilded Age in the United States, Mexico's new trading partner, it saw the triumph of the world economy of industrial capitalism, when Western Europe, and then the United States, embarked on imperial adventures, acquiring colonies by trade and investments and, if that failed, by rifle and cannon. As international commerce expanded, as did Western capitalists' investments in the peripheral world. Steamships, railroads, the telegraph, and bank loans opened the door for the sale of factory goods in faraway corners of the globe. During Porfirio Díaz's thirty years in office as president of Mexico, the state bowed to the wishes of the rich and powerful, natives and foreigners alike, both identified with exports. The concentration of landownership gave form and substance to the structure of poverty, putting shackles on the buying power of campesinos.Less
The golden age of capitalism, when the tree of the Industrial Revolution bore ripe fruit, was no time for the peripheral world to free itself from colonialism's thumb. Known as the Gilded Age in the United States, Mexico's new trading partner, it saw the triumph of the world economy of industrial capitalism, when Western Europe, and then the United States, embarked on imperial adventures, acquiring colonies by trade and investments and, if that failed, by rifle and cannon. As international commerce expanded, as did Western capitalists' investments in the peripheral world. Steamships, railroads, the telegraph, and bank loans opened the door for the sale of factory goods in faraway corners of the globe. During Porfirio Díaz's thirty years in office as president of Mexico, the state bowed to the wishes of the rich and powerful, natives and foreigners alike, both identified with exports. The concentration of landownership gave form and substance to the structure of poverty, putting shackles on the buying power of campesinos.
Karen R. Merrill
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520228627
- eISBN:
- 9780520926882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520228627.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter describes how Theodore Roosevelt and like-minded writers saw manly virtues in the ranchers' way of life, but Roosevelt and others also believed that only the agricultural settlement of ...
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This chapter describes how Theodore Roosevelt and like-minded writers saw manly virtues in the ranchers' way of life, but Roosevelt and others also believed that only the agricultural settlement of the West, with its emphases on private landownership and improvements, would bring the frontier region into the nation. The spread of the cattle industry over the northern plains only became possible with the destruction of the bison population and the suppression of Native Americans. The dichotomy in Roosevelt's description of the ranching industry of the late nineteenth century would continue into the public land debates in the early twentieth century. The public domain, both Richards and Mead believed, had to be tied to a homestead or a home ranch. The homesteader — also known as the “home-builder,” the “home-maker,” and the “little fellow” — would do more political work for ranchers in the early twentieth century than they could ever have imagined.Less
This chapter describes how Theodore Roosevelt and like-minded writers saw manly virtues in the ranchers' way of life, but Roosevelt and others also believed that only the agricultural settlement of the West, with its emphases on private landownership and improvements, would bring the frontier region into the nation. The spread of the cattle industry over the northern plains only became possible with the destruction of the bison population and the suppression of Native Americans. The dichotomy in Roosevelt's description of the ranching industry of the late nineteenth century would continue into the public land debates in the early twentieth century. The public domain, both Richards and Mead believed, had to be tied to a homestead or a home ranch. The homesteader — also known as the “home-builder,” the “home-maker,” and the “little fellow” — would do more political work for ranchers in the early twentieth century than they could ever have imagined.
