JOHN NIGHTINGALE
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208358
- eISBN:
- 9780191716645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208358.003.0019
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The narratives of the later monastic reform in early medieval Lotharingia might look back on the activities of their predecessors as worthless and contemptible but, in the absence of a better ...
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The narratives of the later monastic reform in early medieval Lotharingia might look back on the activities of their predecessors as worthless and contemptible but, in the absence of a better alternative, the latter had continued to be esteemed. It is for such reasons that this book has looked beyond spiritual and religious roles to consider the wider ways in which monasteries and their landholdings were an inescapable part of aristocratic life, intimately enmeshed in a noble family's inheritance strategies, its prestige, and its very notion of being. To appreciate the vitality and importance of monasteries in the 9th and 10th centuries, it is necessary to focus on land transactions as well as religious roles. Monasteries depended on patrons, but it is also true that patrons depended on the monasteries for the preservation of their chosen heirs' power and inheritance in the face of the claims of rival kin. Here the monasteries were as much patrons as patronised.Less
The narratives of the later monastic reform in early medieval Lotharingia might look back on the activities of their predecessors as worthless and contemptible but, in the absence of a better alternative, the latter had continued to be esteemed. It is for such reasons that this book has looked beyond spiritual and religious roles to consider the wider ways in which monasteries and their landholdings were an inescapable part of aristocratic life, intimately enmeshed in a noble family's inheritance strategies, its prestige, and its very notion of being. To appreciate the vitality and importance of monasteries in the 9th and 10th centuries, it is necessary to focus on land transactions as well as religious roles. Monasteries depended on patrons, but it is also true that patrons depended on the monasteries for the preservation of their chosen heirs' power and inheritance in the face of the claims of rival kin. Here the monasteries were as much patrons as patronised.
Roger Bagnall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562596
- eISBN:
- 9780191721458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562596.003.008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter suggests ways in which we can utilize models to quantify agricultural economic activity in Egypt and, on the basis of the available documentation, including tax records, to build up a ...
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This chapter suggests ways in which we can utilize models to quantify agricultural economic activity in Egypt and, on the basis of the available documentation, including tax records, to build up a detailed picture of the distribution and productivity of villages landholdings in particular areas and the level of urbanization.Less
This chapter suggests ways in which we can utilize models to quantify agricultural economic activity in Egypt and, on the basis of the available documentation, including tax records, to build up a detailed picture of the distribution and productivity of villages landholdings in particular areas and the level of urbanization.
M. E. Bratchel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199542901
- eISBN:
- 9780191715655
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542901.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The book traces the creation of the Lucchese state from classical antiquity to the end of the 15th century. It describes and explains the geographical configuration, institutional organization, and ...
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The book traces the creation of the Lucchese state from classical antiquity to the end of the 15th century. It describes and explains the geographical configuration, institutional organization, and social structures of an Italian city‐state that retained its independence in a world of much larger political entities. Medieval Lucca ruled over a relatively large city territory. The book argues that the region over which Lucca aspired to rule corresponded with its ecclesiastical diocese. Precise borders were the product of inter‐city warfare; but in early medieval Italy the diocese provided a basic framework in a world of fragmenting authority. The early chapters discuss not only the origins and evolving shape of the city territory, but also the firm control exercised by the city over its territory. Though not unique in this respect, Lucca provides a particularly strong example of the centralization of political and juridical power upon the hegemonic city. Lucca was especially innovative and precocious in the early division of its dominions into compact vicariates. Indeed Florence's restructuring of its own dominions was modelled on lands conquered during the fourteenth century from its western neighbour. The book asks how far Lucca's troubled political history in the fourteenth century subverted the earlier development of administrative institutions. Neither the disasters of the 14th century nor the decades of princely rule at the beginning of the 15th century brought a radical change of direction. The overview of the history of the Lucchese state from classical times provides the necessary background to the book's ultimate objective: the analysis in the final two chapters of the politico‐administrative and socio‐economic characteristics of the state that emerged from the Florentine wars of the 1430s. The final chapters compare Lucca with the new territorial or regional states of the Renaissance that have figured so largely in the historical literature, and ask whether the defining qualities of a city‐state retarded the greater market integration that historians have sometimes attributed to the newer political formations.Less
The book traces the creation of the Lucchese state from classical antiquity to the end of the 15th century. It describes and explains the geographical configuration, institutional organization, and social structures of an Italian city‐state that retained its independence in a world of much larger political entities. Medieval Lucca ruled over a relatively large city territory. The book argues that the region over which Lucca aspired to rule corresponded with its ecclesiastical diocese. Precise borders were the product of inter‐city warfare; but in early medieval Italy the diocese provided a basic framework in a world of fragmenting authority. The early chapters discuss not only the origins and evolving shape of the city territory, but also the firm control exercised by the city over its territory. Though not unique in this respect, Lucca provides a particularly strong example of the centralization of political and juridical power upon the hegemonic city. Lucca was especially innovative and precocious in the early division of its dominions into compact vicariates. Indeed Florence's restructuring of its own dominions was modelled on lands conquered during the fourteenth century from its western neighbour. The book asks how far Lucca's troubled political history in the fourteenth century subverted the earlier development of administrative institutions. Neither the disasters of the 14th century nor the decades of princely rule at the beginning of the 15th century brought a radical change of direction. The overview of the history of the Lucchese state from classical times provides the necessary background to the book's ultimate objective: the analysis in the final two chapters of the politico‐administrative and socio‐economic characteristics of the state that emerged from the Florentine wars of the 1430s. The final chapters compare Lucca with the new territorial or regional states of the Renaissance that have figured so largely in the historical literature, and ask whether the defining qualities of a city‐state retarded the greater market integration that historians have sometimes attributed to the newer political formations.
Katharine Eisaman Maus
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199698004
- eISBN:
- 9780191752001
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698004.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
What is the relation between who a person is, and what he or she has? A number of Shakespeare’s plays engage with this question, elaborating a “poetics of property” centering on questions of ...
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What is the relation between who a person is, and what he or she has? A number of Shakespeare’s plays engage with this question, elaborating a “poetics of property” centering on questions of authority and entitlement, of inheritance and prodigality, of the different opportunities afforded by access to land and to chattel property. Richard II and the Henry IV plays construe sovereignty as a form of property right, largely construing imperium, or the authority over persons in a polity, as a form of dominium, the authority of the propertyholder. Nonetheless, what property means changes considerably from Richard’s reign to Henry’s, as the imagined world of the plays is reconfigured to include an urban economy of chattel consumables. The Merchant of Venice, written between Richard II and 1 Henry IV, reimagines, in comic terms, some of the same issues broached in the history plays. It focuses in particular on the problem of the daughter’s inheritance and on the different property obligations among friends, business associates, and spouses. In the figure of the “vagabond king,” theoretically entitled but actually dispossessed, 2 Henry VI and King Lear both coordinate problems of entitlement with conundrums about distributive justice, raising fundamental questions about property relations and social organization.Less
What is the relation between who a person is, and what he or she has? A number of Shakespeare’s plays engage with this question, elaborating a “poetics of property” centering on questions of authority and entitlement, of inheritance and prodigality, of the different opportunities afforded by access to land and to chattel property. Richard II and the Henry IV plays construe sovereignty as a form of property right, largely construing imperium, or the authority over persons in a polity, as a form of dominium, the authority of the propertyholder. Nonetheless, what property means changes considerably from Richard’s reign to Henry’s, as the imagined world of the plays is reconfigured to include an urban economy of chattel consumables. The Merchant of Venice, written between Richard II and 1 Henry IV, reimagines, in comic terms, some of the same issues broached in the history plays. It focuses in particular on the problem of the daughter’s inheritance and on the different property obligations among friends, business associates, and spouses. In the figure of the “vagabond king,” theoretically entitled but actually dispossessed, 2 Henry VI and King Lear both coordinate problems of entitlement with conundrums about distributive justice, raising fundamental questions about property relations and social organization.
C. A. Bayly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077466
- eISBN:
- 9780199081110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077466.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter considers the stability and change in towns and cities in north India and examines the relationship between political power and flows of revenue and trade which lay at the heart of the ...
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This chapter considers the stability and change in towns and cities in north India and examines the relationship between political power and flows of revenue and trade which lay at the heart of the new kingdoms. It explains that it was during this period that the dominant urban landholding and trading groups, which were to persist through until the 1930s and 1940s, were able to establish themselves. The chapter suggests that during the later eighteenth century, agricultural labour, capital, and the investment of the political elites were redistributed across the north Indian countryside. This gave some groups like gentry, warriors, and merchants significant social advancement. The local decline in the agriculture of unstable tracts was matched by the expansion of marketing and cultivation on the fringes of tracts. The search for legitimacy within the Mughal polity; the expression of piety within the caste system; and the elite expenditure buoyed up towns and cities.Less
This chapter considers the stability and change in towns and cities in north India and examines the relationship between political power and flows of revenue and trade which lay at the heart of the new kingdoms. It explains that it was during this period that the dominant urban landholding and trading groups, which were to persist through until the 1930s and 1940s, were able to establish themselves. The chapter suggests that during the later eighteenth century, agricultural labour, capital, and the investment of the political elites were redistributed across the north Indian countryside. This gave some groups like gentry, warriors, and merchants significant social advancement. The local decline in the agriculture of unstable tracts was matched by the expansion of marketing and cultivation on the fringes of tracts. The search for legitimacy within the Mughal polity; the expression of piety within the caste system; and the elite expenditure buoyed up towns and cities.
Peter Temin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147680
- eISBN:
- 9781400845422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147680.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter focuses on the terms of Roman land ownership. It demonstrates how land is the basis of all agrarian economies. Yet land markets are different from commodity markets even today because ...
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This chapter focuses on the terms of Roman land ownership. It demonstrates how land is the basis of all agrarian economies. Yet land markets are different from commodity markets even today because land does not move. Three attributes of land ownership can indicate a functioning market for land. First, there is a price for land that can change freely when conditions change. Second, people can buy and sell land at this price without reference to many outside authorities, that is, they can make their own decisions rather than reflecting the decisions of people not directly involved in the land sale. Finally, there are few restrictions on or obligations from most landholdings and land transfers other than the payment of taxes.Less
This chapter focuses on the terms of Roman land ownership. It demonstrates how land is the basis of all agrarian economies. Yet land markets are different from commodity markets even today because land does not move. Three attributes of land ownership can indicate a functioning market for land. First, there is a price for land that can change freely when conditions change. Second, people can buy and sell land at this price without reference to many outside authorities, that is, they can make their own decisions rather than reflecting the decisions of people not directly involved in the land sale. Finally, there are few restrictions on or obligations from most landholdings and land transfers other than the payment of taxes.
Paul Bushkovitch
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195069464
- eISBN:
- 9780199854615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195069464.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
The religious changes of the early sixteenth century, the decline of the authority of the monasteries, and the concomitant attempts to raise the power of the bishops affected the laity as well as the ...
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The religious changes of the early sixteenth century, the decline of the authority of the monasteries, and the concomitant attempts to raise the power of the bishops affected the laity as well as the clergy, especially the elite of Russian society: the boyars and the lesser landholding class. The elite was more greatly affected because it had been more deeply involved in religious life than the townspeople or peasants: the monks came largely from the landholding class, mainly the lesser landholders but also some boyars. The evidence of the Domostroi suggests that the religious life of the lesser noble was essentially private, centered on the household and its observances, and local as well. The great boyar, by contrast, was a public man and his observances, especially after the midcentury, were public, part of the official religious life of the state.Less
The religious changes of the early sixteenth century, the decline of the authority of the monasteries, and the concomitant attempts to raise the power of the bishops affected the laity as well as the clergy, especially the elite of Russian society: the boyars and the lesser landholding class. The elite was more greatly affected because it had been more deeply involved in religious life than the townspeople or peasants: the monks came largely from the landholding class, mainly the lesser landholders but also some boyars. The evidence of the Domostroi suggests that the religious life of the lesser noble was essentially private, centered on the household and its observances, and local as well. The great boyar, by contrast, was a public man and his observances, especially after the midcentury, were public, part of the official religious life of the state.
Ashwani Deshpande
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072034
- eISBN:
- 9780199081028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072034.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter outlines contours of caste disparity in modern contemporary India, evidence that seriously questions the belief that caste is irrelevant in globalizing India. It presents evidence spread ...
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This chapter outlines contours of caste disparity in modern contemporary India, evidence that seriously questions the belief that caste is irrelevant in globalizing India. It presents evidence spread over the last 20 years, using the largest two data sets after the national census, on various indicators of material well-being. Some of these indicators have been aggregated by the author into a Caste Development Index (CDI). This index, as well as other indicators, clearly shows substantial regional variation, but no reversal of traditional caste hierarchies. The relationship between the regional distribution of the CDI and the rate of growth of state domestic product is also examined, to address whether disparities are lower in richer or faster-growing states.Less
This chapter outlines contours of caste disparity in modern contemporary India, evidence that seriously questions the belief that caste is irrelevant in globalizing India. It presents evidence spread over the last 20 years, using the largest two data sets after the national census, on various indicators of material well-being. Some of these indicators have been aggregated by the author into a Caste Development Index (CDI). This index, as well as other indicators, clearly shows substantial regional variation, but no reversal of traditional caste hierarchies. The relationship between the regional distribution of the CDI and the rate of growth of state domestic product is also examined, to address whether disparities are lower in richer or faster-growing states.
Philip C. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824833923
- eISBN:
- 9780824871710
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824833923.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book challenges the common understanding of Japanese economic and social history by uncovering diverse landholding practices in early modern Japan. It argues that it was joint landownership of ...
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This book challenges the common understanding of Japanese economic and social history by uncovering diverse landholding practices in early modern Japan. It argues that it was joint landownership of arable land that characterized a few large areas of Japan in the early modern period and even survived in some places down to the late twentieth century. The practice adapted to changing political and economic circumstances and was compatible with increasing farm involvement in the market. Land rights were the product of villages and, to some degree, daimyo policies. Joint ownership structured a number of practices compatible with longer-term investment in and maintenance of arable land. The book provides new perspectives on how villagers organized themselves and their lands, and how their practices were articulated (or were not articulated) to higher layers of administration. It employs an unusually wide array of sources and methodologies: In addition to manuscripts from local archives, it exploits interviews with modern informants who used joint ownership and a combination of modern geographical tools to investigate the degree to which the most common form of joint ownership reflected efforts to ameliorate flood and landslide hazard risk as well as microclimate variation. Further it explores the nature of Japanese agricultural practice, its demand on natural resources, and the role of broader environmental factors—all of which infuse the study with new environmental perspectives and approaches.Less
This book challenges the common understanding of Japanese economic and social history by uncovering diverse landholding practices in early modern Japan. It argues that it was joint landownership of arable land that characterized a few large areas of Japan in the early modern period and even survived in some places down to the late twentieth century. The practice adapted to changing political and economic circumstances and was compatible with increasing farm involvement in the market. Land rights were the product of villages and, to some degree, daimyo policies. Joint ownership structured a number of practices compatible with longer-term investment in and maintenance of arable land. The book provides new perspectives on how villagers organized themselves and their lands, and how their practices were articulated (or were not articulated) to higher layers of administration. It employs an unusually wide array of sources and methodologies: In addition to manuscripts from local archives, it exploits interviews with modern informants who used joint ownership and a combination of modern geographical tools to investigate the degree to which the most common form of joint ownership reflected efforts to ameliorate flood and landslide hazard risk as well as microclimate variation. Further it explores the nature of Japanese agricultural practice, its demand on natural resources, and the role of broader environmental factors—all of which infuse the study with new environmental perspectives and approaches.
Uday Shankar Saha and Mandira Saha
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242177
- eISBN:
- 9780191697036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242177.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Although West Bengal is one of India's smaller states, it is perceived to be the most populous wherein more than half of its population — about 72% — reside in rural areas on 6.3 million fragmented ...
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Although West Bengal is one of India's smaller states, it is perceived to be the most populous wherein more than half of its population — about 72% — reside in rural areas on 6.3 million fragmented landholdings. ‘Operation Barga’ (OB) was initiated by the West Bengal government in 1978 as a comprehensive program to address the reforms on the sharecropping system which was employed throughout the state and comprises 20–25% of all farms. This chapter presents a case study wherein the OB's overall impact is assessed through an appraisal study which involved eighty sharecroppers across six villages under four local government systems or Panchayats. The areas were categorized based on a relative agricultural development level to further emphasize OB's differential regional effect.Less
Although West Bengal is one of India's smaller states, it is perceived to be the most populous wherein more than half of its population — about 72% — reside in rural areas on 6.3 million fragmented landholdings. ‘Operation Barga’ (OB) was initiated by the West Bengal government in 1978 as a comprehensive program to address the reforms on the sharecropping system which was employed throughout the state and comprises 20–25% of all farms. This chapter presents a case study wherein the OB's overall impact is assessed through an appraisal study which involved eighty sharecroppers across six villages under four local government systems or Panchayats. The areas were categorized based on a relative agricultural development level to further emphasize OB's differential regional effect.
J. H. Andrews
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199562527
- eISBN:
- 9780191701849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562527.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses the land system and urban and rural settlements in Ireland. Ulster had long been placed well below the national average in both economic promise and performance, but by the ...
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This chapter discusses the land system and urban and rural settlements in Ireland. Ulster had long been placed well below the national average in both economic promise and performance, but by the 1680s it was reputed the most populous of all the provinces. Landholding arrangements of varying age and origin continued to subsist among the tenantry in areas of English as well as Irish influence. The Old English Catholics were still prominent in towns that had stood apart from the main stream of recent immigration, and there was a considerable ‘new Irish’ element of traders and urban working men. The new towns of the 17th century were altogether more regular and uniform. Their streets were wider, straighter, and more rationally grouped, with public buildings sited in conspicuous positions; their over-all population density was lower than that of the old towns, and their suburbs were comparatively small.Less
This chapter discusses the land system and urban and rural settlements in Ireland. Ulster had long been placed well below the national average in both economic promise and performance, but by the 1680s it was reputed the most populous of all the provinces. Landholding arrangements of varying age and origin continued to subsist among the tenantry in areas of English as well as Irish influence. The Old English Catholics were still prominent in towns that had stood apart from the main stream of recent immigration, and there was a considerable ‘new Irish’ element of traders and urban working men. The new towns of the 17th century were altogether more regular and uniform. Their streets were wider, straighter, and more rationally grouped, with public buildings sited in conspicuous positions; their over-all population density was lower than that of the old towns, and their suburbs were comparatively small.
Keith Wrightson and David Lavine
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203216
- eISBN:
- 9780191675799
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203216.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter discusses the economy of the village of Terling in Essex. In the course of the later 16th and 17th centuries, the development of the village economy, like that of the county of Essex ...
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This chapter discusses the economy of the village of Terling in Essex. In the course of the later 16th and 17th centuries, the development of the village economy, like that of the county of Essex generally, was shaped by four basic factors. First there were the simple facts of topography and soil type; second, the agricultural technology available to the villagers and the practice of husbandry associated with it; third, the system of landholding inherited from the medieval past; and, finally, the influence of market opportunities.Less
This chapter discusses the economy of the village of Terling in Essex. In the course of the later 16th and 17th centuries, the development of the village economy, like that of the county of Essex generally, was shaped by four basic factors. First there were the simple facts of topography and soil type; second, the agricultural technology available to the villagers and the practice of husbandry associated with it; third, the system of landholding inherited from the medieval past; and, finally, the influence of market opportunities.
Judith Pallot
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206569
- eISBN:
- 9780191677212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206569.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The Stolypin Land Reform provides for the physical rearrangement of peasant model land and the legal transfer of its title to specified individuals. These changes aimed to liberate peasants from the ...
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The Stolypin Land Reform provides for the physical rearrangement of peasant model land and the legal transfer of its title to specified individuals. These changes aimed to liberate peasants from the negative affects of the landholding regime in communes. Two particular features of communal landholding had attracted the attention of the reform's authors — fragmentation or land scattering and repartition. This chapter argues that the authors of the Stolypin Land Reform overestimated the costs to the peasantry of land fragmentation and land tenure and underestimated the economic and social costs that would be incurred by peasants who made the transition to individual farms. The result was that Russia's peasants and the authorities failed to interpret the land reform in a universal way; farm individualization, understood at the centre as offering a long-term solution to the agrarian problem, was not able to dislodge the peasants' conviction that the solution to their distress lay in the acquisition of more land.Less
The Stolypin Land Reform provides for the physical rearrangement of peasant model land and the legal transfer of its title to specified individuals. These changes aimed to liberate peasants from the negative affects of the landholding regime in communes. Two particular features of communal landholding had attracted the attention of the reform's authors — fragmentation or land scattering and repartition. This chapter argues that the authors of the Stolypin Land Reform overestimated the costs to the peasantry of land fragmentation and land tenure and underestimated the economic and social costs that would be incurred by peasants who made the transition to individual farms. The result was that Russia's peasants and the authorities failed to interpret the land reform in a universal way; farm individualization, understood at the centre as offering a long-term solution to the agrarian problem, was not able to dislodge the peasants' conviction that the solution to their distress lay in the acquisition of more land.
Judith Pallot
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206569
- eISBN:
- 9780191677212
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206569.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The peasants of Russia were in a position to modify the Stolypin Land Reform and to minimize its impact upon existing community structures, while positioning themselves to benefit individually or ...
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The peasants of Russia were in a position to modify the Stolypin Land Reform and to minimize its impact upon existing community structures, while positioning themselves to benefit individually or collectively from any ‘small advantages’ their engagement with it might bring. Whatever else the reform may have achieved, it was not the destruction of communes, and this was as true for communities that adopted the reform as for those that did not. As the reform developed, patterns began to emerge as seen from the data. Land tenure changes got off to a good start but declined in frequency from 1910. Of all the changes made possible by the Stolypin Reform legislation, transfer of title to strips in the open fields was most widely adopted by peasant households. This chapter discusses the impact of title changes in the commune, the impact of land settlement projects on landholding practices in the commune, and fictitious khutora.Less
The peasants of Russia were in a position to modify the Stolypin Land Reform and to minimize its impact upon existing community structures, while positioning themselves to benefit individually or collectively from any ‘small advantages’ their engagement with it might bring. Whatever else the reform may have achieved, it was not the destruction of communes, and this was as true for communities that adopted the reform as for those that did not. As the reform developed, patterns began to emerge as seen from the data. Land tenure changes got off to a good start but declined in frequency from 1910. Of all the changes made possible by the Stolypin Reform legislation, transfer of title to strips in the open fields was most widely adopted by peasant households. This chapter discusses the impact of title changes in the commune, the impact of land settlement projects on landholding practices in the commune, and fictitious khutora.
Nikolaos Papazarkadas
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694006
- eISBN:
- 9780191732003
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694006.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Ancient Religions
Landed wealth was crucial for the economies of all Greek city-states, and despite its peculiarities Athens was no exception in that respect. This monograph is the first exhaustive treatment of sacred ...
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Landed wealth was crucial for the economies of all Greek city-states, and despite its peculiarities Athens was no exception in that respect. This monograph is the first exhaustive treatment of sacred and public —i.e., non-private— real property in Athens. Following a survey of modern scholarship on the topic, Papazarkadas scrutinizes literary, epigraphic and archaeological evidence, in order to examine lands and other types of realty administered by the polis of Athens and its constitutional and semi-official subdivisions (tribes, demes, religious associations etc). Contrary to earlier anachronistic models that saw sacred realty as a thinly disguised form of state property, the author perceives the sanctity of temene (sacred landholdings) as meaningful, both conceptually and economically. In particular, he detects a seamless link between sacred rentals and cultic activity. This link is markedly visible in two distinctive cases: the border area known as Sacred Orgas, a constant source of contention between Athens and Megara; and the moriai, Athena’s sacred olive-trees, whose crop was the coveted prize of the Panathenaic games. Both topics are treated in separate appendices as do several other problems, not least the socio-economic profile of those involved in the leasing of sacred property, as emerges from a detailed prosopographical analysis. However, certain non-private landholdings were secular and alienable, and their exploitation was often based on financial schemes different from those applied in the case of temene. This gives the author the opportunity to analyze and elucidate ancient notions of public and sacred ownership.Less
Landed wealth was crucial for the economies of all Greek city-states, and despite its peculiarities Athens was no exception in that respect. This monograph is the first exhaustive treatment of sacred and public —i.e., non-private— real property in Athens. Following a survey of modern scholarship on the topic, Papazarkadas scrutinizes literary, epigraphic and archaeological evidence, in order to examine lands and other types of realty administered by the polis of Athens and its constitutional and semi-official subdivisions (tribes, demes, religious associations etc). Contrary to earlier anachronistic models that saw sacred realty as a thinly disguised form of state property, the author perceives the sanctity of temene (sacred landholdings) as meaningful, both conceptually and economically. In particular, he detects a seamless link between sacred rentals and cultic activity. This link is markedly visible in two distinctive cases: the border area known as Sacred Orgas, a constant source of contention between Athens and Megara; and the moriai, Athena’s sacred olive-trees, whose crop was the coveted prize of the Panathenaic games. Both topics are treated in separate appendices as do several other problems, not least the socio-economic profile of those involved in the leasing of sacred property, as emerges from a detailed prosopographical analysis. However, certain non-private landholdings were secular and alienable, and their exploitation was often based on financial schemes different from those applied in the case of temene. This gives the author the opportunity to analyze and elucidate ancient notions of public and sacred ownership.
Papazarkadas Nikolaos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694006
- eISBN:
- 9780191732003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694006.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Ancient Religions
This is the largest and arguably central chapter of the book, in which the author investigates real property administered by the polis of Athens, i.e., by the central government. He offers an ...
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This is the largest and arguably central chapter of the book, in which the author investigates real property administered by the polis of Athens, i.e., by the central government. He offers an exhaustive account of property belonging to Athena, as the poliadic goddess of Athens; to the so-called Other Gods; to new divinities, primarily Amphiaraos and Asklepios; and to the two Eleusinian Goddesses. After a thorough analysis of the Aristotelian Athenian Constitution 47.4-5, the key literary passage on Athenian administration of sacred lands, Papazarkadas investigates the financial mechanisms by which sacred rentals were invested in order to sustain cultic activity. Such schemes show the importance of sacred landholdings for the smooth function of Athenian religion. Finally, the author probes leasing within the wider frame of Athenian finances, especially in the Lykourgan period.Less
This is the largest and arguably central chapter of the book, in which the author investigates real property administered by the polis of Athens, i.e., by the central government. He offers an exhaustive account of property belonging to Athena, as the poliadic goddess of Athens; to the so-called Other Gods; to new divinities, primarily Amphiaraos and Asklepios; and to the two Eleusinian Goddesses. After a thorough analysis of the Aristotelian Athenian Constitution 47.4-5, the key literary passage on Athenian administration of sacred lands, Papazarkadas investigates the financial mechanisms by which sacred rentals were invested in order to sustain cultic activity. Such schemes show the importance of sacred landholdings for the smooth function of Athenian religion. Finally, the author probes leasing within the wider frame of Athenian finances, especially in the Lykourgan period.
John Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198260301
- eISBN:
- 9780191740640
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260301.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This volume, in the Oxford History of the Laws of England series, spans three centuries that encompassed the tumultuous years of the Norman conquest, and during which the common law as we know it ...
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This volume, in the Oxford History of the Laws of England series, spans three centuries that encompassed the tumultuous years of the Norman conquest, and during which the common law as we know it today began to emerge. It treats all aspects of the early development of the English common law in a century, and features research into the original sources that bring the era to life, and provides an interpretative account, a subject analysis, and glimpses into medieval disputes. Starting with King Alfred (871–899), this book examines the particular contributions of the Anglo‐Saxon period to the development of English law, including the development of a powerful machinery of royal government, significant aspects of a long-lasting court structure, and important elements of law relating to theft and violence. Until the reign of King Stephen (1135–54), these Anglo‐Saxon contributions were maintained by the Norman rulers, whilst the Conquest of 1066 led to the development of key aspects of landholding that were to have a continuing effect on the emerging common law. The Angevin period saw the establishment of more routine royal administration of justice, closer links between central government and individuals in the localities, and growing bureaucratization. Finally, the later twelfth and earlier thirteenth century saw influential changes in legal expertise. The book concludes with the rebellion against King John in 1215 and the production of the Magna Carta.Less
This volume, in the Oxford History of the Laws of England series, spans three centuries that encompassed the tumultuous years of the Norman conquest, and during which the common law as we know it today began to emerge. It treats all aspects of the early development of the English common law in a century, and features research into the original sources that bring the era to life, and provides an interpretative account, a subject analysis, and glimpses into medieval disputes. Starting with King Alfred (871–899), this book examines the particular contributions of the Anglo‐Saxon period to the development of English law, including the development of a powerful machinery of royal government, significant aspects of a long-lasting court structure, and important elements of law relating to theft and violence. Until the reign of King Stephen (1135–54), these Anglo‐Saxon contributions were maintained by the Norman rulers, whilst the Conquest of 1066 led to the development of key aspects of landholding that were to have a continuing effect on the emerging common law. The Angevin period saw the establishment of more routine royal administration of justice, closer links between central government and individuals in the localities, and growing bureaucratization. Finally, the later twelfth and earlier thirteenth century saw influential changes in legal expertise. The book concludes with the rebellion against King John in 1215 and the production of the Magna Carta.
John Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198260301
- eISBN:
- 9780191740640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260301.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Throughout the period covered by this book, control of land underlay the exercise of royal and aristocratic power. This chapter discusses types of land; landholding, lordship, and dependent tenure; ...
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Throughout the period covered by this book, control of land underlay the exercise of royal and aristocratic power. This chapter discusses types of land; landholding, lordship, and dependent tenure; security of possession, inheritance, bequests of land and the Anglo-Saxon will, alienability, and church lands. Much remains obscure in the history of late Anglo-Saxon land law, particularly outside the best-documented aspects of bookland and loanland. The degree of regional or, particularly at lower social levels, more local variation in custom is impossible to establish. It seems certain that the origins of northern tenures such as drengage are pre-Conquest. However, it is far from clear, for example, that folkland existed throughout England or even outside Wessex and Kent. The terms on which Scandinavian settlers distributed lands amongst themselves remain obscure.Less
Throughout the period covered by this book, control of land underlay the exercise of royal and aristocratic power. This chapter discusses types of land; landholding, lordship, and dependent tenure; security of possession, inheritance, bequests of land and the Anglo-Saxon will, alienability, and church lands. Much remains obscure in the history of late Anglo-Saxon land law, particularly outside the best-documented aspects of bookland and loanland. The degree of regional or, particularly at lower social levels, more local variation in custom is impossible to establish. It seems certain that the origins of northern tenures such as drengage are pre-Conquest. However, it is far from clear, for example, that folkland existed throughout England or even outside Wessex and Kent. The terms on which Scandinavian settlers distributed lands amongst themselves remain obscure.
John Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198260301
- eISBN:
- 9780191740640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260301.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter concentrates primarily on the period up to 1135, with the balance of evidence causing some prioritisation of the reign of Henry I. It begins with the issue of lordship and lay ...
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This chapter concentrates primarily on the period up to 1135, with the balance of evidence causing some prioritisation of the reign of Henry I. It begins with the issue of lordship and lay landholding, and then examines the questions of security of tenure, heritability, and alienability. Information is most extensive for the upper levels of society, and the potential for variation according to social standing must be remembered. The divisions between forms of tenure apparent in later mediaeval common law — frankalmoign, knight service, serjeanty, socage, and villeinage — are only to a limited and varying degree apparent in the Anglo-Norman period. Analysis here is divided into the following general categories; lay free landholding; lay unfree landholding; and ecclesiastical landholding.Less
This chapter concentrates primarily on the period up to 1135, with the balance of evidence causing some prioritisation of the reign of Henry I. It begins with the issue of lordship and lay landholding, and then examines the questions of security of tenure, heritability, and alienability. Information is most extensive for the upper levels of society, and the potential for variation according to social standing must be remembered. The divisions between forms of tenure apparent in later mediaeval common law — frankalmoign, knight service, serjeanty, socage, and villeinage — are only to a limited and varying degree apparent in the Anglo-Norman period. Analysis here is divided into the following general categories; lay free landholding; lay unfree landholding; and ecclesiastical landholding.
John Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198260301
- eISBN:
- 9780191740640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260301.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter demonstrates that significant, although far from all, aspects of family law intersected with matters of lordship and landholding. In particular, these included the elements grouped by ...
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This chapter demonstrates that significant, although far from all, aspects of family law intersected with matters of lordship and landholding. In particular, these included the elements grouped by historians as ‘feudal incidents’, that is wardship, marriage, and relief. Any death of a tenant allowed the lord to take relief and high mortality ensured that death leaving a minor or a female as the closest claimant was frequent. The profits arising from consequent wardships and marriages may have been considerable, especially if the previous tenant had held on favourable terms. The importance of such occasional rights, and the contention that they provoked, is clear from their precedence amongst secular matters in Henry I's coronation decree. That pattern would be repeated over a century later, in Magna Carta.Less
This chapter demonstrates that significant, although far from all, aspects of family law intersected with matters of lordship and landholding. In particular, these included the elements grouped by historians as ‘feudal incidents’, that is wardship, marriage, and relief. Any death of a tenant allowed the lord to take relief and high mortality ensured that death leaving a minor or a female as the closest claimant was frequent. The profits arising from consequent wardships and marriages may have been considerable, especially if the previous tenant had held on favourable terms. The importance of such occasional rights, and the contention that they provoked, is clear from their precedence amongst secular matters in Henry I's coronation decree. That pattern would be repeated over a century later, in Magna Carta.
