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Geography applied

Robert J. Bennett and Alan G. Wilson

in A Century of British Geography

This chapter discusses the main trends and the most prominent focuses of research regarding geography as an applied discipline. It concentrates on the contributions of geographers in Britain and the ... More

This chapter discusses the main trends and the most prominent focuses of research regarding geography as an applied discipline. It concentrates on the contributions of geographers in Britain and the applied developments in human geography. The development of physical geography and earth sciences has been particularly influential on the development of applied geography at various stages. The chapter also examines regional planning and policy, town and country planning, land use planning and other specific fields.Less

Envisioning the Accessibility Shift

Jonathan Levine, Joe Grengs, and Louis A. Merlin

in From Mobility to Accessibility: Transforming Urban Transportation and Land-Use Planning

This concluding chapter highlights the importance of accessibility in transportation planning. Three logics contend for status as transportation planning's conceptual core: mobility, ... More

This concluding chapter highlights the importance of accessibility in transportation planning. Three logics contend for status as transportation planning's conceptual core: mobility, vehicle-kilometers-traveled (VKT) reduction, and accessibility. The transportation-planning field began in the first half of the twentieth century with a mobility orientation. By the end of the century, many planners and researchers had shifted to VKT reductions as the implicit lodestone of progressive action in transportation and land use, a goal that, by the twenty-first century, made its way into some formal policies—though the mobility paradigm remained dominant overall. This book argues for a logic distinct from both of these: an accessibility shift to align transportation and land-use planning with transportation's core purpose. Notwithstanding the challenges it faces in the form of invisibility, accessibility is the only reliable indicator, among the three contenders, of the benefits offered by transportation. This renders both mobility and VKT reduction inadequate as transportation planning's central logic, an inadequacy that can lead to perverse outcomes. The existing mobility paradigm molds transportation and land-use planning at multiple levels and geographic scales and demonstrably shapes metropolitan development. This power suggests that the accessibility shift similarly holds great potential for altering decisions and ultimately the built environment.Less

The Accessibility Shift

Jonathan Levine, Joe Grengs, and Louis A. Merlin

in From Mobility to Accessibility: Transforming Urban Transportation and Land-Use Planning

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the shift from mobility to accessibility as the basis for transportation and land-use planning. Reliance on mobility as a guiding planning principle ... More

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the shift from mobility to accessibility as the basis for transportation and land-use planning. Reliance on mobility as a guiding planning principle is evidenced in current policy and in the physical form of the built environment in metropolitan areas in the United States and many other countries around the world. When evaluating the performance of a transportation system, the fundamental criterion for success has long been faster vehicle-operating speed. This focus on mobility stands in contrast to a cornerstone of modern transportation planning: the notion that the demand for transportation is largely derived from the demand to reach destinations. If the goal that drives current transportation planning—mobility—differs from the service that people seek from transportation—accessibility—the planning process would tend to overprovide the former and underprovide the latter. Thus, aligning the logic of transportation planning with the core purpose of transportation is about ensuring that people get more of what they want out of the system: access to destinations.Less

Unifying Action: Results of Cooperative Land-Use Planning

Jess Gilbert and Richard S. Kirkendall

in Planning Democracy: Agrarian Intellectuals and the Intended New Deal

This chapter examines the success of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) cooperative land-use planning program. It cites particular events in three major problem areas of the United States: ... More

This chapter examines the success of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) cooperative land-use planning program. It cites particular events in three major problem areas of the United States: the plantation South, the Northern Plains, and the northern Great Lakes states cut-over regions. Georgia's Greene County in the rural South demonstrates the policy's mission as it addresses the issues of soil erosion and forest fires, while at the same time improving the systems of health care, education, housing, and recreation. Similarly, North Dakota's Sheridan County in the Northern Plains had the best record with eighty-five percent of its farm people participating in the program. In various cut-over regions of Great lakes states Minnesota and Michigan, the program offered land-improvement loans to tenants and farm laborers, as well as to current land owners.Less

Strategic Planning and Regional Governance in Europe:: Recent Trends in Strategic Planning and Responses to Address Emerging Issues and Problems

Louis Albrechts

in China's Pan-Pearl River Delta: Regional Cooperation and Development

This chapter provides an overview of the processes and recent trends of strategic planning in Europe. It re-examines strategic planning by highlighting the differences between it and traditional ... More

This chapter provides an overview of the processes and recent trends of strategic planning in Europe. It re-examines strategic planning by highlighting the differences between it and traditional land-use planning. It discusses the “new” strategic spatial planning, the four-track operationalized framework, and the type of governance suitable for transformative practices. Finally, it introduces four types of strategic projects which provide a key to an action-oriented approach: urban projects, rural projects, new innovative development, and network-like projects.Less

What is Transportation For?

Jonathan Levine, Joe Grengs, and Louis A. Merlin

in From Mobility to Accessibility: Transforming Urban Transportation and Land-Use Planning

This chapter traces the history of the derived-demand concept, its application to the transportation context, and an important challenge to the derived view of transportation demand. The ... More

This chapter traces the history of the derived-demand concept, its application to the transportation context, and an important challenge to the derived view of transportation demand. The derived-demand concept, which underpins the logic of accessibility in transportation and land-use planning, originated in realms entirely removed from transportation. The derived-demand term was coined in 1895 by the economist Alfred Marshall, who used it to describe the demand curves for goods that were intermediate to the consumption or production of other goods. However, the first application of Marshall's derived-demand concept to transportation may have come four decades later in Michael Bonavia's 1936 book The Economics of Transport. The derived-demand concept in transportation was developed further by Robert Mitchell and Chester Rapkin, who were interested in forecasting demand for transportation on the basis of land-use patterns across a metropolitan area. Ultimately, the consensus view that transportation demand is mostly derived is not an absolute truth but, rather, is based on the view that transportation is most usefully viewed—in most circumstances and for most trips—as one means to an end, rather than an end in itself.Less

Urban planning and reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake

Michio Ubaura

in Spatial Planning and Resilience Following Disasters: International and Comparative Perspectives

This chapter illustrates the contents of urban planning and reconstruction activities after the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred in 2011. First, a paradigm shift in Japanese urban planning ... More

This chapter illustrates the contents of urban planning and reconstruction activities after the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred in 2011. First, a paradigm shift in Japanese urban planning against the backdrop of demographic change is explained as premises for the reconstruction activities after the GEJE. Then, the reconstruction land use plan in general is introduced with the concrete examples of Ishinomaki city, Onagawa town and Ofunato city. Based on this information, the author describes some points of concern in the planning process of land use plans as well as its reality. Finally, he also shows the actual situation of urban formation and points out some problems of it.Less

Land-use planning after mega-disasters: between disaster prevention and spatial sustainability

Michio Ubaura

in Spatial Planning and Resilience Following Disasters: International and Comparative Perspectives

This chapter illustrates the land use planning after Mega-Disasters in four countries. First, the main contents of the spatial reconstruction plan of each country are summarized, followed by the ... More

This chapter illustrates the land use planning after Mega-Disasters in four countries. First, the main contents of the spatial reconstruction plan of each country are summarized, followed by the summary of methods of planning implementation and substantive formation conditions in the affected areas and other related areas. Then, the author discusses the way of balancing the disaster preparedness and the spatial sustainability and about the reality of urban area formation in each country from a comparative approach. Finally, the ways of land use planning in the reconstruction process of each country are characterized.Less

Neighbourhoods, communities and the local scale

Quintin Bradley

in Localism and Neighbourhood Planning: Power to the People?

This chapter looks at international debates on participation and the widening of democratic engagement in the context of initiatives in the English planning system. It discusses the devolution of ... More

This chapter looks at international debates on participation and the widening of democratic engagement in the context of initiatives in the English planning system. It discusses the devolution of neighbourhood planning powers to local communities from 2011 and draws parallels with traditions of citizens' control and direct action in land-use planning. The chapter also asks whether neighbourhood planning can be said to devolve some kind of ‘power to the people’. In doing so, it argues for an understanding of participation not as a process of inclusion, but as a political practice founded on the inevitability of antagonism and conflict. The chapter begins by exploring the theory and practice of participation in planning and its relation to community action. It then introduces neighbourhood planning within the context of community opposition to development and considers the emergence at the local scale of new collective identities structured around participation as a democratic political practice.Less

Neighbourhood planning and the spatial practices of localism

Quintin Bradley, Amy Burnett, and William Sparling

in Localism and Neighbourhood Planning: Power to the People?

This chapter examines the use of statutory planning powers to effect spatial change by neighbourhoods in England. Neighbourhood planning is unusual in that a tailor-made set of statutory powers was ... More

This chapter examines the use of statutory planning powers to effect spatial change by neighbourhoods in England. Neighbourhood planning is unusual in that a tailor-made set of statutory powers was devised and offered to communities to give them distinct rights within the development planning framework. Where much research on neighbourhood planning has focused on its impact on community governance and the management of place, the chapter is concerned with the implementation of a set of spatial practices, and the use by neighbourhoods of a specific, and quite limited, framework of land-use planning to achieve their goals. It addresses the approach taken by neighbourhoods to the key challenge of housing supply, before reviewing the use of planning policy to highlight the goals of social sustainability in regeneration and public infrastructure, and considering the environmental measures and low-carbon alternatives promoted in neighbourhood plans. The chapter concludes with an assessment of what is distinctive about the spatial practices of neighbourhood planning and their impact on land and property markets.Less

The Importance of Planning and Politics

Royce Hanson

in Suburb: Planning Politics and the Public Interest

This book concludes with a discussion of Montgomery County's contribution to understanding planning politics. Montgomery's experience highlights the complementary roles and reasoning processes of ... More

This book concludes with a discussion of Montgomery County's contribution to understanding planning politics. Montgomery's experience highlights the complementary roles and reasoning processes of planners and politicians as they sought to act in the public interest. One of the most valuable lessons planners and political leaders can take from Montgomery's cases is the importance of persistence in land use policy. This is evident in the General Plan, the Agricultural Reserve, and Silver Spring. Furthermore, Montgomery shows that planning matters even if planning politics is hard. This conclusion argues that planning for the next half-century will require a fusion of traditional land use planning with a broader capacity for rethinking Montgomery's role in the metropolitan, state, national, and world political economies. It ends by speculating on the county's future.Less

Neighborhood Activism and Slow Growth

Jan Lin

in Taking Back the Boulevard: Art, Activism, and Gentrification in Los Angeles

Introduces the rise of neighborhood activism in Northeast Los Angeles in the 1980s against the backdrop of “slow growth” preservation and local control movements in California and around the nation. ... More

Introduces the rise of neighborhood activism in Northeast Los Angeles in the 1980s against the backdrop of “slow growth” preservation and local control movements in California and around the nation. Case study of Eagle Rock, where The Eagle Rock Association (TERA) led a series of protests against mini-malls, condominiums, mansions and “big box” chain stores, in favor of better coordinated land-use planning preservation of natural and architectural landmarks, and “Take Back the Boulevard” for bikers and pedestrians. The case of Highland Park, where citizen activists and preservationists worked to create a Historic Preservation Overlay Zone (HPOZ) to save historic buildings and better regulate land-use planning. It chronicles the rise of the Friends of the Southwest Museum Coalition to oppose the veritable warehousing of the Southwest Museum and storage of the collection in Burbank by its new owner, the Autry National Center of the West. Examines the internal politics of neighborhood activism, the significant participation of women leaders, and the question of minority participation. The chapter finishes with the political legacy of the slow growth movements of Northeast Angeles, which are expressed through a progressive coalition of neighborhood activist organizations with Democratic Latino city councilmen.Less

Popular Constitutionalism Applied

James R. Skillen

in This Land is My Land: Rebellion in the West

The Patriot Rebellion that swept across the West, driven by a mature infrastructure of conservative interests, counties, states, and individuals challenged the federal government directly over access ... More

The Patriot Rebellion that swept across the West, driven by a mature infrastructure of conservative interests, counties, states, and individuals challenged the federal government directly over access to federal lands and economic development. States, led by Utah, claimed the power of eminent domain over federal lands and demanded that the federal government relinquished most of its land to them. Counties once again demanded control over federal land use planning, this time by arguing that the federal government needed to coordinate with county officials to ensure that federal land use plans met county needs.Less

| | The Dutch Floriades

in Grounds for Review: The Garden Festival in Urban Planning and Design

This chapter discusses the Dutch international horticultural exhibition or ‘Floriade’. It explains how the exhibition has closer links to existing land-use planning policies than counterpart events ... More

This chapter discusses the Dutch international horticultural exhibition or ‘Floriade’. It explains how the exhibition has closer links to existing land-use planning policies than counterpart events elsewhere. The discussions cover planning in the Netherlands; Dutch Urban Park Design; the first Floriade, Rotterdam 1960; the Amsterdam Floriades, 1972 and 1982; the Zoetermeer Floriade, 1992; the Haarlemmermeer Floriade, 2002; and the future of the Floriades.Less

Labor Strategy and the Politics of Elite Division in Midtown Manhattan

Ian Thomas MacDonald

in Unions and the City: Negotiating Urban Change

This chapter discusses a campaign by the New York hotel workers to ensure new hotels built in East Midtown will employ unionized labor and continue to offer decent wages and benefits. This case shows ... More

This chapter discusses a campaign by the New York hotel workers to ensure new hotels built in East Midtown will employ unionized labor and continue to offer decent wages and benefits. This case shows how the New York Hotel Trades Council's (HTC) intervention in East Midtown formed part of a broader campaign to block hotel development in a sector that is increasingly fragmented by service format, and most worrisome, witnessing a rapid growth of hotels providing few services and competing on price, leading to a stronger employer opposition to unionization. The outcome of this case speaks unequivocally to organized labor's strength in New York City politics and to a growing recognition in real estate and policymaking circles of labor's importance in urban land use planning.Less