Young‐Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178302
- eISBN:
- 9780199783557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178300.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter analyzes the impact of investment on Korea's economic growth and structural changes relative to aggregate production — which is measured in terms of gross domestic product — during the ...
More
This chapter analyzes the impact of investment on Korea's economic growth and structural changes relative to aggregate production — which is measured in terms of gross domestic product — during the 40 years of Japanese rule. This is followed by an assessment of structural changes in industry, mining, transportation, communications, commerce, finance, agriculture, forestry, and fishing, together with changes in industrial and agricultural organizations, which transformed the Korean economy from agrarian to semi-industrial. This chapter also analyzes the rise of the modern sector, the expansion of businesses, the monopolistic tendency in the industrial sector, changes in the make-up of land ownership, the rise in the scale of landholding, the enlargement of land tenancy, and the worsening status of working farmers, which affected both income and wealth distribution in Korea. The type of goods produced in the manufacturing is examined, particularly between the heavy, chemical, and light industries; the extent of “manufactured goods”; and the rise of the service sectors. The increased volume and changing patterns of foreign trade are also assessed, including the kinds of goods and services traded, Japanese dominance over the Korean economy, and Korea's economic dependency on Japan.Less
This chapter analyzes the impact of investment on Korea's economic growth and structural changes relative to aggregate production — which is measured in terms of gross domestic product — during the 40 years of Japanese rule. This is followed by an assessment of structural changes in industry, mining, transportation, communications, commerce, finance, agriculture, forestry, and fishing, together with changes in industrial and agricultural organizations, which transformed the Korean economy from agrarian to semi-industrial. This chapter also analyzes the rise of the modern sector, the expansion of businesses, the monopolistic tendency in the industrial sector, changes in the make-up of land ownership, the rise in the scale of landholding, the enlargement of land tenancy, and the worsening status of working farmers, which affected both income and wealth distribution in Korea. The type of goods produced in the manufacturing is examined, particularly between the heavy, chemical, and light industries; the extent of “manufactured goods”; and the rise of the service sectors. The increased volume and changing patterns of foreign trade are also assessed, including the kinds of goods and services traded, Japanese dominance over the Korean economy, and Korea's economic dependency on Japan.
Peter Ho
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280698
- eISBN:
- 9780191602528
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019928069X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Seeks to explore the institutional arrangements that have enabled the establishment of a credible and socially accepted cropland tenure system in China. For this purpose, the chapter starts with a ...
More
Seeks to explore the institutional arrangements that have enabled the establishment of a credible and socially accepted cropland tenure system in China. For this purpose, the chapter starts with a broad review of the national policy and law-making process that dictates property rights for agricultural land. In addition, the chapter analyses China’s land property rights structure. It is argued that the restraint which the central government exercised in leaving land ownership ambiguous—the creation of ‘intentional institutional ambiguity’—offers the greater part of the explanation of why the cropland tenure system functionsLess
Seeks to explore the institutional arrangements that have enabled the establishment of a credible and socially accepted cropland tenure system in China. For this purpose, the chapter starts with a broad review of the national policy and law-making process that dictates property rights for agricultural land. In addition, the chapter analyses China’s land property rights structure. It is argued that the restraint which the central government exercised in leaving land ownership ambiguous—the creation of ‘intentional institutional ambiguity’—offers the greater part of the explanation of why the cropland tenure system functions
Jacob T. Levy
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297123
- eISBN:
- 9780191599767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297122.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Scott Eddie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198201663
- eISBN:
- 9780191718434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201663.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter sets the historical stage, puts the study in context, and reviews the relevant literature, beginning with the pioneering efforts of Johannes Conrad to quantify land ownership by size and ...
More
This chapter sets the historical stage, puts the study in context, and reviews the relevant literature, beginning with the pioneering efforts of Johannes Conrad to quantify land ownership by size and by social position of the owner. It then reviews critically similar efforts by Conrad's students and later scholars, with detailed critiques of the work of Hess, Buchsteiner, Nabert, and Schiller. The chapter concludes with a long section showing why the data of the German agricultural censuses are not only unsuitable, but downright misleading for the study of land ownership: production units do not correspond to ownership units, and the size of agricultural enterprises cannot even serve as a proxy for size of ownership units, neither at a single date nor for changes over time. Moreover, the censuses contain inconsistencies with each other, requiring major adjustment to the figures from the 1882 census.Less
This chapter sets the historical stage, puts the study in context, and reviews the relevant literature, beginning with the pioneering efforts of Johannes Conrad to quantify land ownership by size and by social position of the owner. It then reviews critically similar efforts by Conrad's students and later scholars, with detailed critiques of the work of Hess, Buchsteiner, Nabert, and Schiller. The chapter concludes with a long section showing why the data of the German agricultural censuses are not only unsuitable, but downright misleading for the study of land ownership: production units do not correspond to ownership units, and the size of agricultural enterprises cannot even serve as a proxy for size of ownership units, neither at a single date nor for changes over time. Moreover, the censuses contain inconsistencies with each other, requiring major adjustment to the figures from the 1882 census.
You‐tien Hsing
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199568048
- eISBN:
- 9780191721632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568048.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Chapter 5 turns to the villages located at the urban fringe that have actually benefited from urban expansion, and looks at the nonconfrontational form of social mobilization in ...
More
Chapter 5 turns to the villages located at the urban fringe that have actually benefited from urban expansion, and looks at the nonconfrontational form of social mobilization in those sites. Rapid urban expansion since the 1980s has turned many “villages by the city” into “villages in the city” and has transformed villagers from vegetable farmers to rentiers, taking advantage of immigrant‐fuelled rental housing markets. These “corporatist villages,” as the author terms them, are most successful in the southern metropolises of Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Corporatist villages are able to enjoy relative territorial autonomy under the expansionist regime of the metropolitan government because of their skills in bargaining with the local state, their strategic location, recollectivization of the village economy, and reinforcement of village identity. These southern “villages in the city” thus represent a successful case of territorialization.Less
Chapter 5 turns to the villages located at the urban fringe that have actually benefited from urban expansion, and looks at the nonconfrontational form of social mobilization in those sites. Rapid urban expansion since the 1980s has turned many “villages by the city” into “villages in the city” and has transformed villagers from vegetable farmers to rentiers, taking advantage of immigrant‐fuelled rental housing markets. These “corporatist villages,” as the author terms them, are most successful in the southern metropolises of Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Corporatist villages are able to enjoy relative territorial autonomy under the expansionist regime of the metropolitan government because of their skills in bargaining with the local state, their strategic location, recollectivization of the village economy, and reinforcement of village identity. These southern “villages in the city” thus represent a successful case of territorialization.
Peter Temin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147680
- eISBN:
- 9781400845422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147680.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter focuses on the terms of Roman land ownership. It demonstrates how land is the basis of all agrarian economies. Yet land markets are different from commodity markets even today because ...
More
This chapter focuses on the terms of Roman land ownership. It demonstrates how land is the basis of all agrarian economies. Yet land markets are different from commodity markets even today because land does not move. Three attributes of land ownership can indicate a functioning market for land. First, there is a price for land that can change freely when conditions change. Second, people can buy and sell land at this price without reference to many outside authorities, that is, they can make their own decisions rather than reflecting the decisions of people not directly involved in the land sale. Finally, there are few restrictions on or obligations from most landholdings and land transfers other than the payment of taxes.Less
This chapter focuses on the terms of Roman land ownership. It demonstrates how land is the basis of all agrarian economies. Yet land markets are different from commodity markets even today because land does not move. Three attributes of land ownership can indicate a functioning market for land. First, there is a price for land that can change freely when conditions change. Second, people can buy and sell land at this price without reference to many outside authorities, that is, they can make their own decisions rather than reflecting the decisions of people not directly involved in the land sale. Finally, there are few restrictions on or obligations from most landholdings and land transfers other than the payment of taxes.
Klaus Deininger and Hans Binswanger
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242177
- eISBN:
- 9780191697036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242177.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In most rural areas in many developing countries, land, and the means to accumulate and transfer wealth between generations on the land, prove to be essential means for generating a livelihood. As ...
More
In most rural areas in many developing countries, land, and the means to accumulate and transfer wealth between generations on the land, prove to be essential means for generating a livelihood. As such, the need arises for land access to be regulated, land rights to be assigned and imposed, and conflicts that involve the ownership of land to be resolved since these affect the economic and social status of households, the capacity of households to produce marketable surplus, their incentives for managing natural resources, and their capability to access financial markets. In this context, some of the most important public goods include administrative infrastructure and land rights for enabling land market operations. This chapter looks into how the World Bank had been able to issue the ‘Land Reform Policy Paper’ (LRPP) to address these needs.Less
In most rural areas in many developing countries, land, and the means to accumulate and transfer wealth between generations on the land, prove to be essential means for generating a livelihood. As such, the need arises for land access to be regulated, land rights to be assigned and imposed, and conflicts that involve the ownership of land to be resolved since these affect the economic and social status of households, the capacity of households to produce marketable surplus, their incentives for managing natural resources, and their capability to access financial markets. In this context, some of the most important public goods include administrative infrastructure and land rights for enabling land market operations. This chapter looks into how the World Bank had been able to issue the ‘Land Reform Policy Paper’ (LRPP) to address these needs.
Eric T. Freyfogle
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124391
- eISBN:
- 9780813134888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124391.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter discusses the issue of land ownership, with particular attention to the distinction between private and public lands. One major difference between private and public land ownership ...
More
This chapter discusses the issue of land ownership, with particular attention to the distinction between private and public lands. One major difference between private and public land ownership resides in who has the final decision over how land should be used. Decisions about public lands are mostly made by public decision-makers. On the other hand, private owners have a greater say in land-use decisions, but lawmakers commonly play important roles. Despite this distinction, there are some overlaps between two forms of ownership, owing mainly to the fact that both are defined by law and, as such, should serve to benefit the common good. The challenge in attempting to get truly good land use is coming up with better ways of combining public and private interests on the same piece of land. In discussions on land ownership and property rights, the idea that private and public ownership are two distinct categories should be eliminated to create better land-management arrangements.Less
This chapter discusses the issue of land ownership, with particular attention to the distinction between private and public lands. One major difference between private and public land ownership resides in who has the final decision over how land should be used. Decisions about public lands are mostly made by public decision-makers. On the other hand, private owners have a greater say in land-use decisions, but lawmakers commonly play important roles. Despite this distinction, there are some overlaps between two forms of ownership, owing mainly to the fact that both are defined by law and, as such, should serve to benefit the common good. The challenge in attempting to get truly good land use is coming up with better ways of combining public and private interests on the same piece of land. In discussions on land ownership and property rights, the idea that private and public ownership are two distinct categories should be eliminated to create better land-management arrangements.
Gail Kligman and Katherine Verdery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149721
- eISBN:
- 9781400840434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes the village social organization that collectives were to displace and the process of Romania's collectivization, from the 1945 land reform through the final celebrations in ...
More
This chapter describes the village social organization that collectives were to displace and the process of Romania's collectivization, from the 1945 land reform through the final celebrations in April 1962. At the beginning of the process, some peasants had no land at all, but most had at least a hectare, most worked it with family labor, and most did so largely for subsistence, with some marketing on the side. Both they and their fellow villagers considered them good and worthy people if they worked very hard and controlled their own labor process, not having to work for others. By the end, nearly all Romanian villagers owned no land at all; the small piece they worked for themselves was accorded to them only conditionally, not in permanent ownership; they were able to market very little if anything; and hard work in the collective gained them less admiration than did slacking off and stealing from the collective for their families.Less
This chapter describes the village social organization that collectives were to displace and the process of Romania's collectivization, from the 1945 land reform through the final celebrations in April 1962. At the beginning of the process, some peasants had no land at all, but most had at least a hectare, most worked it with family labor, and most did so largely for subsistence, with some marketing on the side. Both they and their fellow villagers considered them good and worthy people if they worked very hard and controlled their own labor process, not having to work for others. By the end, nearly all Romanian villagers owned no land at all; the small piece they worked for themselves was accorded to them only conditionally, not in permanent ownership; they were able to market very little if anything; and hard work in the collective gained them less admiration than did slacking off and stealing from the collective for their families.
Juliano Assunção
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548880
- eISBN:
- 9780191720765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548880.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, International
Land and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or land holdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land ...
More
Land and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or land holdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land concentration and land reform in Brazil, this study evaluates the impact of the land reform programme undertaken in the 1990s on land ownership and land distribution. It is shown that the programme increased landownership among poor rural families and those with less‐educated household heads, reducing the fraction of the other families with land holding. Also, the land‐reform programme increased land inequality among landowners.Less
Land and wealth are closely related in rural Brazil, a country characterized by high levels of inequality in terms of income or land holdings. After presenting a historical retrospective of land concentration and land reform in Brazil, this study evaluates the impact of the land reform programme undertaken in the 1990s on land ownership and land distribution. It is shown that the programme increased landownership among poor rural families and those with less‐educated household heads, reducing the fraction of the other families with land holding. Also, the land‐reform programme increased land inequality among landowners.
Barbara Goldoftas
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195135114
- eISBN:
- 9780199868216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195135114.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter analyzes the broad repercussions of the concentration of land ownership in the Philippines: on the path that development has taken, on the misuse of natural resources, and on the social ...
More
This chapter analyzes the broad repercussions of the concentration of land ownership in the Philippines: on the path that development has taken, on the misuse of natural resources, and on the social and political unrest. It relates the case of a single land-tenure conflict on the island of Negros Occidental, where vast sugar plantations have, over generations, enriched the sugar growers while most of the population remained landless and impoverished. Under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, enacted under Corazon Aquino, the Department of Agrarian Reform was not able to accomplish broad land redistribution, and the program motivated some landowners to stop investing in their land. The chapter also illustrates the difficulty of life in a poor province like Negros, and the complexity of the land-reform process.Less
This chapter analyzes the broad repercussions of the concentration of land ownership in the Philippines: on the path that development has taken, on the misuse of natural resources, and on the social and political unrest. It relates the case of a single land-tenure conflict on the island of Negros Occidental, where vast sugar plantations have, over generations, enriched the sugar growers while most of the population remained landless and impoverished. Under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, enacted under Corazon Aquino, the Department of Agrarian Reform was not able to accomplish broad land redistribution, and the program motivated some landowners to stop investing in their land. The chapter also illustrates the difficulty of life in a poor province like Negros, and the complexity of the land-reform process.
A. S. Morrison
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547371
- eISBN:
- 9780191720710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547371.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter covers the earliest attempts to create a colonial administration in Samarkand after 1868. The principal effect of this was to expropriate a class of landholders/tax officials known as ...
More
This chapter covers the earliest attempts to create a colonial administration in Samarkand after 1868. The principal effect of this was to expropriate a class of landholders/tax officials known as Amlakdars, and instead the Russians sought to recreate local elites at the village level, with unpredictable results. This stands in stark contrast to British policy throughout most of India, where securing the co-operation of aristocratic elites was a fundamental tactic of Imperial rule.Less
This chapter covers the earliest attempts to create a colonial administration in Samarkand after 1868. The principal effect of this was to expropriate a class of landholders/tax officials known as Amlakdars, and instead the Russians sought to recreate local elites at the village level, with unpredictable results. This stands in stark contrast to British policy throughout most of India, where securing the co-operation of aristocratic elites was a fundamental tactic of Imperial rule.
John Habakkuk
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203988
- eISBN:
- 9780191676062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203988.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The reasons for the purchase of estates were many and complex. The owner of an estate, furthermore, was the head of a community of tenants and labourers. Politics might also be a motive for purchase ...
More
The reasons for the purchase of estates were many and complex. The owner of an estate, furthermore, was the head of a community of tenants and labourers. Politics might also be a motive for purchase in more restricted senses. There was another direct link with politics. In some cases total purchases were influenced by electoral considerations. An estate conferred power of patronage, partly because it gave access to positions of authority in the county. All these advantages of estate ownership could be enjoyed by a purchaser for a lifetime without any ambition to found a landed family. All these motives for estate purchase were social and political; but an estate was also an investment. A great deal of land was sold by the state.Less
The reasons for the purchase of estates were many and complex. The owner of an estate, furthermore, was the head of a community of tenants and labourers. Politics might also be a motive for purchase in more restricted senses. There was another direct link with politics. In some cases total purchases were influenced by electoral considerations. An estate conferred power of patronage, partly because it gave access to positions of authority in the county. All these advantages of estate ownership could be enjoyed by a purchaser for a lifetime without any ambition to found a landed family. All these motives for estate purchase were social and political; but an estate was also an investment. A great deal of land was sold by the state.
Michael Carter
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271412
- eISBN:
- 9780191601255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271410.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Addresses the question of whether agrarian structure (land ownership inequality) can explain increasing income inequality. The second section begins the chapter with a conventional income inequality ...
More
Addresses the question of whether agrarian structure (land ownership inequality) can explain increasing income inequality. The second section begins the chapter with a conventional income inequality accounting or Gini decomposition framework, which, among other things, provides a convenient vehicle to review the economic theory of the inverted‐U, the assumptions under which it could be expected to hold, and, by implication, the likely reasons for its failure to hold in the contemporary world. This framework also makes it clear that the direct explanatory power of land ownership inequality on income inequality should diminish with the reduction in the share of national income generated in the agricultural sector, and should thus be diminishing rapidly over time in those countries of Asia and Latin America where the weight of the agricultural sector in the overall economy has fallen off dramatically. The third section develops an econometric approach for answering this empirical question, in which flexible estimation methods based on random coefficients or mixed effects models are employed to test for the effect of agrarian structure on income inequality. The last section summarizes the chapter by considering the implications for policy both inside and outside the agricultural sector.Less
Addresses the question of whether agrarian structure (land ownership inequality) can explain increasing income inequality. The second section begins the chapter with a conventional income inequality accounting or Gini decomposition framework, which, among other things, provides a convenient vehicle to review the economic theory of the inverted‐U, the assumptions under which it could be expected to hold, and, by implication, the likely reasons for its failure to hold in the contemporary world. This framework also makes it clear that the direct explanatory power of land ownership inequality on income inequality should diminish with the reduction in the share of national income generated in the agricultural sector, and should thus be diminishing rapidly over time in those countries of Asia and Latin America where the weight of the agricultural sector in the overall economy has fallen off dramatically. The third section develops an econometric approach for answering this empirical question, in which flexible estimation methods based on random coefficients or mixed effects models are employed to test for the effect of agrarian structure on income inequality. The last section summarizes the chapter by considering the implications for policy both inside and outside the agricultural sector.
THOMAS P. POWER
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203162
- eISBN:
- 9780191675768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203162.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses Tipperary’s landed society. In the 18th century, there were important structural and personnel changes in the county’s landed class arising from the disposal of the Ormond, ...
More
This chapter discusses Tipperary’s landed society. In the 18th century, there were important structural and personnel changes in the county’s landed class arising from the disposal of the Ormond, Everard, and Dunboyne estates in the early part of the century, and, later, from sales on the Mathew and Meade estates. The breakup of the first three estates stemmed from serious indebtedness, the solution to which led to the rise of new families in the landed class; while in the case of the two latter, it led to the establishment of substantial Catholic head-tenants as owners in fee. The changing relationship between levels of income, expenditure, and debt created by the prosperity of the latter half of the century, allowed for a greater solvency among landed families as a whole, in contrast to the economically difficult conditions of the early part of the century. Prosperity widened the base of the landed class, a development which benefited Catholics particularly. Consideration of landed Catholics at the levels of owners in fee, head tenants, and converts demonstrates that they formed an influential section of landed Society.Less
This chapter discusses Tipperary’s landed society. In the 18th century, there were important structural and personnel changes in the county’s landed class arising from the disposal of the Ormond, Everard, and Dunboyne estates in the early part of the century, and, later, from sales on the Mathew and Meade estates. The breakup of the first three estates stemmed from serious indebtedness, the solution to which led to the rise of new families in the landed class; while in the case of the two latter, it led to the establishment of substantial Catholic head-tenants as owners in fee. The changing relationship between levels of income, expenditure, and debt created by the prosperity of the latter half of the century, allowed for a greater solvency among landed families as a whole, in contrast to the economically difficult conditions of the early part of the century. Prosperity widened the base of the landed class, a development which benefited Catholics particularly. Consideration of landed Catholics at the levels of owners in fee, head tenants, and converts demonstrates that they formed an influential section of landed Society.
Azeta Cungu and Johan F. M. Swinnen
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242177
- eISBN:
- 9780191697036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242177.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Since agriculture accounts for a significant portion in Albania's total GDP and because of its large farming population, agrarian reform has played no small part in the economic reforms imposed ...
More
Since agriculture accounts for a significant portion in Albania's total GDP and because of its large farming population, agrarian reform has played no small part in the economic reforms imposed there. Because of this reform, land and other such assets were distributed to farm workers, which furthered the decollectivization of collective farms and the transition to the adoption of private land ownership. As such, the individual family farm became the fundamental farm organization. The effects on Albania of these reforms are found to be different from the effects experienced by other Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). This is because land in large-scale farming in the other CEECs still accounts for a sizeable share of the total land and land was mostly restituted to its former owners. Improved resource allocation and labour incentives initiated growth in agricultural output after the reform. This chapter identifies the determinants of agricultural privatization policies and land reform, particularly in the case of Albania.Less
Since agriculture accounts for a significant portion in Albania's total GDP and because of its large farming population, agrarian reform has played no small part in the economic reforms imposed there. Because of this reform, land and other such assets were distributed to farm workers, which furthered the decollectivization of collective farms and the transition to the adoption of private land ownership. As such, the individual family farm became the fundamental farm organization. The effects on Albania of these reforms are found to be different from the effects experienced by other Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). This is because land in large-scale farming in the other CEECs still accounts for a sizeable share of the total land and land was mostly restituted to its former owners. Improved resource allocation and labour incentives initiated growth in agricultural output after the reform. This chapter identifies the determinants of agricultural privatization policies and land reform, particularly in the case of Albania.
Mio Kishimoto (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804772730
- eISBN:
- 9780804777612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804772730.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter describes the evolution of the concept of ownership and property rights in land in traditional China, drawing to a large extent on the works of generations of Japanese scholarship in ...
More
This chapter describes the evolution of the concept of ownership and property rights in land in traditional China, drawing to a large extent on the works of generations of Japanese scholarship in this field. There are evident differences with legal traditions from the West when considering the “owner” who owned the land: such a person was not considered an autonomous individual but was regarded as a link in a hierarchy of human relationships. This ownership pattern as structured in human networks, such as a family, lineage, or state, served to limit the power of individuals. While the state allowed people to transact freely in land, the “property rights” they transacted were not absolute.Less
This chapter describes the evolution of the concept of ownership and property rights in land in traditional China, drawing to a large extent on the works of generations of Japanese scholarship in this field. There are evident differences with legal traditions from the West when considering the “owner” who owned the land: such a person was not considered an autonomous individual but was regarded as a link in a hierarchy of human relationships. This ownership pattern as structured in human networks, such as a family, lineage, or state, served to limit the power of individuals. While the state allowed people to transact freely in land, the “property rights” they transacted were not absolute.
David L. Carey Miller
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198260875
- eISBN:
- 9780191682162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198260875.003.0023
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses the law governing the transfer of ownership in South Africa. It covers the following: the basis of derivative acquisition; modes of delivery of movable property; the transfer ...
More
This chapter discusses the law governing the transfer of ownership in South Africa. It covers the following: the basis of derivative acquisition; modes of delivery of movable property; the transfer of ownership in land; and the requirement of payment in contracts of sale. The derivative acquisition of property is well established in South African law. Future development, at least in respect of land, will be partly driven by the Constitution and concerned with the restitution, redistribution, and upgrading of rights.Less
This chapter discusses the law governing the transfer of ownership in South Africa. It covers the following: the basis of derivative acquisition; modes of delivery of movable property; the transfer of ownership in land; and the requirement of payment in contracts of sale. The derivative acquisition of property is well established in South African law. Future development, at least in respect of land, will be partly driven by the Constitution and concerned with the restitution, redistribution, and upgrading of rights.
Hanoch Dagan and Michael A. Heller
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199737864
- eISBN:
- 9780199894994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737864.003.0021
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter advances a theory of the liberal commons, the aim is to demonstrate its usefulness. Section I introduces the problem of tragic choice. Section II proposes a theory of the liberal commons ...
More
This chapter advances a theory of the liberal commons, the aim is to demonstrate its usefulness. Section I introduces the problem of tragic choice. Section II proposes a theory of the liberal commons that engages the problem of tragic choice. It explores the widely shared, often buried, and potentially competing goals that law must reconcile when people want to cooperate in managing a scarce resource but fear abuse. It then discusses the background role that law can play in guiding human behavior. Finally, it sets out the three spheres of decision-making that characterize the general form of the liberal commons solution—the spheres of individual dominion, democratic self-governance, and cooperation-enhancing exit. These three spheres are the core innovation of the theory: They provide a coherent language for exploring the recurring problems that law must address whenever it mediates liberty and cooperation in commons ownership settings. Section III brings the liberal commons down to earth. The example of declining black land-ownership is used for the limited purpose of suggesting how the American law of co-ownership may systematically thwart cooperation. Current law fails them, and us, because it lacks the three features of a liberal commons, features that exist in other developed legal systems and are potentially available in our own. While a liberal commons solution may be too late for black farmers, their example can still catalyze useful reforms.Less
This chapter advances a theory of the liberal commons, the aim is to demonstrate its usefulness. Section I introduces the problem of tragic choice. Section II proposes a theory of the liberal commons that engages the problem of tragic choice. It explores the widely shared, often buried, and potentially competing goals that law must reconcile when people want to cooperate in managing a scarce resource but fear abuse. It then discusses the background role that law can play in guiding human behavior. Finally, it sets out the three spheres of decision-making that characterize the general form of the liberal commons solution—the spheres of individual dominion, democratic self-governance, and cooperation-enhancing exit. These three spheres are the core innovation of the theory: They provide a coherent language for exploring the recurring problems that law must address whenever it mediates liberty and cooperation in commons ownership settings. Section III brings the liberal commons down to earth. The example of declining black land-ownership is used for the limited purpose of suggesting how the American law of co-ownership may systematically thwart cooperation. Current law fails them, and us, because it lacks the three features of a liberal commons, features that exist in other developed legal systems and are potentially available in our own. While a liberal commons solution may be too late for black farmers, their example can still catalyze useful reforms.
Chris Wickham
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207047
- eISBN:
- 9780191677458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207047.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter examines rural land ownership and rural communes in the villages of S. Margherita, Tassignano,and Paganico in the eastern plain of Tuscany, ...
More
This chapter examines rural land ownership and rural communes in the villages of S. Margherita, Tassignano,and Paganico in the eastern plain of Tuscany, Italy. Tassignano and Paganico provide examples of some of the differences in tenurial environment that geographically similar villages on the plain could have during the 12th-century. This chapter describes the topography, boundaries, settlement structure, and property ownership regime in these villages.Less
This chapter examines rural land ownership and rural communes in the villages of S. Margherita, Tassignano,and Paganico in the eastern plain of Tuscany, Italy. Tassignano and Paganico provide examples of some of the differences in tenurial environment that geographically similar villages on the plain could have during the 12th-century. This chapter describes the topography, boundaries, settlement structure, and property ownership regime in these villages.
