Gerd-Rainer Horn
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204496
- eISBN:
- 9780191708145
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204496.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This book studies the development of a distinct, progressive variant of Catholicism in 20th century Western Europe. This Left Catholicism served to lay the basis for the subsequent events and ...
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This book studies the development of a distinct, progressive variant of Catholicism in 20th century Western Europe. This Left Catholicism served to lay the basis for the subsequent events and evolutions associated with Vatican II. Initially emerging within the boundaries of Catholic Action, fuelled by the growing power and self‐confidence of the Catholic laity, a series of challenges to received wisdom and an array of novel experiments were launched in various corners of Western Europe. The moment of liberation from Nazi occupation and world war in 1944/45 turned out to be the highpoint of the promising paradigm shifts at the center of this book. Concentrating on interrelated developments in theology, Catholic politics and apostolic social action, most concrete examples are drawn from Italian, French, and Belgian national contexts. This book highlights organisations (e.g. the Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne), social movements (e.g. the worker priests) and intellectual trends (e.g. la nouvelle théologie), at the same time that it demonstrates the pivotal contributions of key individuals, such as the theologians Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier — or millenarian activist priests, such as Don Zeno Saltini or Don Primo Mazzolari, operating in the epicentre of radical post‐liberation Italy, the Emilia‐Romagna. Based on research in more than twenty archives between Leuven and Rome, this study suggests that first‐wave Western European Left Catholicism served as an inspiration — and constituted a prototype — for subsequent Third World Liberation Theology.Less
This book studies the development of a distinct, progressive variant of Catholicism in 20th century Western Europe. This Left Catholicism served to lay the basis for the subsequent events and evolutions associated with Vatican II. Initially emerging within the boundaries of Catholic Action, fuelled by the growing power and self‐confidence of the Catholic laity, a series of challenges to received wisdom and an array of novel experiments were launched in various corners of Western Europe. The moment of liberation from Nazi occupation and world war in 1944/45 turned out to be the highpoint of the promising paradigm shifts at the center of this book. Concentrating on interrelated developments in theology, Catholic politics and apostolic social action, most concrete examples are drawn from Italian, French, and Belgian national contexts. This book highlights organisations (e.g. the Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne), social movements (e.g. the worker priests) and intellectual trends (e.g. la nouvelle théologie), at the same time that it demonstrates the pivotal contributions of key individuals, such as the theologians Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier — or millenarian activist priests, such as Don Zeno Saltini or Don Primo Mazzolari, operating in the epicentre of radical post‐liberation Italy, the Emilia‐Romagna. Based on research in more than twenty archives between Leuven and Rome, this study suggests that first‐wave Western European Left Catholicism served as an inspiration — and constituted a prototype — for subsequent Third World Liberation Theology.
Paul Lakeland
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178067
- eISBN:
- 9780199784905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178068.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter explores the role of the laity in the Catholic Church. The Trent and Vatican II councils' views about the laity are discussed. It is argued that a theological understanding of the laity ...
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This chapter explores the role of the laity in the Catholic Church. The Trent and Vatican II councils' views about the laity are discussed. It is argued that a theological understanding of the laity is an entire ecclesiology, and one that cannot be healthily constructed without honestly facing the problems that a cultic understanding of priesthood has bequeathed to the Church.Less
This chapter explores the role of the laity in the Catholic Church. The Trent and Vatican II councils' views about the laity are discussed. It is argued that a theological understanding of the laity is an entire ecclesiology, and one that cannot be healthily constructed without honestly facing the problems that a cultic understanding of priesthood has bequeathed to the Church.
Andrew R. Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288656
- eISBN:
- 9780191710759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288656.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter describes the opportunities for fellowship and spiritual development that existed alongside public worship by assessing family worship and the development of prayer and fellowship ...
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This chapter describes the opportunities for fellowship and spiritual development that existed alongside public worship by assessing family worship and the development of prayer and fellowship meetings. It offers some comments about the impact of evangelicalism upon lay involvement in religious life in general, and Presbyterian church life in particular.Less
This chapter describes the opportunities for fellowship and spiritual development that existed alongside public worship by assessing family worship and the development of prayer and fellowship meetings. It offers some comments about the impact of evangelicalism upon lay involvement in religious life in general, and Presbyterian church life in particular.
Andrew R. Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199288656
- eISBN:
- 9780191710759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288656.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter examines the various traditions and changes within Ulster Presbyterian preaching. The first section provides an overview of Old Light and Seceder preaching, drawing attention to the ...
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This chapter examines the various traditions and changes within Ulster Presbyterian preaching. The first section provides an overview of Old Light and Seceder preaching, drawing attention to the ‘free offer of the gospel’ and its importance to the development of evangelicalism within Presbyterianism. Section two begins with some general comments about the influence of Enlightenment ideas upon Presbyterian preaching, as mediated through university education and presbytery trials, before examining New Light preaching. Section three assesses lay attitudes towards preachers and their sermons. The final section examines the development of an evangelical style of preaching in the 19th century that was influenced by the prevailing cultural mood of the time, but was also deeply indebted to the Old Light and Seceder preaching of the previous century.Less
This chapter examines the various traditions and changes within Ulster Presbyterian preaching. The first section provides an overview of Old Light and Seceder preaching, drawing attention to the ‘free offer of the gospel’ and its importance to the development of evangelicalism within Presbyterianism. Section two begins with some general comments about the influence of Enlightenment ideas upon Presbyterian preaching, as mediated through university education and presbytery trials, before examining New Light preaching. Section three assesses lay attitudes towards preachers and their sermons. The final section examines the development of an evangelical style of preaching in the 19th century that was influenced by the prevailing cultural mood of the time, but was also deeply indebted to the Old Light and Seceder preaching of the previous century.
Nigel Yates
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242382
- eISBN:
- 9780191603815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242380.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter examines the pastoral functions of the churches in Ireland. It considers the educational and social background of the clergy, the role of the laity, public worship, and the principle ...
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This chapter examines the pastoral functions of the churches in Ireland. It considers the educational and social background of the clergy, the role of the laity, public worship, and the principle elements of the programmes of religious reform in Ireland. The chapter is arranged thematically, and not on the basis of denominational divisions.Less
This chapter examines the pastoral functions of the churches in Ireland. It considers the educational and social background of the clergy, the role of the laity, public worship, and the principle elements of the programmes of religious reform in Ireland. The chapter is arranged thematically, and not on the basis of denominational divisions.
Nigel Yates
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199242382
- eISBN:
- 9780191603815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242380.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter examines in detail, based on surviving documentary evidence, the reform programme in specific dioceses and presbyteries.
This chapter examines in detail, based on surviving documentary evidence, the reform programme in specific dioceses and presbyteries.
Gareth Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199295746
- eISBN:
- 9780191711701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295746.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The friction between the Wesley brothers reflected rising tensions within Methodism. Points of disagreement included the mutual dislike between Charles and John's wife, disputes over money, and ...
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The friction between the Wesley brothers reflected rising tensions within Methodism. Points of disagreement included the mutual dislike between Charles and John's wife, disputes over money, and Charles's gradual disengagement from the Methodist itinerancy. Charles also experienced increasingly difficult relations with some preachers, whom he suspected of disloyalty to the Church of England. This rash of problems resulted in Charles Wesley's controversial decision to retire from the Methodist itinerancy in 1756. His withdrawal from the itinerancy did not, however, result in Charles's complete isolation within the Methodist movement. He remained a popular figure with many of the laity and his loyalty to the Church was shared by a substantial body of Methodist opinion.Less
The friction between the Wesley brothers reflected rising tensions within Methodism. Points of disagreement included the mutual dislike between Charles and John's wife, disputes over money, and Charles's gradual disengagement from the Methodist itinerancy. Charles also experienced increasingly difficult relations with some preachers, whom he suspected of disloyalty to the Church of England. This rash of problems resulted in Charles Wesley's controversial decision to retire from the Methodist itinerancy in 1756. His withdrawal from the itinerancy did not, however, result in Charles's complete isolation within the Methodist movement. He remained a popular figure with many of the laity and his loyalty to the Church was shared by a substantial body of Methodist opinion.
David W. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195314809
- eISBN:
- 9780199785278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314809.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explores what the faith at work movement offers its participants, focusing on the inadequate response by the church and the academy to the questions and issues surrounding the ...
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This chapter explores what the faith at work movement offers its participants, focusing on the inadequate response by the church and the academy to the questions and issues surrounding the integration of faith and work. It identifies several reasons why clergy and religious professionals do not perceive and therefore do not respond to the needs that are driving the FAW movement. These include pejorative marketplace perceptions, liturgical narrowness, clericalism, language, and inexperience.Less
This chapter explores what the faith at work movement offers its participants, focusing on the inadequate response by the church and the academy to the questions and issues surrounding the integration of faith and work. It identifies several reasons why clergy and religious professionals do not perceive and therefore do not respond to the needs that are driving the FAW movement. These include pejorative marketplace perceptions, liturgical narrowness, clericalism, language, and inexperience.
J. M. Wallace‐Hadrill
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269069
- eISBN:
- 9780191600777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269064.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
An analysis is made of reform of the Frankish Church and its application in the Carolingian period. There are three sections. The first, ‘Legislation and Exhortation’, goes chronologically through ...
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An analysis is made of reform of the Frankish Church and its application in the Carolingian period. There are three sections. The first, ‘Legislation and Exhortation’, goes chronologically through the Carolingian kings from Charlemagne to Charles the Bald, looking at the capitularies, deliberations and proposals for reform issued under Charlemagne, the very different atmosphere of the reign of Louis the Pious (monastic rather than episcopal and heavily flavoured with the reforming ideals of his Aquitanian mentor, Benedict of Aniane), the reform decisions promulgated by Charles the Bald, the attitudes his brothers and their descendants, the various council decisions (by assemblies of bishops), and the quarrel between Hincmar of Reims and his nephew and suffragen, Hincmar of Laon. The second section, ‘The Bishops and Reform’, looks at the episcopal record of the period, from councils and synods stretching over a century, and gives details of various resolves, provisions for instruction of the laity by preaching, collections of moral teaching (florilegia), manuals of penance, tithe, and surveillance of the monasteries. The last section, ‘An Exemplary Bishop: Hincmar’, gives an account of Bishop Hincmar of northern Francia, who was born in 806, who became Bishop Hincmar of Reims.Less
An analysis is made of reform of the Frankish Church and its application in the Carolingian period. There are three sections. The first, ‘Legislation and Exhortation’, goes chronologically through the Carolingian kings from Charlemagne to Charles the Bald, looking at the capitularies, deliberations and proposals for reform issued under Charlemagne, the very different atmosphere of the reign of Louis the Pious (monastic rather than episcopal and heavily flavoured with the reforming ideals of his Aquitanian mentor, Benedict of Aniane), the reform decisions promulgated by Charles the Bald, the attitudes his brothers and their descendants, the various council decisions (by assemblies of bishops), and the quarrel between Hincmar of Reims and his nephew and suffragen, Hincmar of Laon. The second section, ‘The Bishops and Reform’, looks at the episcopal record of the period, from councils and synods stretching over a century, and gives details of various resolves, provisions for instruction of the laity by preaching, collections of moral teaching (florilegia), manuals of penance, tithe, and surveillance of the monasteries. The last section, ‘An Exemplary Bishop: Hincmar’, gives an account of Bishop Hincmar of northern Francia, who was born in 806, who became Bishop Hincmar of Reims.
Gerd‐Rainer Horn
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204496
- eISBN:
- 9780191708145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204496.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter points to the crucial role played by Catholic Action in the fashioning of progressive European Catholicism. In the process of attempting to win back lapsed Catholics, whose numbers had ...
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This chapter points to the crucial role played by Catholic Action in the fashioning of progressive European Catholicism. In the process of attempting to win back lapsed Catholics, whose numbers had swelled in rough proportion to industrialization, innovative methods were applied by ‘specialised Catholic Action’ to regain rapid access to secularized working class communities. However, Joseph Cardijn's stress on the self‐organisation of Catholic working class youth organizations engendered an unintended dynamic. Organisations such as the Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne instilled a growing sense of self‐empowerment within their membership and occasionally facilitated a political radicalization which far outpaced the missionary motivations which lay at the origins of Catholic Action. The rise of Catholic Action in the age of Mussolini and Pius XI is seen as a consequence of the growing power of the laity within the Catholic Church.Less
This chapter points to the crucial role played by Catholic Action in the fashioning of progressive European Catholicism. In the process of attempting to win back lapsed Catholics, whose numbers had swelled in rough proportion to industrialization, innovative methods were applied by ‘specialised Catholic Action’ to regain rapid access to secularized working class communities. However, Joseph Cardijn's stress on the self‐organisation of Catholic working class youth organizations engendered an unintended dynamic. Organisations such as the Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne instilled a growing sense of self‐empowerment within their membership and occasionally facilitated a political radicalization which far outpaced the missionary motivations which lay at the origins of Catholic Action. The rise of Catholic Action in the age of Mussolini and Pius XI is seen as a consequence of the growing power of the laity within the Catholic Church.
Gerd‐Rainer Horn
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204496
- eISBN:
- 9780191708145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204496.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter concentrates on new departures in the realm of Catholic theology and philosophy in the age of fascism, communism and world war. In a concentrated effort to overcome the stifling effects ...
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This chapter concentrates on new departures in the realm of Catholic theology and philosophy in the age of fascism, communism and world war. In a concentrated effort to overcome the stifling effects of neo‐Thomist scholasticism, the latter a by‐product of the crisis of modernism within the Catholic Church, progressive Catholic thinkers promoted a return to the sources (ressourcement), which allowed them to revalidate the original dynamism characteristic of Thomism. At first careful to introduce new theologies in traditional garb, the cataclysm of fascism and world war liberated the energies of progressive thinkers and cast aside their inhibitions. A theology of the laity, for example, finally saw the light of day, no longer needing to hide behind murky definitions of the Church as the ‘mystical body of Christ.’ Brief summaries of Jacques Maritain's Christian humanism, Emmanuel Mounier's personalism and the theology of labor by Marie‐Dominique Chenu round off this chapter.Less
This chapter concentrates on new departures in the realm of Catholic theology and philosophy in the age of fascism, communism and world war. In a concentrated effort to overcome the stifling effects of neo‐Thomist scholasticism, the latter a by‐product of the crisis of modernism within the Catholic Church, progressive Catholic thinkers promoted a return to the sources (ressourcement), which allowed them to revalidate the original dynamism characteristic of Thomism. At first careful to introduce new theologies in traditional garb, the cataclysm of fascism and world war liberated the energies of progressive thinkers and cast aside their inhibitions. A theology of the laity, for example, finally saw the light of day, no longer needing to hide behind murky definitions of the Church as the ‘mystical body of Christ.’ Brief summaries of Jacques Maritain's Christian humanism, Emmanuel Mounier's personalism and the theology of labor by Marie‐Dominique Chenu round off this chapter.
Paul Lakeland
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199216451
- eISBN:
- 9780191712173
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216451.003.0019
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Religion and Society
This chapter considers the issue of the participation of Roman Catholic laity in church governance from a theological, ecumenical, and political perspective. On the historical path, it looks at where ...
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This chapter considers the issue of the participation of Roman Catholic laity in church governance from a theological, ecumenical, and political perspective. On the historical path, it looks at where the question of lay governance had generally arrived with the Second Vatican Council's seminal work on the laity. On the theological path, it examines recent developments in thinking on ordained and baptismal priesthood within Catholicism, partially inspired by ecumenical learning. On the political path, it turns to developments in the Roman Catholic Church in the United States in the last five years.Less
This chapter considers the issue of the participation of Roman Catholic laity in church governance from a theological, ecumenical, and political perspective. On the historical path, it looks at where the question of lay governance had generally arrived with the Second Vatican Council's seminal work on the laity. On the theological path, it examines recent developments in thinking on ordained and baptismal priesthood within Catholicism, partially inspired by ecumenical learning. On the political path, it turns to developments in the Roman Catholic Church in the United States in the last five years.
Felicity Heal
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198269243
- eISBN:
- 9780191602412
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269242.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The book integrates analysis of religious change during the sixteenth century in the four countries (three kingdoms) of the British Isles. Interaction between these realms is essential to ...
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The book integrates analysis of religious change during the sixteenth century in the four countries (three kingdoms) of the British Isles. Interaction between these realms is essential to understanding the history of religious reform within each territory. The pre-Reformation Catholic Church is discussed, as is popular religious belief and behaviour. The Reformation is considered as a political change, involving the choices of monarchs and their political elites. In England and Scotland, these elites drove forward reform and ensured its success. They were also urged on by a clerical minority ideologically committed to doctrinal change and to evangelization. In Ireland, no such indigenous commitment to reform existed, and no political identity with reform was constructed. The text also examines the religious responses of ordinary clergy and laymen to reform from above. It acknowledges the reluctance to change that is a constant refrain of revisionist historical writing, but investigates more closely the process by which Englishmen and Scots were slowly translated from Catholics before the altar to some form of Protestants around the pulpit.Less
The book integrates analysis of religious change during the sixteenth century in the four countries (three kingdoms) of the British Isles. Interaction between these realms is essential to understanding the history of religious reform within each territory. The pre-Reformation Catholic Church is discussed, as is popular religious belief and behaviour. The Reformation is considered as a political change, involving the choices of monarchs and their political elites. In England and Scotland, these elites drove forward reform and ensured its success. They were also urged on by a clerical minority ideologically committed to doctrinal change and to evangelization. In Ireland, no such indigenous commitment to reform existed, and no political identity with reform was constructed. The text also examines the religious responses of ordinary clergy and laymen to reform from above. It acknowledges the reluctance to change that is a constant refrain of revisionist historical writing, but investigates more closely the process by which Englishmen and Scots were slowly translated from Catholics before the altar to some form of Protestants around the pulpit.
Philip N. Mulder
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131635
- eISBN:
- 9780199834525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195131630.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Laity in the audiences and congregations embraced the message of the preachers all too well during the Great Awakenings. Accounts show that men, women, Anglo‐, and African‐Americans accepted not only ...
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Laity in the audiences and congregations embraced the message of the preachers all too well during the Great Awakenings. Accounts show that men, women, Anglo‐, and African‐Americans accepted not only the general need for salvation, but also the denominations’ prescriptions for conversion. True conversion required selecting the particular beliefs of one denomination and specifically rejecting those of the others. The reborn had to turn away from false churches and teachings just as they cast aside their sinfulness. Choice, the celebrated feature of evangelical religion, emboldened laity and helped the democratization of American Christianity, but it also assured that a spirit of distinction would hover over the quarreling faithful of the South. Baptists’ oppositional religion steadily displaced Methodists’ universal faith.Less
Laity in the audiences and congregations embraced the message of the preachers all too well during the Great Awakenings. Accounts show that men, women, Anglo‐, and African‐Americans accepted not only the general need for salvation, but also the denominations’ prescriptions for conversion. True conversion required selecting the particular beliefs of one denomination and specifically rejecting those of the others. The reborn had to turn away from false churches and teachings just as they cast aside their sinfulness. Choice, the celebrated feature of evangelical religion, emboldened laity and helped the democratization of American Christianity, but it also assured that a spirit of distinction would hover over the quarreling faithful of the South. Baptists’ oppositional religion steadily displaced Methodists’ universal faith.
Karen B. Westerfield Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195126983
- eISBN:
- 9780199834754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019512698X.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The leadership of Methodist worship has always involved men and women, lay and clergy, although there have been limitations placed upon certain categories of people at different times. Unordained ...
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The leadership of Methodist worship has always involved men and women, lay and clergy, although there have been limitations placed upon certain categories of people at different times. Unordained preachers served Methodism from its beginnings, and laity has always had roles as class leaders, exhorters, stewards, stewardesses, and song leaders. Deaconesses assisted or led in worship to the extent that any layperson could. The principal liturgical ministers were the elders and, to a much more limited extent in terms of sacramental presidency, the deacons. The only distinct liturgical role of the general superintendent or bishop came at services of ordination.Less
The leadership of Methodist worship has always involved men and women, lay and clergy, although there have been limitations placed upon certain categories of people at different times. Unordained preachers served Methodism from its beginnings, and laity has always had roles as class leaders, exhorters, stewards, stewardesses, and song leaders. Deaconesses assisted or led in worship to the extent that any layperson could. The principal liturgical ministers were the elders and, to a much more limited extent in terms of sacramental presidency, the deacons. The only distinct liturgical role of the general superintendent or bishop came at services of ordination.
Ian Breward
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198263562
- eISBN:
- 9780191600418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198263562.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
British and French missions and colonization were closely related. The pace of Christianization varied, for Pacific Islanders and Aborigines were not just passive recipients, but actively sought ...
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British and French missions and colonization were closely related. The pace of Christianization varied, for Pacific Islanders and Aborigines were not just passive recipients, but actively sought advantages from conversion and formed adjustment cults. As migration increased, settler churches were formed. Lay participation was stronger than in their homelands. Resistance to the principle of establishment was considerable, though government subsidies to churches were important in certain Australian colonies.Less
British and French missions and colonization were closely related. The pace of Christianization varied, for Pacific Islanders and Aborigines were not just passive recipients, but actively sought advantages from conversion and formed adjustment cults. As migration increased, settler churches were formed. Lay participation was stronger than in their homelands. Resistance to the principle of establishment was considerable, though government subsidies to churches were important in certain Australian colonies.
Hamilton Hess
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198269755
- eISBN:
- 9780191601163
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269757.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Church councils and synods (terms used in the West and the East, respectively) began as gatherings of leaders and representatives from several church congregations for the resolution of issues of ...
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Church councils and synods (terms used in the West and the East, respectively) began as gatherings of leaders and representatives from several church congregations for the resolution of issues of shared concern by discussion and collective decision‐making. From the evidence available to us, such gatherings first appeared during the latter part of the second century, but the practice may have begun earlier. By the third century, strong congregational leadership by bishops had become almost universally established; and, as fully evidenced by the letters of Cyprian of Carthage, councils and synods became occasions for the assembly of neighbouring bishops for deliberation together with the bishop, clergy, and people of the host congregation. The procedures employed at these gatherings were patterned on those of civil government, the most directly influential model having apparently been the Roman Senate. While the strength and effectiveness of episcopal leadership continued to increase, during the third century the clergy and laity of the local congregation where the council or synod was held retained a voice in the proceedings. Two other conciliar styles—dialogic discussion and judicial investigation—were also adopted from civil models to ecclesiastical use during the third and fourth centuries.Less
Church councils and synods (terms used in the West and the East, respectively) began as gatherings of leaders and representatives from several church congregations for the resolution of issues of shared concern by discussion and collective decision‐making. From the evidence available to us, such gatherings first appeared during the latter part of the second century, but the practice may have begun earlier. By the third century, strong congregational leadership by bishops had become almost universally established; and, as fully evidenced by the letters of Cyprian of Carthage, councils and synods became occasions for the assembly of neighbouring bishops for deliberation together with the bishop, clergy, and people of the host congregation. The procedures employed at these gatherings were patterned on those of civil government, the most directly influential model having apparently been the Roman Senate. While the strength and effectiveness of episcopal leadership continued to increase, during the third century the clergy and laity of the local congregation where the council or synod was held retained a voice in the proceedings. Two other conciliar styles—dialogic discussion and judicial investigation—were also adopted from civil models to ecclesiastical use during the third and fourth centuries.
Richard A. Schoenherr
David Yamane (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780195082593
- eISBN:
- 9780199834952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195082591.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines seven historical trends related to the Catholic Church that have been gaining strength over the latter half of the twentieth century. Each trend comprises two countervailing ...
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This chapter examines seven historical trends related to the Catholic Church that have been gaining strength over the latter half of the twentieth century. Each trend comprises two countervailing forces in a dialectical relationship. Together they compose a matrix that is creating tension toward change in the structure of Catholic ministry that will lead first to married priests and then to the ordination of women in the Catholic Church. The seven trends are the demographic transition to a shortage of priests documented in the USA; the shift from dogmatism to pluralism; the shift from a Western to a world Church; celibacy and the growing personalism of human sexuality; the feminist movement; the lay movement; and the liturgical movement. Part III of the book (Chs. 7–9) further examines this trend.Less
This chapter examines seven historical trends related to the Catholic Church that have been gaining strength over the latter half of the twentieth century. Each trend comprises two countervailing forces in a dialectical relationship. Together they compose a matrix that is creating tension toward change in the structure of Catholic ministry that will lead first to married priests and then to the ordination of women in the Catholic Church. The seven trends are the demographic transition to a shortage of priests documented in the USA; the shift from dogmatism to pluralism; the shift from a Western to a world Church; celibacy and the growing personalism of human sexuality; the feminist movement; the lay movement; and the liturgical movement. Part III of the book (Chs. 7–9) further examines this trend.
Richard A. Schoenherr
David Yamane (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780195082593
- eISBN:
- 9780199834952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195082591.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter continues the discussion begun in the last two, in examining trends six and seven of the seven trends in the matrix of social forces affecting the Catholic Church. These belong to the ...
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This chapter continues the discussion begun in the last two, in examining trends six and seven of the seven trends in the matrix of social forces affecting the Catholic Church. These belong to the lay movement, which reflects the dynamic tension (conflict) between laity and clergy produced by the Catholic Church's division of labor and the liturgical movement, which reflects the tension between sacrament and Bible in Catholic worship. In other words, both the lay and liturgical movements draw their dynamism from the conflict between hierarchic and hierophanic power. Thus, the countervailing powers of hierarchy and hierophany are bound up in the tension between the forces of unity and diversity, and the tension between the forces of immanence and transcendence. Priest shortage (the first trend) brings these tensions to a head, and as the decline in the priest population continues, it is argued that it acts as a catalyst provoking a series of far‐reaching changes, most notably the loss of the sacrificial focus of the Mass.Less
This chapter continues the discussion begun in the last two, in examining trends six and seven of the seven trends in the matrix of social forces affecting the Catholic Church. These belong to the lay movement, which reflects the dynamic tension (conflict) between laity and clergy produced by the Catholic Church's division of labor and the liturgical movement, which reflects the tension between sacrament and Bible in Catholic worship. In other words, both the lay and liturgical movements draw their dynamism from the conflict between hierarchic and hierophanic power. Thus, the countervailing powers of hierarchy and hierophany are bound up in the tension between the forces of unity and diversity, and the tension between the forces of immanence and transcendence. Priest shortage (the first trend) brings these tensions to a head, and as the decline in the priest population continues, it is argued that it acts as a catalyst provoking a series of far‐reaching changes, most notably the loss of the sacrificial focus of the Mass.
Amy Johnson Frykholm
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195159837
- eISBN:
- 9780199835614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159837.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Argues that especially with religious fiction, reading cannot be understood as a private act but must be placed into a social context. Readers engage in reading Left Behind through a series of ...
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Argues that especially with religious fiction, reading cannot be understood as a private act but must be placed into a social context. Readers engage in reading Left Behind through a series of networks that contribute to the meaning they give the text. This chapter examines two contexts in which the reading of Left Behind occurs: the church “home” and the usually religiously divided family. Within these contexts, readers find that their beliefs and practices are contested by the dissent of other believers, by the disdain of clergy, and by family members who resist the Left Behind series’ call to faith. Readers use the books to build narratives of identity and belonging, but only in divided and complex contexts.Less
Argues that especially with religious fiction, reading cannot be understood as a private act but must be placed into a social context. Readers engage in reading Left Behind through a series of networks that contribute to the meaning they give the text. This chapter examines two contexts in which the reading of Left Behind occurs: the church “home” and the usually religiously divided family. Within these contexts, readers find that their beliefs and practices are contested by the dissent of other believers, by the disdain of clergy, and by family members who resist the Left Behind series’ call to faith. Readers use the books to build narratives of identity and belonging, but only in divided and complex contexts.
