Eric Post
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507499
- eISBN:
- 9780191709845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507499.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
Temporal lags in the response of populations to climatic variation associated with the NAO are widespread in both terrestrial and marine environments. The existence of both immediate and lagged ...
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Temporal lags in the response of populations to climatic variation associated with the NAO are widespread in both terrestrial and marine environments. The existence of both immediate and lagged responses to climate presents conceptual and analytical challenges to the study of the ecological consequences of large-scale climatic variability, as well as to the ability to forecast population responses to future climatic change. This chapter discusses the influence of atmospheric processes, life history, and trophic interactions on time lags. It argues that the existence of time lags in a multitude of systems can be exploited to one obvious advantage: prediction. Hence, an empirically-derived basis for improving conceptual and analytical understanding of lagged responses to climate should prove valuable in the pursuit of scientifically robust predictions of population and community response to future climate changes.Less
Temporal lags in the response of populations to climatic variation associated with the NAO are widespread in both terrestrial and marine environments. The existence of both immediate and lagged responses to climate presents conceptual and analytical challenges to the study of the ecological consequences of large-scale climatic variability, as well as to the ability to forecast population responses to future climatic change. This chapter discusses the influence of atmospheric processes, life history, and trophic interactions on time lags. It argues that the existence of time lags in a multitude of systems can be exploited to one obvious advantage: prediction. Hence, an empirically-derived basis for improving conceptual and analytical understanding of lagged responses to climate should prove valuable in the pursuit of scientifically robust predictions of population and community response to future climate changes.
Guanghua Wan, Ming Lu, and Zhao Chen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535194
- eISBN:
- 9780191715730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535194.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter argues that the conventional approach of data averaging is problematic for exploring the growth-inequality nexus. It introduces the polynominal inverse lag (PIL) framework so that the ...
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This chapter argues that the conventional approach of data averaging is problematic for exploring the growth-inequality nexus. It introduces the polynominal inverse lag (PIL) framework so that the impacts of inequality on investment, education, and ultimately on growth can be measured at precisely defined time lags. Combining PIL with simultaneous systems of equations, this chapter analyses the growth-inequality relationship in post-reform China, finding that this relationship is nonlinear and is negative irrespective of time horizons.Less
This chapter argues that the conventional approach of data averaging is problematic for exploring the growth-inequality nexus. It introduces the polynominal inverse lag (PIL) framework so that the impacts of inequality on investment, education, and ultimately on growth can be measured at precisely defined time lags. Combining PIL with simultaneous systems of equations, this chapter analyses the growth-inequality relationship in post-reform China, finding that this relationship is nonlinear and is negative irrespective of time horizons.
Robert J. Shiller
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294184
- eISBN:
- 9780191596926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294182.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Financial Economics
Most published economic indices are revised after they are first published—information does not come in all at once, and timely publication dictates that the preliminary index numbers be later ...
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Most published economic indices are revised after they are first published—information does not come in all at once, and timely publication dictates that the preliminary index numbers be later revised. The repeated‐measures indices developed in the preceding chapters are vulnerable to revisions after especially long intervals of time, since they have the property that, unless the repeated measures come sequentially (which they do not necessarily), there will be revisions in the indices after the index numbers are first produced, even if the raw data used then were perfectly accurate and complete. There are other index number construction methods, such as ordinary‐least‐squares regression‐per‐period hedonic regressions, that do not normally produce revisions; this would at first seem to be an advantage, but an index number construction method that does not produce revisions is not a virtue if new information tends to arrive that implies revisions and is just ignored. This chapter addresses the whole problem of index number revisions in the following sections: Variance components in regression‐per‐period hedonics; Interval‐linked indices; Indices that are derived by conditioning on lagged index values. The final section of the chapter draws some sort of interpretation of what has gone before.Less
Most published economic indices are revised after they are first published—information does not come in all at once, and timely publication dictates that the preliminary index numbers be later revised. The repeated‐measures indices developed in the preceding chapters are vulnerable to revisions after especially long intervals of time, since they have the property that, unless the repeated measures come sequentially (which they do not necessarily), there will be revisions in the indices after the index numbers are first produced, even if the raw data used then were perfectly accurate and complete. There are other index number construction methods, such as ordinary‐least‐squares regression‐per‐period hedonic regressions, that do not normally produce revisions; this would at first seem to be an advantage, but an index number construction method that does not produce revisions is not a virtue if new information tends to arrive that implies revisions and is just ignored. This chapter addresses the whole problem of index number revisions in the following sections: Variance components in regression‐per‐period hedonics; Interval‐linked indices; Indices that are derived by conditioning on lagged index values. The final section of the chapter draws some sort of interpretation of what has gone before.
Lev Ginzburg and Mark Colyvan
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195168167
- eISBN:
- 9780199790159
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168167.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter describes an effect which produces population cycles and may be thought of as the mechanism for inertia in population growth. This effect, the maternal effect, is the passing of quality ...
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This chapter describes an effect which produces population cycles and may be thought of as the mechanism for inertia in population growth. This effect, the maternal effect, is the passing of quality from mothers to daughters. Although this effect has been well known for some time, it has only recently attracted attention. It is argued that this effect provides an important part of the inertial model of population growth.Less
This chapter describes an effect which produces population cycles and may be thought of as the mechanism for inertia in population growth. This effect, the maternal effect, is the passing of quality from mothers to daughters. Although this effect has been well known for some time, it has only recently attracted attention. It is argued that this effect provides an important part of the inertial model of population growth.
Kevin S. McCann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134178
- eISBN:
- 9781400840687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134178.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines the dynamics of basic population models, with a particular focus on the general biological conditions under which population dynamics are stabilized, or destabilized, by ...
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This chapter examines the dynamics of basic population models, with a particular focus on the general biological conditions under which population dynamics are stabilized, or destabilized, by increased population growth rates. Three classes of population models are discussed in relation to excitable and nonexcitable interactions: continuous logistic growth models, discrete equations, and continuous models with stage-structured lags. The chapter shows how increasing per capita growth rates tend to stabilize population models as a result of excitable interactions; that is, when dynamic trajectories monotonically approach an equilibrium after a localized perturbation. However, lags in population models tend to give rise to dynamics with oscillatory decays to equilibrium or sustained oscillations around the carrying capacity. Such oscillatory decays or sustained oscillations are only further destabilized by increased growth or production rates. The chapter concludes with a review of empirical evidence for excitable dynamics.Less
This chapter examines the dynamics of basic population models, with a particular focus on the general biological conditions under which population dynamics are stabilized, or destabilized, by increased population growth rates. Three classes of population models are discussed in relation to excitable and nonexcitable interactions: continuous logistic growth models, discrete equations, and continuous models with stage-structured lags. The chapter shows how increasing per capita growth rates tend to stabilize population models as a result of excitable interactions; that is, when dynamic trajectories monotonically approach an equilibrium after a localized perturbation. However, lags in population models tend to give rise to dynamics with oscillatory decays to equilibrium or sustained oscillations around the carrying capacity. Such oscillatory decays or sustained oscillations are only further destabilized by increased growth or production rates. The chapter concludes with a review of empirical evidence for excitable dynamics.
Kevin S. McCann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134178
- eISBN:
- 9781400840687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134178.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines the influence of biological lags on consumer–resource dynamics, with particular emphasis on how consumer–resource cycles, or the lack thereof, interact with population level ...
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This chapter examines the influence of biological lags on consumer–resource dynamics, with particular emphasis on how consumer–resource cycles, or the lack thereof, interact with population level dynamical phenomena. It first considers discrete consumer–resource interactions before discussing the dynamics of stage-structured consumer–resource interactions. It then explains how stage structure promotes the possibility of alternative stable states and changes consumer–resource interaction strength. It also shows how a change in population structure affects food web interactions and/or the strengths of food webs. Finally, it reviews empirical results that show how stage structure and food web interaction influence ecological stability. The chapter argues that weak and inherently stable consumer–resource interactions can mute a potentially unstable population level phenomenon, and that a dynamically decoupled stable stage class can strongly stabilize other stages and the consumer–resource interaction.Less
This chapter examines the influence of biological lags on consumer–resource dynamics, with particular emphasis on how consumer–resource cycles, or the lack thereof, interact with population level dynamical phenomena. It first considers discrete consumer–resource interactions before discussing the dynamics of stage-structured consumer–resource interactions. It then explains how stage structure promotes the possibility of alternative stable states and changes consumer–resource interaction strength. It also shows how a change in population structure affects food web interactions and/or the strengths of food webs. Finally, it reviews empirical results that show how stage structure and food web interaction influence ecological stability. The chapter argues that weak and inherently stable consumer–resource interactions can mute a potentially unstable population level phenomenon, and that a dynamically decoupled stable stage class can strongly stabilize other stages and the consumer–resource interaction.
Marco Breschi, Alessio Fornasin, and Giovanna Gonano
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280681
- eISBN:
- 9780191602467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280681.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Focuses on the short-term relations between prices of consumer goods and demographic time series. The area considered is the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1823 to 1854. The research identifies the ...
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Focuses on the short-term relations between prices of consumer goods and demographic time series. The area considered is the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1823 to 1854. The research identifies the different demographic outcomes in specific social groups in presence of price fluctuations.Less
Focuses on the short-term relations between prices of consumer goods and demographic time series. The area considered is the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1823 to 1854. The research identifies the different demographic outcomes in specific social groups in presence of price fluctuations.
Aman Ullah
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198774471
- eISBN:
- 9780191601347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198774478.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter presents the finite sample analysis of the time series models used in economics and finance. It considers the autoregressive model (AR), AR with regressors, and autoregressive moving ...
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This chapter presents the finite sample analysis of the time series models used in economics and finance. It considers the autoregressive model (AR), AR with regressors, and autoregressive moving average models with regressors. The exact and approximate moments, as well as distributions of the estimators of the lag coefficients and regression coefficients were derived and analysed.Less
This chapter presents the finite sample analysis of the time series models used in economics and finance. It considers the autoregressive model (AR), AR with regressors, and autoregressive moving average models with regressors. The exact and approximate moments, as well as distributions of the estimators of the lag coefficients and regression coefficients were derived and analysed.
David Vogel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691124162
- eISBN:
- 9781400842568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691124162.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter analyzes European and American policies toward a range of consumer safety risks; including drugs, children's products, and cosmetics. It shows how European and American risk regulations ...
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This chapter analyzes European and American policies toward a range of consumer safety risks; including drugs, children's products, and cosmetics. It shows how European and American risk regulations have converged, though the dynamics through which this occurred differed substantially. Pharmaceutical regulation constitutes the most important exception to the broader pattern of increased transatlantic regulatory policy divergence. What makes this area of regulatory policy distinctive is that its political salience increased in the United States but not in Europe. Pharmaceutical regulation also represents an important exception to the dominant pattern of transatlantic regulatory policy diffusion. In this case, European regulatory policies did affect those of the United States, first by highlighting the transatlantic drug lag, and more recently by American decisions to adopt some European practices to expedite drug approvals.Less
This chapter analyzes European and American policies toward a range of consumer safety risks; including drugs, children's products, and cosmetics. It shows how European and American risk regulations have converged, though the dynamics through which this occurred differed substantially. Pharmaceutical regulation constitutes the most important exception to the broader pattern of increased transatlantic regulatory policy divergence. What makes this area of regulatory policy distinctive is that its political salience increased in the United States but not in Europe. Pharmaceutical regulation also represents an important exception to the dominant pattern of transatlantic regulatory policy diffusion. In this case, European regulatory policies did affect those of the United States, first by highlighting the transatlantic drug lag, and more recently by American decisions to adopt some European practices to expedite drug approvals.
David F. Hendry
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198283164
- eISBN:
- 9780191596384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198283164.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
Nine special cases of the autoregressive‐distributed lag model are analysed focusing on important econometric problems, namely: simple‐to‐general modelling; the ‘time‐series vs. econometrics’ debate; ...
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Nine special cases of the autoregressive‐distributed lag model are analysed focusing on important econometric problems, namely: simple‐to‐general modelling; the ‘time‐series vs. econometrics’ debate; potential theory inconsistency; non‐autonomy; the role of expectations; autocorrelation corrections; multicollinearity; and equilibrium correction and cointegration. Monte Carlo and empirical studies illustrate each case. The analysis reveals that empirical results depend on the choice of model type.Less
Nine special cases of the autoregressive‐distributed lag model are analysed focusing on important econometric problems, namely: simple‐to‐general modelling; the ‘time‐series vs. econometrics’ debate; potential theory inconsistency; non‐autonomy; the role of expectations; autocorrelation corrections; multicollinearity; and equilibrium correction and cointegration. Monte Carlo and empirical studies illustrate each case. The analysis reveals that empirical results depend on the choice of model type.
Bruce A. Thyer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195323375
- eISBN:
- 9780199864430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323375.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Perhaps the single most important decision to be made by an author, in terms of getting a research article successfully published, is selecting the appropriate peer-reviewed professional journal to ...
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Perhaps the single most important decision to be made by an author, in terms of getting a research article successfully published, is selecting the appropriate peer-reviewed professional journal to send it to. Submission to an inappropriate journal will likely doom it to eventual rejection. This chapter discusses the pros and cons of submitting one's research articles to a disciplinary social work journal, to a non-social work disciplinary (e.g., psychology, economics, sociology) journal, or to an interdisciplinary (e.g., family therapy, child welfare, gerontology) journal. Also discussed are factors such as selecting highly reputable (and correspondingly difficult to get into) versus newer or less well-known journals (often easier to get into), a journal's publication lag time, whether the journal is picked up by major abstracting services, and the increasingly important impact factor of a given journal. The pros and cons of publishing in journals availably solely via the internet are also presented.Less
Perhaps the single most important decision to be made by an author, in terms of getting a research article successfully published, is selecting the appropriate peer-reviewed professional journal to send it to. Submission to an inappropriate journal will likely doom it to eventual rejection. This chapter discusses the pros and cons of submitting one's research articles to a disciplinary social work journal, to a non-social work disciplinary (e.g., psychology, economics, sociology) journal, or to an interdisciplinary (e.g., family therapy, child welfare, gerontology) journal. Also discussed are factors such as selecting highly reputable (and correspondingly difficult to get into) versus newer or less well-known journals (often easier to get into), a journal's publication lag time, whether the journal is picked up by major abstracting services, and the increasingly important impact factor of a given journal. The pros and cons of publishing in journals availably solely via the internet are also presented.
Janet E. Hiller and Anthony J. McMichael
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192627391
- eISBN:
- 9780191723704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192627391.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Ecological studies examine characteristics of population groups rather than individuals. This chapter provides useful examples of how to develop hypotheses using ecological data (based on the ...
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Ecological studies examine characteristics of population groups rather than individuals. This chapter provides useful examples of how to develop hypotheses using ecological data (based on the collection of relevant indices of diet and health status), assess geographic differences and time trends, and understand the value of ecological studies especially in international comparisons of diet and disease. The need to collect non-nutritional population data and the limitations of the ecological approach are illustrated, including a discussion of calibration. Sampling is discussed in detail, as are the issues of time-lagging, cohort analysis, and adjusting for confounders. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the criteria for ‘proof’ in ecological studies, their limitations, and a consideration of when ecological studies are the method of choice.Less
Ecological studies examine characteristics of population groups rather than individuals. This chapter provides useful examples of how to develop hypotheses using ecological data (based on the collection of relevant indices of diet and health status), assess geographic differences and time trends, and understand the value of ecological studies especially in international comparisons of diet and disease. The need to collect non-nutritional population data and the limitations of the ecological approach are illustrated, including a discussion of calibration. Sampling is discussed in detail, as are the issues of time-lagging, cohort analysis, and adjusting for confounders. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the criteria for ‘proof’ in ecological studies, their limitations, and a consideration of when ecological studies are the method of choice.
GREGORY C. CHOW
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195101928
- eISBN:
- 9780199855032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101928.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Dynamic economics involves explaining economic behavior that occurs through time. Although all of the economic behavior expressed by both enterprises and individuals occurs through time, there is a ...
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Dynamic economics involves explaining economic behavior that occurs through time. Although all of the economic behavior expressed by both enterprises and individuals occurs through time, there is a need to distinguish dynamic economics from other forms of economics because of how scientific theorizing entails abstraction. The term “dynamic economics” is used specifically in cases that concern long periods of development because for such cases, the time paths of various economic variables and the dynamic aspects of economic behavior are usually not taken into account. Initially, models of dynamic economics were mainly based on ad hoc assumptions and difference equations were prevalent as a tool for analysis. The development of dynamic econometric models between the 1950s and the 1970s introduced the lagged effects of variables. While optimization appears to be the fundamental goal of economics, dynamic economics involves choosing the appropriate uses for scarce resources across different periods of time.Less
Dynamic economics involves explaining economic behavior that occurs through time. Although all of the economic behavior expressed by both enterprises and individuals occurs through time, there is a need to distinguish dynamic economics from other forms of economics because of how scientific theorizing entails abstraction. The term “dynamic economics” is used specifically in cases that concern long periods of development because for such cases, the time paths of various economic variables and the dynamic aspects of economic behavior are usually not taken into account. Initially, models of dynamic economics were mainly based on ad hoc assumptions and difference equations were prevalent as a tool for analysis. The development of dynamic econometric models between the 1950s and the 1970s introduced the lagged effects of variables. While optimization appears to be the fundamental goal of economics, dynamic economics involves choosing the appropriate uses for scarce resources across different periods of time.
William R. Clark and Michael Grunstein
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195178005
- eISBN:
- 9780199893331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178005.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Like all living things, plants or animals, humans are governed by time, specifically by idiosyncratic biological clocks. They measure both daily and yearly activities in essentially all living ...
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Like all living things, plants or animals, humans are governed by time, specifically by idiosyncratic biological clocks. They measure both daily and yearly activities in essentially all living things. These clocks regulate sleep, eating, mating, and many other life-associated behaviors. But where are biological clocks to be found? How do they work? Clocks are at the heart of modern-day phenomena such as jet lag. How did the evolutionary history of clocks cause this? We now know that clocks are centered in the brain, and they are constantly being set and adjusted in response to external light. But even single-cell organisms without eyes or brains can measure time. An analysis of organisms as diverse as mold, fruit flies, mice, and humans has allowed us to dissect biological clocks in great detail, and to define the genes responsible for this important regulator of human behavior.Less
Like all living things, plants or animals, humans are governed by time, specifically by idiosyncratic biological clocks. They measure both daily and yearly activities in essentially all living things. These clocks regulate sleep, eating, mating, and many other life-associated behaviors. But where are biological clocks to be found? How do they work? Clocks are at the heart of modern-day phenomena such as jet lag. How did the evolutionary history of clocks cause this? We now know that clocks are centered in the brain, and they are constantly being set and adjusted in response to external light. But even single-cell organisms without eyes or brains can measure time. An analysis of organisms as diverse as mold, fruit flies, mice, and humans has allowed us to dissect biological clocks in great detail, and to define the genes responsible for this important regulator of human behavior.
Holly Alliger Ruff and Mary Klevjord Rothbart
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195136326
- eISBN:
- 9780199894031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195136326.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter investigates the development of problems in children's control of attention, e.g. Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) and attention deficit without hyperactivity. In ...
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This chapter investigates the development of problems in children's control of attention, e.g. Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) and attention deficit without hyperactivity. In longitudinal studies, precursors to ADHD can be identified as early as 2 to 3 years of age and include restlessness, disobedience, and lower levels of concentration. Attention problems without hyperactivity are predicted by low attention at 1 and 2 years, accompanied by temperamental low activity and approach, low sensitivity to sounds and sights, low distractibility, and high negative mood. Inattention problems are also found in connection with regulatory disorders and early childhood autism. Hypotheses about underlying processes in the development of deficits are reviewed. These include neurodevelopmental lag, extremes in temperamental reactivity and self-regulation, and individual differences in optimal levels of arousal. Lastly, the chapter discusses imbalances in inhibition and activation, and problems in maintaining alertness and motor preparedness as sources of attention problems.Less
This chapter investigates the development of problems in children's control of attention, e.g. Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) and attention deficit without hyperactivity. In longitudinal studies, precursors to ADHD can be identified as early as 2 to 3 years of age and include restlessness, disobedience, and lower levels of concentration. Attention problems without hyperactivity are predicted by low attention at 1 and 2 years, accompanied by temperamental low activity and approach, low sensitivity to sounds and sights, low distractibility, and high negative mood. Inattention problems are also found in connection with regulatory disorders and early childhood autism. Hypotheses about underlying processes in the development of deficits are reviewed. These include neurodevelopmental lag, extremes in temperamental reactivity and self-regulation, and individual differences in optimal levels of arousal. Lastly, the chapter discusses imbalances in inhibition and activation, and problems in maintaining alertness and motor preparedness as sources of attention problems.
Cecilia L. Ridgeway
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199755776
- eISBN:
- 9780199894925
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755776.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
How does gender inequality persist in an advanced industrial society like the United States, where legal, political, institutional, and economic processes work against it? This book draws on ...
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How does gender inequality persist in an advanced industrial society like the United States, where legal, political, institutional, and economic processes work against it? This book draws on empirical evidence from sociology, psychology, and organizational studies to argue that people's everyday use of gender as a primary cultural tool for organizing social relations with others creates processes that rewrite gender inequality into new forms of social and economic organization as these forms emerge in society. Widely shared gender stereotypes act as a “common knowledge” cultural frame that people use to initiate the process of making sense of one another in order to coordinate their interaction. Gender stereotypes change more slowly than material arrangements between men and women. As a result of this cultural lag, at sites of social innovation, people implicitly draw on trailing stereotypes of gender difference and inequality to help organize the new activities, procedures, and forms of organization that they create, in effect reinventing gender inequality for a new era. Chapters 1 through 3 explain how gender acts as a primary frame and how gender stereotypes shape interpersonal behavior and judgments in contextually varying ways. Chapters 4 and 5 show how these effects in the workplace and the home reproduce contemporary structures of gender inequality. Chapters 6 examines the cultural lag of gender stereotypes and shows how they create gender inequality at sites of innovation in work (high-tech start-ups) and intimate relations (college hook-ups). Chapter 7 develops the implications of this persistence dynamic for progress toward gender equality.Less
How does gender inequality persist in an advanced industrial society like the United States, where legal, political, institutional, and economic processes work against it? This book draws on empirical evidence from sociology, psychology, and organizational studies to argue that people's everyday use of gender as a primary cultural tool for organizing social relations with others creates processes that rewrite gender inequality into new forms of social and economic organization as these forms emerge in society. Widely shared gender stereotypes act as a “common knowledge” cultural frame that people use to initiate the process of making sense of one another in order to coordinate their interaction. Gender stereotypes change more slowly than material arrangements between men and women. As a result of this cultural lag, at sites of social innovation, people implicitly draw on trailing stereotypes of gender difference and inequality to help organize the new activities, procedures, and forms of organization that they create, in effect reinventing gender inequality for a new era. Chapters 1 through 3 explain how gender acts as a primary frame and how gender stereotypes shape interpersonal behavior and judgments in contextually varying ways. Chapters 4 and 5 show how these effects in the workplace and the home reproduce contemporary structures of gender inequality. Chapters 6 examines the cultural lag of gender stereotypes and shows how they create gender inequality at sites of innovation in work (high-tech start-ups) and intimate relations (college hook-ups). Chapter 7 develops the implications of this persistence dynamic for progress toward gender equality.
Gabriel Gellner, Kevin S. McCann, and Christopher Greyson-Gaito
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198824282
- eISBN:
- 9780191863271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198824282.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
Uncovering the fundamental properties of ecological stability is a central question in theoretical biology since its inception at the turn of the century. Here, motivated by simple modular theory ...
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Uncovering the fundamental properties of ecological stability is a central question in theoretical biology since its inception at the turn of the century. Here, motivated by simple modular theory (e.g., population models to few species models), we review the role of interactions strength and lags on dynamics and stability. Specifically, we argue that modular theory consistently finds that lags combined with high growth rates or strong interaction strengths underly all forms of instability in ecological models. To fully explore this relationship, we first need to understand the role of both explicit lags—using lagged versions of classical models, such as the lagged logistic population model, as well as the more subtle role of implicit lags that arise in all biological models of growth. Given this, and the realization that nature is replete with lags (e.g., age structure, stage structure, predator-prey, reproductive lags, recycling lags), it becomes important to understand how lags, both implicit and explicit, interact. With an eye towards correcting the frequently overlooked role of lags on stability we review existing mathematical examples that argue lags can combine to drive instability (lag excitation) or inhibit the expression of instability by cancelling each other out effectively (lag cancellation). We suggest that further understanding the role of lags and how they interact within whole webs and ecosystems remains an important research area for the future.Less
Uncovering the fundamental properties of ecological stability is a central question in theoretical biology since its inception at the turn of the century. Here, motivated by simple modular theory (e.g., population models to few species models), we review the role of interactions strength and lags on dynamics and stability. Specifically, we argue that modular theory consistently finds that lags combined with high growth rates or strong interaction strengths underly all forms of instability in ecological models. To fully explore this relationship, we first need to understand the role of both explicit lags—using lagged versions of classical models, such as the lagged logistic population model, as well as the more subtle role of implicit lags that arise in all biological models of growth. Given this, and the realization that nature is replete with lags (e.g., age structure, stage structure, predator-prey, reproductive lags, recycling lags), it becomes important to understand how lags, both implicit and explicit, interact. With an eye towards correcting the frequently overlooked role of lags on stability we review existing mathematical examples that argue lags can combine to drive instability (lag excitation) or inhibit the expression of instability by cancelling each other out effectively (lag cancellation). We suggest that further understanding the role of lags and how they interact within whole webs and ecosystems remains an important research area for the future.
Cecilia L. Ridgeway
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199755776
- eISBN:
- 9780199894925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755776.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Previous chapters addressed the persistence of inequality in existing institutions; this chapter examines persistence at sites of economic and social innovation. Evidence shows that gender ...
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Previous chapters addressed the persistence of inequality in existing institutions; this chapter examines persistence at sites of economic and social innovation. Evidence shows that gender stereotypes change more slowly than material arrangements between men and women (cultural lag). At sites of innovation, people implicitly draw on lagging stereotypes to help organize their uncertain new situations, rewriting gender inequality into the new organizational procedures and structures they create. Some of these new organizational routines spread widely to become blueprints for new industries and social forms, reinventing but also modifying inequality for a new era. This argument is examined through studies of innovative work sites (biotechnology and information-technology start-ups) and forms of heterosexual union (student hook-ups).Less
Previous chapters addressed the persistence of inequality in existing institutions; this chapter examines persistence at sites of economic and social innovation. Evidence shows that gender stereotypes change more slowly than material arrangements between men and women (cultural lag). At sites of innovation, people implicitly draw on lagging stereotypes to help organize their uncertain new situations, rewriting gender inequality into the new organizational procedures and structures they create. Some of these new organizational routines spread widely to become blueprints for new industries and social forms, reinventing but also modifying inequality for a new era. This argument is examined through studies of innovative work sites (biotechnology and information-technology start-ups) and forms of heterosexual union (student hook-ups).
Timo Teräsvirta, Dag Tjøstheim, and W. J. Granger
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199587148
- eISBN:
- 9780191595387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587148.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
It is described how nonparametric techniques can be used to test model specification. This is done by comparing nonparametrically estimated quantities with corresponding estimates using a specified ...
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It is described how nonparametric techniques can be used to test model specification. This is done by comparing nonparametrically estimated quantities with corresponding estimates using a specified parametric model; e.g. a linear model or an additive model. An important part of the model specification procedure is to select the time lags entering the model. This can be done parametrically using an Akaike type criterion, or nonparametrically, as illustrated in this chapter. Finally, for nonlinear models, using the correlation to test for independence is often misleading. Alternative techniques more suited to nonlinearity are described.Less
It is described how nonparametric techniques can be used to test model specification. This is done by comparing nonparametrically estimated quantities with corresponding estimates using a specified parametric model; e.g. a linear model or an additive model. An important part of the model specification procedure is to select the time lags entering the model. This can be done parametrically using an Akaike type criterion, or nonparametrically, as illustrated in this chapter. Finally, for nonlinear models, using the correlation to test for independence is often misleading. Alternative techniques more suited to nonlinearity are described.
Ragui Assaad and Mongi Boughzala (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198799863
- eISBN:
- 9780191864698
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198799863.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This book offers a comprehensive and deep examination of the key labor market issues in Tunisia, including the size, structure, and evolution of the labor force, employment and unemployment, wage ...
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This book offers a comprehensive and deep examination of the key labor market issues in Tunisia, including the size, structure, and evolution of the labor force, employment and unemployment, wage formation, gender differences, education, and migration. Unemployment has been the most challenging issue for decades. Because it has been persistently high and particularly acute for youth, university graduates, and women, special attention is paid to youth and women in the labor market and to the structure, education, and evolution of the labor force. Despite the falling-off of its population growth, Tunisia continues to experience strong labor supply pressures due to the rapid growth of higher education graduates and the mismatch between the skills produced by the education system and those needed by the market. The lack of good formal jobs, the segmentation of the labor market and the income and wage inequalities are also the outcome of the regulations and institutions governing the labor market. Women in the lagging regions and educated young women face the most serious insertion challenges. Yet, young women’s educational attainment has exceeded that of young men. And women have also made substantial progress in gaining greater control over their lives and their wellbeing. Although severe forms of child labor are not widespread, 6 percent of children are involved in unpaid activities within the household, and dropout of school remains an important issue. The evolution and effects of migration are also examined.Less
This book offers a comprehensive and deep examination of the key labor market issues in Tunisia, including the size, structure, and evolution of the labor force, employment and unemployment, wage formation, gender differences, education, and migration. Unemployment has been the most challenging issue for decades. Because it has been persistently high and particularly acute for youth, university graduates, and women, special attention is paid to youth and women in the labor market and to the structure, education, and evolution of the labor force. Despite the falling-off of its population growth, Tunisia continues to experience strong labor supply pressures due to the rapid growth of higher education graduates and the mismatch between the skills produced by the education system and those needed by the market. The lack of good formal jobs, the segmentation of the labor market and the income and wage inequalities are also the outcome of the regulations and institutions governing the labor market. Women in the lagging regions and educated young women face the most serious insertion challenges. Yet, young women’s educational attainment has exceeded that of young men. And women have also made substantial progress in gaining greater control over their lives and their wellbeing. Although severe forms of child labor are not widespread, 6 percent of children are involved in unpaid activities within the household, and dropout of school remains an important issue. The evolution and effects of migration are also examined.
