Helena Waddy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195371277
- eISBN:
- 9780199777341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371277.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Chapter Seven begins with Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939. The First Mountain Division’s Signal Corps occupied new barracks in Oberammergau and recruited locals who served in France, on the ...
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Chapter Seven begins with Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939. The First Mountain Division’s Signal Corps occupied new barracks in Oberammergau and recruited locals who served in France, on the eastern front, and in the Balkans, where divisional units were implicated in massacres, including one featured in the book and movie Captain Corelli’s Mandolin. World War II brought a leadership shift to a ruling Nazi who was a democratically elected holdover from the Weimar Republic. He served an overcrowded and socially tense village population as evacuees arrived from bombed cities all over Germany. Intrusive Nazi officials relocated a Messerschmitt plant staffed by thousands of zealous Nazi workers and forced foreign laborers housed in a special camp. As bombing fleets roared overhead in 1944, the mayor drew strength from his identity as a Passion player to protect downed Americans from active Nazis seeking retribution.Less
Chapter Seven begins with Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939. The First Mountain Division’s Signal Corps occupied new barracks in Oberammergau and recruited locals who served in France, on the eastern front, and in the Balkans, where divisional units were implicated in massacres, including one featured in the book and movie Captain Corelli’s Mandolin. World War II brought a leadership shift to a ruling Nazi who was a democratically elected holdover from the Weimar Republic. He served an overcrowded and socially tense village population as evacuees arrived from bombed cities all over Germany. Intrusive Nazi officials relocated a Messerschmitt plant staffed by thousands of zealous Nazi workers and forced foreign laborers housed in a special camp. As bombing fleets roared overhead in 1944, the mayor drew strength from his identity as a Passion player to protect downed Americans from active Nazis seeking retribution.
Bas van Bavel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278664
- eISBN:
- 9780191707032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278664.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The rise of market exchange, and the related competition, was the main dynamic force of the later Middle Ages and the motor behind social changes. This chapter shows how its force was refracted by ...
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The rise of market exchange, and the related competition, was the main dynamic force of the later Middle Ages and the motor behind social changes. This chapter shows how its force was refracted by the regional prism of power and property, resulting in a sharpening of the distinctions between regions. Some rural areas saw the rise of large tenant farmers and a multitude of pauperized wage labourers, while others saw the fragmentation of peasant holdings combined with proto‐industrialization. In the towns, which rapidly grew—in what was becoming the most urbanized part of Europe—similar differences can be observed, although less pronounced than in the countryside. Craftsmen and peasants sometimes succeeded in protecting small‐scale production and their ways of self‐determination, occasionally by extreme measures such as revolts, but gradually lost out to the growing financial power of merchant‐entrepreneurs and their Burgundian and Habsburg rulers. Moreover, growing population pressure undermined real wages, and poor relief and the actions undertaken by public authorities were hardly able to curb the negative effects on welfare.Less
The rise of market exchange, and the related competition, was the main dynamic force of the later Middle Ages and the motor behind social changes. This chapter shows how its force was refracted by the regional prism of power and property, resulting in a sharpening of the distinctions between regions. Some rural areas saw the rise of large tenant farmers and a multitude of pauperized wage labourers, while others saw the fragmentation of peasant holdings combined with proto‐industrialization. In the towns, which rapidly grew—in what was becoming the most urbanized part of Europe—similar differences can be observed, although less pronounced than in the countryside. Craftsmen and peasants sometimes succeeded in protecting small‐scale production and their ways of self‐determination, occasionally by extreme measures such as revolts, but gradually lost out to the growing financial power of merchant‐entrepreneurs and their Burgundian and Habsburg rulers. Moreover, growing population pressure undermined real wages, and poor relief and the actions undertaken by public authorities were hardly able to curb the negative effects on welfare.
Shawn Leigh Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032320
- eISBN:
- 9780813039084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032320.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter presents the editorial “Who Will Own the Soil of the South in the Future,” published in both the Christian Recorder and the Globe. Here, Fortune set forth a position on landownership ...
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This chapter presents the editorial “Who Will Own the Soil of the South in the Future,” published in both the Christian Recorder and the Globe. Here, Fortune set forth a position on landownership that he would further develop in Black and White. Heavily influenced by the ideas of Henry George and other agrarian radicals, Fortune believed that there needed to be a fundamental change in the ownership of land. In this editorial, he demonstrated his frustration with the monopoly of landownership and his belief that land was the common property of the people and should be available to those who cultivate the soil. Although he did not call for the complete abolition of private property in land, as he would in Black and White, one can see the germination of Fortune's idea more than a year before the publication of his larger study.Less
This chapter presents the editorial “Who Will Own the Soil of the South in the Future,” published in both the Christian Recorder and the Globe. Here, Fortune set forth a position on landownership that he would further develop in Black and White. Heavily influenced by the ideas of Henry George and other agrarian radicals, Fortune believed that there needed to be a fundamental change in the ownership of land. In this editorial, he demonstrated his frustration with the monopoly of landownership and his belief that land was the common property of the people and should be available to those who cultivate the soil. Although he did not call for the complete abolition of private property in land, as he would in Black and White, one can see the germination of Fortune's idea more than a year before the publication of his larger study.
Shawn Leigh Alexander
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032320
- eISBN:
- 9780813039084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032320.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter presents “A New Party” and “But It Will Be!”—editorials written while finishing Black and White—where Fortune demonstrates his growing belief that the conditions of workers, black and ...
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This chapter presents “A New Party” and “But It Will Be!”—editorials written while finishing Black and White—where Fortune demonstrates his growing belief that the conditions of workers, black and white, were the same and, consequently, so was their cause. He called for workers “of the South, the North and the West” to create “a solid front to the masterful forces which press them down.” “Opposition to this unification,” he argued, “is suicidal.” Equally important, Fortune attempted to demonstrate that the same economic forces that were shaping the lives of white workers, here and abroad, were also affecting the lives of the African Americans. Because of this, according to Fortune, blacks should have an equal place in the struggle for economic justice. These are themes that he would further develop in the latter half of Black and White.Less
This chapter presents “A New Party” and “But It Will Be!”—editorials written while finishing Black and White—where Fortune demonstrates his growing belief that the conditions of workers, black and white, were the same and, consequently, so was their cause. He called for workers “of the South, the North and the West” to create “a solid front to the masterful forces which press them down.” “Opposition to this unification,” he argued, “is suicidal.” Equally important, Fortune attempted to demonstrate that the same economic forces that were shaping the lives of white workers, here and abroad, were also affecting the lives of the African Americans. Because of this, according to Fortune, blacks should have an equal place in the struggle for economic justice. These are themes that he would further develop in the latter half of Black and White.
M. Laetitia Cairoli
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813035611
- eISBN:
- 9780813039206
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813035611.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
In Morocco today, the idea of female laborers is generally frowned upon. Yet despite this, many women are beginning to find work in factories. The author of this book spent a year in the ancient city ...
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In Morocco today, the idea of female laborers is generally frowned upon. Yet despite this, many women are beginning to find work in factories. The author of this book spent a year in the ancient city of Fes; this book tells the story of what life is like there for working women. Forced to find a factory job herself so that she could speak more intimately with working women, she was able to learn firsthand why they work, what working means to them, and how important earning a wage is to their sense of self. This book conveys a general sense of the working life of women in Morocco by describing daily life inside a Moroccan sewing factory. It also reveals the additional work they face inside their homes. More than an ethnography, this volume shows what life is like for a new generation of young women just entering the workforce.Less
In Morocco today, the idea of female laborers is generally frowned upon. Yet despite this, many women are beginning to find work in factories. The author of this book spent a year in the ancient city of Fes; this book tells the story of what life is like there for working women. Forced to find a factory job herself so that she could speak more intimately with working women, she was able to learn firsthand why they work, what working means to them, and how important earning a wage is to their sense of self. This book conveys a general sense of the working life of women in Morocco by describing daily life inside a Moroccan sewing factory. It also reveals the additional work they face inside their homes. More than an ethnography, this volume shows what life is like for a new generation of young women just entering the workforce.
Frederick Douglass Opie
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033716
- eISBN:
- 9780813038735
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033716.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
In the late 19th century, many Central American governments and countries sought to fill low-paying jobs and develop their economies by recruiting black American and West Indian laborers. This book ...
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In the late 19th century, many Central American governments and countries sought to fill low-paying jobs and develop their economies by recruiting black American and West Indian laborers. This book offers a revisionist interpretation of these workers, who were often depicted as simple victims with little, if any, enduring legacy. The Guatemalan government sought to build an extensive railroad system in the 1880s, and actively recruited foreign labor. For poor workers of African descent, immigrating to Guatemala was seen as an opportunity to improve their lives and escape from the racism of the Jim Crow U.S. South and the French and British colonial Caribbean. Using primary and secondary sources as well as ethnographic data, the author details the struggles of these workers who were ultimately inspired to organize by the ideas of Marcus Garvey. Regularly suffering class- and race-based attacks and persecution, black laborers frequently met such attacks with resistance. Their leverage — being able to shut down the railroad — was crucially important to the revolutionary movements in 1897 and 1920.Less
In the late 19th century, many Central American governments and countries sought to fill low-paying jobs and develop their economies by recruiting black American and West Indian laborers. This book offers a revisionist interpretation of these workers, who were often depicted as simple victims with little, if any, enduring legacy. The Guatemalan government sought to build an extensive railroad system in the 1880s, and actively recruited foreign labor. For poor workers of African descent, immigrating to Guatemala was seen as an opportunity to improve their lives and escape from the racism of the Jim Crow U.S. South and the French and British colonial Caribbean. Using primary and secondary sources as well as ethnographic data, the author details the struggles of these workers who were ultimately inspired to organize by the ideas of Marcus Garvey. Regularly suffering class- and race-based attacks and persecution, black laborers frequently met such attacks with resistance. Their leverage — being able to shut down the railroad — was crucially important to the revolutionary movements in 1897 and 1920.
GRANT OLIVER
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199276561
- eISBN:
- 9780191706059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276561.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines inequality in rural Germany: the allocation of property rights, the distribution of land holding and land ownership, the position of rural labourers. Topics discussed include ...
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This chapter examines inequality in rural Germany: the allocation of property rights, the distribution of land holding and land ownership, the position of rural labourers. Topics discussed include agrarian reform movement in 19th-century Germany, a comparison of agrarian reforms in Germany and Denmark, German agriculture in comparison with other European countries, and the Kuznets Curve and German agriculture.Less
This chapter examines inequality in rural Germany: the allocation of property rights, the distribution of land holding and land ownership, the position of rural labourers. Topics discussed include agrarian reform movement in 19th-century Germany, a comparison of agrarian reforms in Germany and Denmark, German agriculture in comparison with other European countries, and the Kuznets Curve and German agriculture.
L. A. Clarkson and E. Margaret Crawford
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198227519
- eISBN:
- 9780191708374
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227519.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
In 1845 potatoes dominated the diets of the poorest one-third of the population. This chapter examines the spread of potato cultivation and consumption from the later 17th century. Potatoes moved ...
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In 1845 potatoes dominated the diets of the poorest one-third of the population. This chapter examines the spread of potato cultivation and consumption from the later 17th century. Potatoes moved from being a garden crop to a field crop as an adjunct to the extension of tillage. Their cultivation was labour-intensive and relied on — and supported — a growing population. Potatoes were nutritious, easy to cook, and normally plentiful except during the summer months. Labourers grew them on their small plots of land to feed themselves and their families. They supplemented potatoes with buttermilk and oatmeal, especially during the summer months. Meat and fish, apart from herrings, were rarities. Whiskey was widely drunk although it had little nutritional value.Less
In 1845 potatoes dominated the diets of the poorest one-third of the population. This chapter examines the spread of potato cultivation and consumption from the later 17th century. Potatoes moved from being a garden crop to a field crop as an adjunct to the extension of tillage. Their cultivation was labour-intensive and relied on — and supported — a growing population. Potatoes were nutritious, easy to cook, and normally plentiful except during the summer months. Labourers grew them on their small plots of land to feed themselves and their families. They supplemented potatoes with buttermilk and oatmeal, especially during the summer months. Meat and fish, apart from herrings, were rarities. Whiskey was widely drunk although it had little nutritional value.
Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250936
- eISBN:
- 9780191594847
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250936.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
During the nineteenth century, the proportion of UK migrants heading to empire destinations, especially to Canada, Australia and New Zealand, increased substantially and remained high. They included ...
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During the nineteenth century, the proportion of UK migrants heading to empire destinations, especially to Canada, Australia and New Zealand, increased substantially and remained high. They included so‐called ‘surplus women’ and ‘children in care’, shipped overseas to ease perceived social problems at home. However, empire migrants also included entrepreneurs and indentured labourers from south Asia, Africa and the Pacific (plus others from the Far East, outside the empire), who relocated in huge numbers with equally transformative effects in, for example, central and southern Africa, the Caribbean, Ceylon, Mauritius and Fiji. The UK at the core of empire was also the recipient of empire migrants, especially from the ‘New Commonwealth’ after 1945. Analysis of these several flows shows that migrants— whatever their origins— similarly responded to pressures at home, perceived opportunities overseas, and, in many cases, the recruiting efforts of governments and entrepreneurs; and they all eventually benefited from improved forms of transportation. All shared similar challenges in transferring and adapting their cultural identities, and the rewards of migration likewise varied among them, as an analysis of return migration reveals. But differences are also evident, since many non‐white migrants were recruited into the lower level of a dual labour market headed by a white elite, and immigration controls limited non‐white entry even of British subjects into the ‘white’ dominions, and later into the UK. Legacies remain, but political change and shifts in the global labour market had eroded by the 1970s the once intimate relationship between migration and empire.Less
During the nineteenth century, the proportion of UK migrants heading to empire destinations, especially to Canada, Australia and New Zealand, increased substantially and remained high. They included so‐called ‘surplus women’ and ‘children in care’, shipped overseas to ease perceived social problems at home. However, empire migrants also included entrepreneurs and indentured labourers from south Asia, Africa and the Pacific (plus others from the Far East, outside the empire), who relocated in huge numbers with equally transformative effects in, for example, central and southern Africa, the Caribbean, Ceylon, Mauritius and Fiji. The UK at the core of empire was also the recipient of empire migrants, especially from the ‘New Commonwealth’ after 1945. Analysis of these several flows shows that migrants— whatever their origins— similarly responded to pressures at home, perceived opportunities overseas, and, in many cases, the recruiting efforts of governments and entrepreneurs; and they all eventually benefited from improved forms of transportation. All shared similar challenges in transferring and adapting their cultural identities, and the rewards of migration likewise varied among them, as an analysis of return migration reveals. But differences are also evident, since many non‐white migrants were recruited into the lower level of a dual labour market headed by a white elite, and immigration controls limited non‐white entry even of British subjects into the ‘white’ dominions, and later into the UK. Legacies remain, but political change and shifts in the global labour market had eroded by the 1970s the once intimate relationship between migration and empire.
Alexander Tsesis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195379693
- eISBN:
- 9780199949847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379693.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Political History
The spike in immigration during the 1880s swelled the ranks of America's workers. America became one of the world's greatest industrial powers, in no small part due to the accomplishments of ...
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The spike in immigration during the 1880s swelled the ranks of America's workers. America became one of the world's greatest industrial powers, in no small part due to the accomplishments of foreigners laboring in coal mines and quarries and on railroads. Many of them, especially Jews and Roman Catholics, suffered from religious discrimination. Protectionist opponents of immigration condemned the moralizing of anyone who “may try to smother us with the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.” On the West Coast, the Chinese were the most common objects of bigotry. Denied citizenship, and consequently the right to vote, it was impossible for Chinese immigrants to establish an effective political lobby. The xenophobia did not go unchallenged. Although the immigration issue was quite different from those traditionally related to the Declaration of Independence, there were prominent voices who connected the topic to the nation's foundational principles.Less
The spike in immigration during the 1880s swelled the ranks of America's workers. America became one of the world's greatest industrial powers, in no small part due to the accomplishments of foreigners laboring in coal mines and quarries and on railroads. Many of them, especially Jews and Roman Catholics, suffered from religious discrimination. Protectionist opponents of immigration condemned the moralizing of anyone who “may try to smother us with the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.” On the West Coast, the Chinese were the most common objects of bigotry. Denied citizenship, and consequently the right to vote, it was impossible for Chinese immigrants to establish an effective political lobby. The xenophobia did not go unchallenged. Although the immigration issue was quite different from those traditionally related to the Declaration of Independence, there were prominent voices who connected the topic to the nation's foundational principles.
Paul Younger
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195140446
- eISBN:
- 9780199834907
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140443.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The most thorough recreation of the South Indian tradition of worship anywhere in the diaspora took place in Guyana when large numbers of indentured laborers were taken there in the middle of the ...
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The most thorough recreation of the South Indian tradition of worship anywhere in the diaspora took place in Guyana when large numbers of indentured laborers were taken there in the middle of the nineteenth century. The temple compounds they established in each village are called the ”Madrasi temples” in local parlance, and they are all the same with Mariyamman in the center surrounded by five to ten subsidiary deities. The pujaris (priests) regularly go into trance and perform exorcisms, and in preparing for their trance, they carry on the ancient practice of animal sacrifice and also follow a unique local practice of being whipped with a 12‐foot rope. The festival in this case is limited to three days, with the Goddess arriving and possessing the pujaris and their assistants the first night, the whole troop visiting every house in the village the second night, and the whole village returning to the temple for exorcisms on the last night.Less
The most thorough recreation of the South Indian tradition of worship anywhere in the diaspora took place in Guyana when large numbers of indentured laborers were taken there in the middle of the nineteenth century. The temple compounds they established in each village are called the ”Madrasi temples” in local parlance, and they are all the same with Mariyamman in the center surrounded by five to ten subsidiary deities. The pujaris (priests) regularly go into trance and perform exorcisms, and in preparing for their trance, they carry on the ancient practice of animal sacrifice and also follow a unique local practice of being whipped with a 12‐foot rope. The festival in this case is limited to three days, with the Goddess arriving and possessing the pujaris and their assistants the first night, the whole troop visiting every house in the village the second night, and the whole village returning to the temple for exorcisms on the last night.
Paul Younger
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195140446
- eISBN:
- 9780199834907
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140443.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The diaspora experience of the indentured laborers in South Africa was different from those who went to Guyana, primarily because in South Africa they were able to leave plantation work within the ...
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The diaspora experience of the indentured laborers in South Africa was different from those who went to Guyana, primarily because in South Africa they were able to leave plantation work within the first generation and try to find themselves in a complex society where Gandhi was already leading a movement to insist that they had civil rights. In moving to the outskirts of Durban, the former indentured workers tried to raise their social status by adopting high‐caste names and by building Brahmanical temples rather than Mariyamman temples. The most distinguished of these Brahmanical temples is the Umgemi Road Temple of Sivan, and the celebrated kavati festival of that temple is in honor of Sivan's son Murukan. This festival includes many dancers having hooks put through their flesh to hold the kavati in place, but the most prominent people in the procession are the business and political leaders of this very modern Indian community.Less
The diaspora experience of the indentured laborers in South Africa was different from those who went to Guyana, primarily because in South Africa they were able to leave plantation work within the first generation and try to find themselves in a complex society where Gandhi was already leading a movement to insist that they had civil rights. In moving to the outskirts of Durban, the former indentured workers tried to raise their social status by adopting high‐caste names and by building Brahmanical temples rather than Mariyamman temples. The most distinguished of these Brahmanical temples is the Umgemi Road Temple of Sivan, and the celebrated kavati festival of that temple is in honor of Sivan's son Murukan. This festival includes many dancers having hooks put through their flesh to hold the kavati in place, but the most prominent people in the procession are the business and political leaders of this very modern Indian community.
Micki McGee
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195171242
- eISBN:
- 9780199944088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171242.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter explores the changes in job-search-advice literature over the course of the last three decades of the twentieth century—particularly the emergence of the artist as the ideal laborer in ...
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This chapter explores the changes in job-search-advice literature over the course of the last three decades of the twentieth century—particularly the emergence of the artist as the ideal laborer in the post-industrial labor force. Richard Nelson Bolles' What Color Is Your Parachute? A Practical Manual for Job Hunters and Career Changers assists the unemployed in finding a match between themselves and the labor market. Marsha Sinetar's Do What You Love, The Money Will Follow offers new advice to job seekers. Thomas Peters advises individuals to market themselves using a variety of techniques for fostering word of mouth, each of which involves additional work for the new CEO of Me, Inc. The CEO of Me, the lone artist and the singular entrepreneur, signalled a new model for the ideal worker free of the baggage of dependents.Less
This chapter explores the changes in job-search-advice literature over the course of the last three decades of the twentieth century—particularly the emergence of the artist as the ideal laborer in the post-industrial labor force. Richard Nelson Bolles' What Color Is Your Parachute? A Practical Manual for Job Hunters and Career Changers assists the unemployed in finding a match between themselves and the labor market. Marsha Sinetar's Do What You Love, The Money Will Follow offers new advice to job seekers. Thomas Peters advises individuals to market themselves using a variety of techniques for fostering word of mouth, each of which involves additional work for the new CEO of Me, Inc. The CEO of Me, the lone artist and the singular entrepreneur, signalled a new model for the ideal worker free of the baggage of dependents.
Jeremy Krikler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203803
- eISBN:
- 9780191675997
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203803.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter outlines the conflicts between the state and landowners on the one hand, and direct producers on the other, over those policies and actions undertaken at this time in order to immerse ...
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This chapter outlines the conflicts between the state and landowners on the one hand, and direct producers on the other, over those policies and actions undertaken at this time in order to immerse the black peasantry in ever deeper levels of alienated labour. The heart of agrarian class conflict is laid bare and is found to constitute, on the one hand, the determination of peasants to maintain and defend as far as possible their social role and economic sovereignty and, on the other, the resolve of landlords and state functionaries to adulterate—as far as they could—peasant existence with an exploitation and productivity activity alien to it and commanded by others. Transvaal exercised much ingenuity and combativeness in the early twentieth century. In fact, well over half of all black people in the Transvaal crammed themselves into under 8,000 square miles of the territory—half of it white-owned land—where the more independent forms of peasant life could be enjoyed.Less
This chapter outlines the conflicts between the state and landowners on the one hand, and direct producers on the other, over those policies and actions undertaken at this time in order to immerse the black peasantry in ever deeper levels of alienated labour. The heart of agrarian class conflict is laid bare and is found to constitute, on the one hand, the determination of peasants to maintain and defend as far as possible their social role and economic sovereignty and, on the other, the resolve of landlords and state functionaries to adulterate—as far as they could—peasant existence with an exploitation and productivity activity alien to it and commanded by others. Transvaal exercised much ingenuity and combativeness in the early twentieth century. In fact, well over half of all black people in the Transvaal crammed themselves into under 8,000 square miles of the territory—half of it white-owned land—where the more independent forms of peasant life could be enjoyed.
Cindy Hahamovitch
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691102689
- eISBN:
- 9781400840021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691102689.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter looks at the Jamaican guestworkers' transfer to Clewiston, Florida, where their status sank from exotic British war workers to “alien negro laborers,” and neither their British ...
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This chapter looks at the Jamaican guestworkers' transfer to Clewiston, Florida, where their status sank from exotic British war workers to “alien negro laborers,” and neither their British citizenship nor U.S. officials could protect them from the perils of farm labor relations in the southern countryside. In Florida, guestworkers' foreignness provided employers with a new and effective weapon in the arsenal of labor discipline: workers who protested their treatment now faced detention, repatriation, and blacklisting. In this new era of transnational labor, the threat of deportation became the new whip. No longer were Jamaicans told to expect “a friendly English-speaking people,” with habits and customs “somewhat different” from their own. In Florida, they were warned to adapt to the dictates of “the Jim Crow Creed.”Less
This chapter looks at the Jamaican guestworkers' transfer to Clewiston, Florida, where their status sank from exotic British war workers to “alien negro laborers,” and neither their British citizenship nor U.S. officials could protect them from the perils of farm labor relations in the southern countryside. In Florida, guestworkers' foreignness provided employers with a new and effective weapon in the arsenal of labor discipline: workers who protested their treatment now faced detention, repatriation, and blacklisting. In this new era of transnational labor, the threat of deportation became the new whip. No longer were Jamaicans told to expect “a friendly English-speaking people,” with habits and customs “somewhat different” from their own. In Florida, they were warned to adapt to the dictates of “the Jim Crow Creed.”
Jane Whittle and Elizabeth Griffiths
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199233533
- eISBN:
- 9780191739330
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233533.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Consumption involved not only the acquisition and use of goods but also the use of labour. Live‐in servants were employed to cook and clean the house, care for horses and hawks, and work on the Le ...
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Consumption involved not only the acquisition and use of goods but also the use of labour. Live‐in servants were employed to cook and clean the house, care for horses and hawks, and work on the Le Stranges’ home farm. Day labourers were less intimately connected to the household, but wages provided the main income for a number of local families. In addition, the Le Stranges employed a myriad of craftsmen and other workers to undertake particular tasks, boosting the local economy but also calling on specialists in Norwich and London. The final section of the chapter assesses the impact of the Le Strange household on the local economy, and explores their links with particular local families.Less
Consumption involved not only the acquisition and use of goods but also the use of labour. Live‐in servants were employed to cook and clean the house, care for horses and hawks, and work on the Le Stranges’ home farm. Day labourers were less intimately connected to the household, but wages provided the main income for a number of local families. In addition, the Le Stranges employed a myriad of craftsmen and other workers to undertake particular tasks, boosting the local economy but also calling on specialists in Norwich and London. The final section of the chapter assesses the impact of the Le Strange household on the local economy, and explores their links with particular local families.
Joanne Bailey
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199565191
- eISBN:
- 9780191740664
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565191.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Family History
This chapter focuses upon the corporeality and materiality of representations of parental care. Mothers were associated with physically caring for their infants and sick children, though fathers’ ...
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This chapter focuses upon the corporeality and materiality of representations of parental care. Mothers were associated with physically caring for their infants and sick children, though fathers’ bodies were also the medium of their love through tears, hugs and embraces during the age of sensibility. This was celebrated in the popular cultural motif of the labourer's return home to his family. The parental bosom was frequently evoked through maternal breastfeeding and the nursing father. Society also praised labouring fathers and mothers who worked hard for their children, seeing their children's love as suitable reward. Men's provision for their families was demanded, but this chapter shows that provision was difficult to fulfil for many fathers. Also it was considered to be a maternal obligation in several social ranks.Less
This chapter focuses upon the corporeality and materiality of representations of parental care. Mothers were associated with physically caring for their infants and sick children, though fathers’ bodies were also the medium of their love through tears, hugs and embraces during the age of sensibility. This was celebrated in the popular cultural motif of the labourer's return home to his family. The parental bosom was frequently evoked through maternal breastfeeding and the nursing father. Society also praised labouring fathers and mothers who worked hard for their children, seeing their children's love as suitable reward. Men's provision for their families was demanded, but this chapter shows that provision was difficult to fulfil for many fathers. Also it was considered to be a maternal obligation in several social ranks.
Peter Lanjouw and Nicholas Stern
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288329
- eISBN:
- 9780191596599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288328.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter studies poverty in Palanpur. The meaning of poverty based on a notion of low annual income is contrasted with that based on a notion of lifestyle and readily observed means. A profile of ...
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This chapter studies poverty in Palanpur. The meaning of poverty based on a notion of low annual income is contrasted with that based on a notion of lifestyle and readily observed means. A profile of the poor is developed. The evolution of poverty levels and the profile of poverty over time is documented. Income mobility in the village as a whole, and amongst agricultural labourers in particular, is studied.Less
This chapter studies poverty in Palanpur. The meaning of poverty based on a notion of low annual income is contrasted with that based on a notion of lifestyle and readily observed means. A profile of the poor is developed. The evolution of poverty levels and the profile of poverty over time is documented. Income mobility in the village as a whole, and amongst agricultural labourers in particular, is studied.
Scott Smith-Bannister
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206637
- eISBN:
- 9780191677250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206637.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
Were men, right from their entry into life, rendered distinct from other men by the name given at their baptism? Is this where English society ...
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Were men, right from their entry into life, rendered distinct from other men by the name given at their baptism? Is this where English society first expressed its sense of hierarchical order? To answer these questions, this chapter compares the names of men from five different social groups — gentry, artisans, yeomen, husbandmen, and labourers — based on Nottinghamshire marriage licences issued between 1590 and 1700. Whereas the pattern of use of the five most common names divided society, the use of the less common names united it. The phrase ‘less common names’ defines those names that were ranked between the sixth and fifteenth most frequently held name in any given decade. Name-sharing practices were the medium by which names differentiated, by social group, between the infants baptized in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.Less
Were men, right from their entry into life, rendered distinct from other men by the name given at their baptism? Is this where English society first expressed its sense of hierarchical order? To answer these questions, this chapter compares the names of men from five different social groups — gentry, artisans, yeomen, husbandmen, and labourers — based on Nottinghamshire marriage licences issued between 1590 and 1700. Whereas the pattern of use of the five most common names divided society, the use of the less common names united it. The phrase ‘less common names’ defines those names that were ranked between the sixth and fifteenth most frequently held name in any given decade. Name-sharing practices were the medium by which names differentiated, by social group, between the infants baptized in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
V. K. Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198286479
- eISBN:
- 9780191684524
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198286479.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book addresses the question of how it is that so much growth and technical change can take place in agriculture and yet leave the position of agricultural labourers relatively unchanged. Much ...
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This book addresses the question of how it is that so much growth and technical change can take place in agriculture and yet leave the position of agricultural labourers relatively unchanged. Much has been written on farmers and employers in LDC agriculture, but little that focuses on employees. This book will hopefully stimulate contribution to the study of labour markets and to development studies. In an area described as at the vanguard of agricultural development in Southern India, the author shows in some detail how limited the changes in the situation of labourers have been as agriculture has developed, and how serious the constraints still are. There is full discussion of central concerns such as the increase in numbers and proportions of agricultural labourers, the stagnation and marginal decline of wage rates and earnings, the property-less status of agricultural labourers, consumption and indebtedness, and labour relationships and processes.Less
This book addresses the question of how it is that so much growth and technical change can take place in agriculture and yet leave the position of agricultural labourers relatively unchanged. Much has been written on farmers and employers in LDC agriculture, but little that focuses on employees. This book will hopefully stimulate contribution to the study of labour markets and to development studies. In an area described as at the vanguard of agricultural development in Southern India, the author shows in some detail how limited the changes in the situation of labourers have been as agriculture has developed, and how serious the constraints still are. There is full discussion of central concerns such as the increase in numbers and proportions of agricultural labourers, the stagnation and marginal decline of wage rates and earnings, the property-less status of agricultural labourers, consumption and indebtedness, and labour relationships and processes.
