János Kornai
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287766
- eISBN:
- 9780191596551
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287763.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
A survey is made of the allocation of labour under classical socialism. This looks at the characteristics of labour allocation in the short and long term, and the behaviour of those taking part in ...
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A survey is made of the allocation of labour under classical socialism. This looks at the characteristics of labour allocation in the short and long term, and the behaviour of those taking part in short‐term labour allocation and their relations to each other. The different sections of the chapter discuss the road to full employment; the development of chronic labour shortage; direct bureaucratic control of employment and wages; employer–employee relations in the factory; and bureaucratic and market influences on wages.Less
A survey is made of the allocation of labour under classical socialism. This looks at the characteristics of labour allocation in the short and long term, and the behaviour of those taking part in short‐term labour allocation and their relations to each other. The different sections of the chapter discuss the road to full employment; the development of chronic labour shortage; direct bureaucratic control of employment and wages; employer–employee relations in the factory; and bureaucratic and market influences on wages.
Deborah Posel
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273349
- eISBN:
- 9780191684036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273349.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter discusses the labour bureaux system and assesses how and why it failed to ‘rationalise’ the urban labour market in line with the prescriptions of the Native Affairs Department (NAD) ...
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This chapter discusses the labour bureaux system and assesses how and why it failed to ‘rationalise’ the urban labour market in line with the prescriptions of the Native Affairs Department (NAD) policy. Proper labour planning in the cities and on the farms was the ultimate objective of the labour bureaux, and the way to achieve this goal on the urban market was to ensure that the number of African job-seekers in any city matched the number of vacancies. However, the labour bureaux system brought worsening labour surpluses and shortages, and failed to carry out the NAD's labour canalisation programme effectively. It exercised too little control over the urban market to have been able to impose the Urban Labour Preference Policy (ULPP) effectively and it also imposed too much control to prevent the simultaneous build-up of labour shortages in various categories.Less
This chapter discusses the labour bureaux system and assesses how and why it failed to ‘rationalise’ the urban labour market in line with the prescriptions of the Native Affairs Department (NAD) policy. Proper labour planning in the cities and on the farms was the ultimate objective of the labour bureaux, and the way to achieve this goal on the urban market was to ensure that the number of African job-seekers in any city matched the number of vacancies. However, the labour bureaux system brought worsening labour surpluses and shortages, and failed to carry out the NAD's labour canalisation programme effectively. It exercised too little control over the urban market to have been able to impose the Urban Labour Preference Policy (ULPP) effectively and it also imposed too much control to prevent the simultaneous build-up of labour shortages in various categories.
Bridget Anderson and Martin Ruhs
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199580590
- eISBN:
- 9780191595257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580590.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
This chapter provides a comprehensive conceptual framework for evaluating employer demand for migrant labour in high‐income countries. It discusses four key issues that, the chapter argues, are ...
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This chapter provides a comprehensive conceptual framework for evaluating employer demand for migrant labour in high‐income countries. It discusses four key issues that, the chapter argues, are fundamental to the analysis of shortages, immigration, and public policy: (i) the characteristics, dimensions, and determinants of employer demand for labour (What are employers looking for?); (ii) characteristics of and segmentations in labour supply (Who does what?); (iii) employers' recruitment practices and use of migrant labour (How and whom do employers recruit?); and (iv) immigration and alternative responses to perceived staff shortages (A need for migrant labour?). The chapter suggests that in many sectors increasing employer demand for migrant workers can, to a significant degree, be explained by ‘system effects’ that ‘produce’ certain types of domestic labour shortages. System effects arise from the institutional and regulatory frameworks of the labour market and from wider public policies (e.g. welfare and social policies), many of which are not ostensibly to do with the labour market. These interact with a dynamic social context where job status and the gendered nature of work are important factors. Most of these system effects are outside the control of individual employers and workers and are heavily (but not exclusively) influenced by the state.Less
This chapter provides a comprehensive conceptual framework for evaluating employer demand for migrant labour in high‐income countries. It discusses four key issues that, the chapter argues, are fundamental to the analysis of shortages, immigration, and public policy: (i) the characteristics, dimensions, and determinants of employer demand for labour (What are employers looking for?); (ii) characteristics of and segmentations in labour supply (Who does what?); (iii) employers' recruitment practices and use of migrant labour (How and whom do employers recruit?); and (iv) immigration and alternative responses to perceived staff shortages (A need for migrant labour?). The chapter suggests that in many sectors increasing employer demand for migrant workers can, to a significant degree, be explained by ‘system effects’ that ‘produce’ certain types of domestic labour shortages. System effects arise from the institutional and regulatory frameworks of the labour market and from wider public policies (e.g. welfare and social policies), many of which are not ostensibly to do with the labour market. These interact with a dynamic social context where job status and the gendered nature of work are important factors. Most of these system effects are outside the control of individual employers and workers and are heavily (but not exclusively) influenced by the state.
Philip Martin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199580590
- eISBN:
- 9780191595257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580590.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
This chapter discusses research and policy approaches to assessing labour shortages and the implications for immigration policy in the UK and the US, with a particular focus on the potential lessons ...
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This chapter discusses research and policy approaches to assessing labour shortages and the implications for immigration policy in the UK and the US, with a particular focus on the potential lessons of the UK's Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) for current debates about immigration reform in the US. The MAC's approach to assessing labour shortages and the review of particular British labour markets employing or requesting migrants highlight the importance of obtaining and reviewing both top‐down and bottom‐up data on labour supply and demand, and of considering the alternatives to migrant workers in response to perceived labour shortages in specific sectors and occupations. These are the two key insights of the current British model for US debates about labour shortages and immigration reform.Less
This chapter discusses research and policy approaches to assessing labour shortages and the implications for immigration policy in the UK and the US, with a particular focus on the potential lessons of the UK's Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) for current debates about immigration reform in the US. The MAC's approach to assessing labour shortages and the review of particular British labour markets employing or requesting migrants highlight the importance of obtaining and reviewing both top‐down and bottom‐up data on labour supply and demand, and of considering the alternatives to migrant workers in response to perceived labour shortages in specific sectors and occupations. These are the two key insights of the current British model for US debates about labour shortages and immigration reform.
Martin Ruhs and Bridget Anderson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199580590
- eISBN:
- 9780191595257
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580590.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
This book discusses the demand for migrant labour both conceptually and empirically with a focus on the UK. With the number of migrant workers at a record high, the regulation of labour immigration ...
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This book discusses the demand for migrant labour both conceptually and empirically with a focus on the UK. With the number of migrant workers at a record high, the regulation of labour immigration is one of the most controversial public policy issues in high‐income countries. A central question in these debates is how to link the admission of migrant workers to the ‘needs’ of the domestic labour market and national economy more generally. What these needs are, how they vary across sectors and occupations, and how they change during periods of economic growth and crisis are highly contested. A key theme is the importance of ‘system effects’ that ‘produce’ certain types of domestic labour shortages. Heavily influenced by the state, system effects arise from the institutional and regulatory frameworks of the labour market and from wider public policies (e.g. welfare policies), many of which are not ostensibly to do with the labour market — hence the book's emphasis of the link between immigration and public policy more generally. The empirical chapters include quantitative analysis of the changing role of migrant workers, and in‐depth examinations of demand for migrant workers in six sectors: health; social care; hospitality; food production; construction; and financial services. The book concludes with a comparative analysis of research and policy approaches to assessing labour shortages, with a particular focus on the potential lessons of the UK's Migration Advisory Committee (MAC), whose work has been heavily influenced by the research for this book, for current debates about immigration reform in the US.Less
This book discusses the demand for migrant labour both conceptually and empirically with a focus on the UK. With the number of migrant workers at a record high, the regulation of labour immigration is one of the most controversial public policy issues in high‐income countries. A central question in these debates is how to link the admission of migrant workers to the ‘needs’ of the domestic labour market and national economy more generally. What these needs are, how they vary across sectors and occupations, and how they change during periods of economic growth and crisis are highly contested. A key theme is the importance of ‘system effects’ that ‘produce’ certain types of domestic labour shortages. Heavily influenced by the state, system effects arise from the institutional and regulatory frameworks of the labour market and from wider public policies (e.g. welfare policies), many of which are not ostensibly to do with the labour market — hence the book's emphasis of the link between immigration and public policy more generally. The empirical chapters include quantitative analysis of the changing role of migrant workers, and in‐depth examinations of demand for migrant workers in six sectors: health; social care; hospitality; food production; construction; and financial services. The book concludes with a comparative analysis of research and policy approaches to assessing labour shortages, with a particular focus on the potential lessons of the UK's Migration Advisory Committee (MAC), whose work has been heavily influenced by the research for this book, for current debates about immigration reform in the US.
Janemarie Mulvey and Steven Nyce
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199284603
- eISBN:
- 9780191603013
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199284601.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter begins by outlining the economic and demographic realities facing employers, and spells out how these change the ‘retirement promise’. The effects of several factors on older workers' ...
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This chapter begins by outlining the economic and demographic realities facing employers, and spells out how these change the ‘retirement promise’. The effects of several factors on older workers' retirement patterns are quantified, including early retirement incentives in DB plans, retiree medical coverage, and various work/life benefits including phased retirement and eldercare programs. The potential increase in older workers' labour force participation from changing these benefit offerings are estimated. It is argued that these will only marginally offset expected gaps between labour supply and demand in the coming decade.Less
This chapter begins by outlining the economic and demographic realities facing employers, and spells out how these change the ‘retirement promise’. The effects of several factors on older workers' retirement patterns are quantified, including early retirement incentives in DB plans, retiree medical coverage, and various work/life benefits including phased retirement and eldercare programs. The potential increase in older workers' labour force participation from changing these benefit offerings are estimated. It is argued that these will only marginally offset expected gaps between labour supply and demand in the coming decade.
Martin Ruhs and Bridget Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199580590
- eISBN:
- 9780191595257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580590.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
This chapter introduces the key issues discussed in Who Needs Migrant Workers? Labour Shortages, Immigration, and Public Policy. The chapter sets the discussion of immigration and labour shortages in ...
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This chapter introduces the key issues discussed in Who Needs Migrant Workers? Labour Shortages, Immigration, and Public Policy. The chapter sets the discussion of immigration and labour shortages in the context of the broader debates about labour immigration debates and public policy during economic growth and crisis.Less
This chapter introduces the key issues discussed in Who Needs Migrant Workers? Labour Shortages, Immigration, and Public Policy. The chapter sets the discussion of immigration and labour shortages in the context of the broader debates about labour immigration debates and public policy during economic growth and crisis.
David W. DeLong
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170979
- eISBN:
- 9780199789719
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This book shows how the cost of losing human knowledge in a technology-intensive world seriously affects organizational success. It explains what leaders must do to retain critical know-how as ...
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This book shows how the cost of losing human knowledge in a technology-intensive world seriously affects organizational success. It explains what leaders must do to retain critical know-how as millions of aging baby boomers begin retiring from the workforce in the next decade. This aging workforce will produce an unprecedented skills shortage in many sectors. Particularly at risk is the tacit or experiential knowledge needed to maintain high levels of performance in today's complex technological, scientific, and management fields. The book shows how this threatened loss of intellectual capital or “brain drain” can be addressed with increased attention to workforce planning, knowledge management, and knowledge retention initiatives. It provides a framework and action plan to help managers tackle the interdependent challenges of increased retirements, more competitive recruiting, and greater turnover among mid-career employees created by changing workforce demographics.Less
This book shows how the cost of losing human knowledge in a technology-intensive world seriously affects organizational success. It explains what leaders must do to retain critical know-how as millions of aging baby boomers begin retiring from the workforce in the next decade. This aging workforce will produce an unprecedented skills shortage in many sectors. Particularly at risk is the tacit or experiential knowledge needed to maintain high levels of performance in today's complex technological, scientific, and management fields. The book shows how this threatened loss of intellectual capital or “brain drain” can be addressed with increased attention to workforce planning, knowledge management, and knowledge retention initiatives. It provides a framework and action plan to help managers tackle the interdependent challenges of increased retirements, more competitive recruiting, and greater turnover among mid-career employees created by changing workforce demographics.
Jeremy Seekings and Nicoli Nattrass
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300108927
- eISBN:
- 9780300128758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300108927.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter discusses the rise of unemployment in South Africa in the late apartheid era. It examines existing data about unemployment, identifying the major causes of its growth in the mid- to late ...
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This chapter discusses the rise of unemployment in South Africa in the late apartheid era. It examines existing data about unemployment, identifying the major causes of its growth in the mid- to late 1970s. It describes how high and open unemployment became apparent from the early 1970s onwards because of labour shortage. The chapter also explores some quantitative and qualitative studies that analyze trends in unemployment and underemployment.Less
This chapter discusses the rise of unemployment in South Africa in the late apartheid era. It examines existing data about unemployment, identifying the major causes of its growth in the mid- to late 1970s. It describes how high and open unemployment became apparent from the early 1970s onwards because of labour shortage. The chapter also explores some quantitative and qualitative studies that analyze trends in unemployment and underemployment.
Philip Martin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300139174
- eISBN:
- 9780300156003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300139174.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter addresses the farm labor shortages, mechanization, and food costs. It explains different pictures of demand adjustments envisioned by economists and farmers and describes how ...
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This chapter addresses the farm labor shortages, mechanization, and food costs. It explains different pictures of demand adjustments envisioned by economists and farmers and describes how labor-saving mechanization occurs in agriculture.Less
This chapter addresses the farm labor shortages, mechanization, and food costs. It explains different pictures of demand adjustments envisioned by economists and farmers and describes how labor-saving mechanization occurs in agriculture.
Kathleen C. Schwartzman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451164
- eISBN:
- 9780801468056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451164.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter examines two conventional explanations for the ethnic succession involving Hispanics and African Americans in the poultry industry in the South: first, Hispanics filled vacancies and ...
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This chapter examines two conventional explanations for the ethnic succession involving Hispanics and African Americans in the poultry industry in the South: first, Hispanics filled vacancies and second, Hispanics supplemented the existing workforce. The assertion that recent immigrants took the jobs nobody wanted implies that labor market vacancies existed because native labor turned away from undesirable, dangerous, and poorly compensated jobs. These job vacancies were filled by available Hispanic workers. The second explanation, that immigrants supplemented the existing labor force, focuses on new labor shortages and argues that the need for labor expanded as industry expanded. In other words, Hispanics were hired to supplement the existing labor force. The chapter offers arguments and data challenging both theories, and instead attribute ethnic succession to labor displacement, an industry solution to labor-management conflict.Less
This chapter examines two conventional explanations for the ethnic succession involving Hispanics and African Americans in the poultry industry in the South: first, Hispanics filled vacancies and second, Hispanics supplemented the existing workforce. The assertion that recent immigrants took the jobs nobody wanted implies that labor market vacancies existed because native labor turned away from undesirable, dangerous, and poorly compensated jobs. These job vacancies were filled by available Hispanic workers. The second explanation, that immigrants supplemented the existing labor force, focuses on new labor shortages and argues that the need for labor expanded as industry expanded. In other words, Hispanics were hired to supplement the existing labor force. The chapter offers arguments and data challenging both theories, and instead attribute ethnic succession to labor displacement, an industry solution to labor-management conflict.
Amiya Kumar Bagchi and Anthony P. D’Costa
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198082286
- eISBN:
- 9780199082377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082286.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter discusses how the 2008 global economic crisis affected China's economy. First, there was the attempt to rebalance the economic structure by reducing dependence on massive investment ...
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This chapter discusses how the 2008 global economic crisis affected China's economy. First, there was the attempt to rebalance the economic structure by reducing dependence on massive investment rates and exports, raising consumption demand relative to GDP, and thus reversing the non-egalitarian nature of Chinese growth. Second, there was the financial crisis itself, and the move to counter it via massive expansion of investment and credit. Finally, there was the impending exhaustion of the large fund of surplus labour whose absorption into industry has been a prime enabler of China's rapid growth for three decades. It is argued that the tension between the stimulus programme and the rebalancing objective made the outcome uncertain, but rising labour shortage and wages may make it easier for the centre to rebalance. As the Lewis model of unlimited labour is exhausted, development is expected to shift to the lower-cost interior.Less
This chapter discusses how the 2008 global economic crisis affected China's economy. First, there was the attempt to rebalance the economic structure by reducing dependence on massive investment rates and exports, raising consumption demand relative to GDP, and thus reversing the non-egalitarian nature of Chinese growth. Second, there was the financial crisis itself, and the move to counter it via massive expansion of investment and credit. Finally, there was the impending exhaustion of the large fund of surplus labour whose absorption into industry has been a prime enabler of China's rapid growth for three decades. It is argued that the tension between the stimulus programme and the rebalancing objective made the outcome uncertain, but rising labour shortage and wages may make it easier for the centre to rebalance. As the Lewis model of unlimited labour is exhausted, development is expected to shift to the lower-cost interior.
Daniel J. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252042010
- eISBN:
- 9780252050756
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042010.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
The upsurge in auto production near the end of the Korean War continued well into the New Year, which surpassed mid-1950 as the best approximation of a postwar boom. The end of government wartime ...
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The upsurge in auto production near the end of the Korean War continued well into the New Year, which surpassed mid-1950 as the best approximation of a postwar boom. The end of government wartime controls on industrial materials created free market conditions that automakers had long coveted, and Detroit auto plants experienced an acute labor shortage in early 1953. Tens of thousands of migrants from outside Michigan headed to Detroit for auto jobs. Even during the boom, however, black men, all women, and middle-aged applicants experienced employment discrimination. By the end of 1953, autoworkers again found themselves in precarious circumstances as the auto market slackened and layoffs increased.Less
The upsurge in auto production near the end of the Korean War continued well into the New Year, which surpassed mid-1950 as the best approximation of a postwar boom. The end of government wartime controls on industrial materials created free market conditions that automakers had long coveted, and Detroit auto plants experienced an acute labor shortage in early 1953. Tens of thousands of migrants from outside Michigan headed to Detroit for auto jobs. Even during the boom, however, black men, all women, and middle-aged applicants experienced employment discrimination. By the end of 1953, autoworkers again found themselves in precarious circumstances as the auto market slackened and layoffs increased.
Matthew L. Basso
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226038865
- eISBN:
- 9780226044224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226044224.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the potential workers—including the elderly and disabled, men and women, Mexicans and blacks, and white furloughed male soldiers—who were considered by the government and the ...
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This chapter focuses on the potential workers—including the elderly and disabled, men and women, Mexicans and blacks, and white furloughed male soldiers—who were considered by the government and the Anaconda Copper Mining Company as possible solutions to the serious labor shortage suffered by the mines and smelters in Montana when the United States entered World War II. It explores issues of race and masculinity, as each of these groups of potential workers posed a threat to the racial or masculine status of home front men. Male copper workers responded to this threat by drawing on the values at the heart of working-class masculinity.Less
This chapter focuses on the potential workers—including the elderly and disabled, men and women, Mexicans and blacks, and white furloughed male soldiers—who were considered by the government and the Anaconda Copper Mining Company as possible solutions to the serious labor shortage suffered by the mines and smelters in Montana when the United States entered World War II. It explores issues of race and masculinity, as each of these groups of potential workers posed a threat to the racial or masculine status of home front men. Male copper workers responded to this threat by drawing on the values at the heart of working-class masculinity.
Kathleen C. Schwartzman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451164
- eISBN:
- 9780801468056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451164.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter challenges the notions that ethnic succession was driven by “vacancy” and “shortage” and explains why both explanations are incomplete. It argues that such explanations do not address ...
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This chapter challenges the notions that ethnic succession was driven by “vacancy” and “shortage” and explains why both explanations are incomplete. It argues that such explanations do not address those nonmarket agents and elements that also led to perceived job vacancies or labor shortages. The chapter begins with an overview of the restructuring of the meat and poultry industries and the onset of mass production and goes on to discuss government support for the industry, including tax exemptions. It then examines Taylorism involving the reorganization of both production and labor in poultry factories, along with the emergence of a new labor-management conflict in the 1980s and early 1990s due in part to the rise of labor activity in the South. This conflict, it asserts, was the main reason for the ethnic succession in the poultry industry. It also considers the rise of new unions and social movements in the poultry industry.Less
This chapter challenges the notions that ethnic succession was driven by “vacancy” and “shortage” and explains why both explanations are incomplete. It argues that such explanations do not address those nonmarket agents and elements that also led to perceived job vacancies or labor shortages. The chapter begins with an overview of the restructuring of the meat and poultry industries and the onset of mass production and goes on to discuss government support for the industry, including tax exemptions. It then examines Taylorism involving the reorganization of both production and labor in poultry factories, along with the emergence of a new labor-management conflict in the 1980s and early 1990s due in part to the rise of labor activity in the South. This conflict, it asserts, was the main reason for the ethnic succession in the poultry industry. It also considers the rise of new unions and social movements in the poultry industry.
Matthew L. Basso
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226038865
- eISBN:
- 9780226044224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226044224.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In the fall of 1942, the town of Black Eagle in Montana faced a serious labor shortage amidst World War II. Instead of sending black soldiers as they did in Butte, federal authorities decided to ...
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In the fall of 1942, the town of Black Eagle in Montana faced a serious labor shortage amidst World War II. Instead of sending black soldiers as they did in Butte, federal authorities decided to recruit women to address the Black Eagle labor problem, beginning in the spring of 1943. This chapter examines the implications of the presence of soldiers and airmen at Gore Field and the Great Falls Army Air Base near Black Eagle as well as the recruitment of women to perform previously male-only jobs at the town's smelter. Black Eagle's smeltermen did not oppose the move, but avoided the perceived threat posed by the introduction of workers of color and largely maintained the local immigrant gender order by relying on their close relationship with management, thus ensuring that only certain types of women were hired. Comparisons to local servicemen allowed the smeltermen to assert equivalency to certain facets of military masculinity.Less
In the fall of 1942, the town of Black Eagle in Montana faced a serious labor shortage amidst World War II. Instead of sending black soldiers as they did in Butte, federal authorities decided to recruit women to address the Black Eagle labor problem, beginning in the spring of 1943. This chapter examines the implications of the presence of soldiers and airmen at Gore Field and the Great Falls Army Air Base near Black Eagle as well as the recruitment of women to perform previously male-only jobs at the town's smelter. Black Eagle's smeltermen did not oppose the move, but avoided the perceived threat posed by the introduction of workers of color and largely maintained the local immigrant gender order by relying on their close relationship with management, thus ensuring that only certain types of women were hired. Comparisons to local servicemen allowed the smeltermen to assert equivalency to certain facets of military masculinity.
Jaime Amanda Martinez
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469610740
- eISBN:
- 9781469612591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469610740.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This chapter discusses how slave impressment in late 1862 and throughout 1863 disrupted a profitable market for hired agricultural slaves in both Virginia and North Carolina. Slave impressment ...
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This chapter discusses how slave impressment in late 1862 and throughout 1863 disrupted a profitable market for hired agricultural slaves in both Virginia and North Carolina. Slave impressment exacerbated labor shortages prompted by enlistment and conscription; it also exacerbated conflicts over who should contribute most heavily to the war effort.Less
This chapter discusses how slave impressment in late 1862 and throughout 1863 disrupted a profitable market for hired agricultural slaves in both Virginia and North Carolina. Slave impressment exacerbated labor shortages prompted by enlistment and conscription; it also exacerbated conflicts over who should contribute most heavily to the war effort.
Gurucharan Gollerkeri and Natasha Chhabra
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199464807
- eISBN:
- 9780199087280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199464807.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies), Population and Demography
The differences in the stages of development have influenced the rate at which countries go through their demographic transitions resulting in youth bulges and surplus labour in developing countries ...
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The differences in the stages of development have influenced the rate at which countries go through their demographic transitions resulting in youth bulges and surplus labour in developing countries and population ageing and labour shortages in the developed parts. The demographic transition influences growth and development and in turn the rate of development affects emigration from and immigration into a country. A spatial factor mobility programme to logically ensure the mobility of the surplus young population based on the demand for and the supply of labour and skills will be necessary to address the problem. There needs to be a global view of demography rather than a local view. The effects of the demographic and migration transitions suggest that mobility is a natural solution to the structural problems created by the demographic transition at a global level. Migration is a positive sum game.Less
The differences in the stages of development have influenced the rate at which countries go through their demographic transitions resulting in youth bulges and surplus labour in developing countries and population ageing and labour shortages in the developed parts. The demographic transition influences growth and development and in turn the rate of development affects emigration from and immigration into a country. A spatial factor mobility programme to logically ensure the mobility of the surplus young population based on the demand for and the supply of labour and skills will be necessary to address the problem. There needs to be a global view of demography rather than a local view. The effects of the demographic and migration transitions suggest that mobility is a natural solution to the structural problems created by the demographic transition at a global level. Migration is a positive sum game.
Robert L. Fuller
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813176628
- eISBN:
- 9780813176659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176628.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Military History
In August 1944 Marseille eclipsed Cherbourg as the principal supply port for Allied armies on the western front. Records left by French port administrators, especially Chief Engineer Le Bel, reveal ...
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In August 1944 Marseille eclipsed Cherbourg as the principal supply port for Allied armies on the western front. Records left by French port administrators, especially Chief Engineer Le Bel, reveal close and effective cooperation between the French and Allied military staff, despite enormous hurdles such as German sabotage. Labor relations proved to be one of the most vexing challenges facing French and American staff responsible for keeping the port working. The Allies used POWs to address the shortage of workers, much to the dismay of the French.Less
In August 1944 Marseille eclipsed Cherbourg as the principal supply port for Allied armies on the western front. Records left by French port administrators, especially Chief Engineer Le Bel, reveal close and effective cooperation between the French and Allied military staff, despite enormous hurdles such as German sabotage. Labor relations proved to be one of the most vexing challenges facing French and American staff responsible for keeping the port working. The Allies used POWs to address the shortage of workers, much to the dismay of the French.
Christopher R. Henke
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262083737
- eISBN:
- 9780262275286
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262083737.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
Just south of San Francisco lies California’s Salinas Valley, the heart of a multi-billion dollar agricultural industry that dominates U. S. vegetable production. How did this sleepy valley become ...
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Just south of San Francisco lies California’s Salinas Valley, the heart of a multi-billion dollar agricultural industry that dominates U. S. vegetable production. How did this sleepy valley become the nation’s “salad bowl?” This book explores the ways that science helped build the Salinas Valley and California’s broader farm industry. The author focuses on the case of University of California “farm advisors,” scientists stationed in counties throughout the state who have stepped forward to help growers deal with crises ranging from labor shortages to plagues of insects. These disruptions in what he terms industrial agriculture’s “ecology of power” provide a window into how agricultural scientists and growers have collaborated—and struggled—in shaping this industry. Through these interventions, science has served as a mechanism of repair for industrial agriculture. Basing his analysis on detailed ethnographic and historical research, the author examines the history of state-sponsored farm advising—in particular, its roots in Progressive Era politics—and looks at both past and present practices by farm advisors in the Salinas Valley. He goes on to examine specific examples, including the resolution of a farm labor crisis during World War II at the Spreckels Sugar Company, the use of field trials for promoting new farming practices, and farm advisors’ and growers’ responses to environmental issues. Beyond this, the book argues that the concept of repair is broadly applicable to other cases and that expertise can be deployed more generally to encourage change for the future of American agriculture.Less
Just south of San Francisco lies California’s Salinas Valley, the heart of a multi-billion dollar agricultural industry that dominates U. S. vegetable production. How did this sleepy valley become the nation’s “salad bowl?” This book explores the ways that science helped build the Salinas Valley and California’s broader farm industry. The author focuses on the case of University of California “farm advisors,” scientists stationed in counties throughout the state who have stepped forward to help growers deal with crises ranging from labor shortages to plagues of insects. These disruptions in what he terms industrial agriculture’s “ecology of power” provide a window into how agricultural scientists and growers have collaborated—and struggled—in shaping this industry. Through these interventions, science has served as a mechanism of repair for industrial agriculture. Basing his analysis on detailed ethnographic and historical research, the author examines the history of state-sponsored farm advising—in particular, its roots in Progressive Era politics—and looks at both past and present practices by farm advisors in the Salinas Valley. He goes on to examine specific examples, including the resolution of a farm labor crisis during World War II at the Spreckels Sugar Company, the use of field trials for promoting new farming practices, and farm advisors’ and growers’ responses to environmental issues. Beyond this, the book argues that the concept of repair is broadly applicable to other cases and that expertise can be deployed more generally to encourage change for the future of American agriculture.
