Georg Menz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533886
- eISBN:
- 9780191714771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533886.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The politics of migration in the three established countries of immigration, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, are scrutinized in this chapter, with particular emphasis being placed on an ...
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The politics of migration in the three established countries of immigration, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, are scrutinized in this chapter, with particular emphasis being placed on an analysis of employers, trade unions, and humanitarian NGOs in attempting to shape national and indirectly European migration policies. In addition, the effects of top-down Europeanization and national initiatives at shaping bottom-up Europeanization are explored. French migration policy has only recently rediscovered active labor recruitment due to relatively belated employer interest. In Germany, employers are most interested in highly skilled migrants both in the manufacturing and service sector, while in the UK, business calls for entry channels both for highly skilled and low-wage low-skill migration, preferably into the service sector. In all countries, NGOs struggle to make their voices heard, though French groups have been successful with direct action.Less
The politics of migration in the three established countries of immigration, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, are scrutinized in this chapter, with particular emphasis being placed on an analysis of employers, trade unions, and humanitarian NGOs in attempting to shape national and indirectly European migration policies. In addition, the effects of top-down Europeanization and national initiatives at shaping bottom-up Europeanization are explored. French migration policy has only recently rediscovered active labor recruitment due to relatively belated employer interest. In Germany, employers are most interested in highly skilled migrants both in the manufacturing and service sector, while in the UK, business calls for entry channels both for highly skilled and low-wage low-skill migration, preferably into the service sector. In all countries, NGOs struggle to make their voices heard, though French groups have been successful with direct action.
Georg Menz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533886
- eISBN:
- 9780191714771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533886.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
In this chapter, the politics of bottom-up and top-down Europeanization of migration policies are analyzed. The European Commission has been highly active over the course of the past 10 years, but ...
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In this chapter, the politics of bottom-up and top-down Europeanization of migration policies are analyzed. The European Commission has been highly active over the course of the past 10 years, but top-down initiatives encounter often fierce resistance and play out in a highly intergovernmental setting, permitting room for bottom-up strategies of agenda-setting, ensuring first mover advantages and reduced implementation and transaction costs. At the national level, employer associations, trade unions and humanitarian nongovernmental organizations all vie for the attention of governments, attempting to decisively shape the reformulation of European migration policies. National systems of political economy, varieties of capitalism, the relative size of components of the economy, and sectoral corporate strategies all influence employer interest positions in advocating liberalized labor recruitment policies. Organizational characteristics of these groups will condition the amount of influence they can hope to command.Less
In this chapter, the politics of bottom-up and top-down Europeanization of migration policies are analyzed. The European Commission has been highly active over the course of the past 10 years, but top-down initiatives encounter often fierce resistance and play out in a highly intergovernmental setting, permitting room for bottom-up strategies of agenda-setting, ensuring first mover advantages and reduced implementation and transaction costs. At the national level, employer associations, trade unions and humanitarian nongovernmental organizations all vie for the attention of governments, attempting to decisively shape the reformulation of European migration policies. National systems of political economy, varieties of capitalism, the relative size of components of the economy, and sectoral corporate strategies all influence employer interest positions in advocating liberalized labor recruitment policies. Organizational characteristics of these groups will condition the amount of influence they can hope to command.
Manolo I. Abella
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Job brokering for profit has become an important institution in the market for foreign labour, especially where social networks are not yet established to facilitate migration or where states of ...
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Job brokering for profit has become an important institution in the market for foreign labour, especially where social networks are not yet established to facilitate migration or where states of employment and origin have not agreed on exclusive systems for recruiting labour. Job brokers or recruiters have successfully organized labour migration between many states, especially where few or no political or economic linkages have existed before. However, recruiting activities have been frequently characterized by fraudulent practices. Little evidence indicates that public authorities’ efforts to protect workers against such practices have been effective.Less
Job brokering for profit has become an important institution in the market for foreign labour, especially where social networks are not yet established to facilitate migration or where states of employment and origin have not agreed on exclusive systems for recruiting labour. Job brokers or recruiters have successfully organized labour migration between many states, especially where few or no political or economic linkages have existed before. However, recruiting activities have been frequently characterized by fraudulent practices. Little evidence indicates that public authorities’ efforts to protect workers against such practices have been effective.
Cindy Hahamovitch
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691102689
- eISBN:
- 9781400840021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691102689.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter reveals the intimate and early relationship between illegal immigration and authorized guestworker programs, a relationship that continues to this day. Guestworker programs had persisted ...
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This chapter reveals the intimate and early relationship between illegal immigration and authorized guestworker programs, a relationship that continues to this day. Guestworker programs had persisted in the postwar period because they appeared to offer a manageable alternative to unregulated migration. However, to the extent that this was managed migration, it was managed to benefit the nation's largest farm employers, not the farmworkers. Managed migration was a success from the growers' perspective, precisely because the Caribbean and Mexican guestworker programs kept wages low and labor plentiful. From the policy makers' perspective, the guestworker programs seemed like sensible and legitimate ways to keep the border open. Temporary worker contracts and guestworkers' deportability added a patina of legality to what was, in essence, a grower-dominated labor recruitment scheme.Less
This chapter reveals the intimate and early relationship between illegal immigration and authorized guestworker programs, a relationship that continues to this day. Guestworker programs had persisted in the postwar period because they appeared to offer a manageable alternative to unregulated migration. However, to the extent that this was managed migration, it was managed to benefit the nation's largest farm employers, not the farmworkers. Managed migration was a success from the growers' perspective, precisely because the Caribbean and Mexican guestworker programs kept wages low and labor plentiful. From the policy makers' perspective, the guestworker programs seemed like sensible and legitimate ways to keep the border open. Temporary worker contracts and guestworkers' deportability added a patina of legality to what was, in essence, a grower-dominated labor recruitment scheme.
Cindy Hahamovitch
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691102689
- eISBN:
- 9781400840021
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691102689.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
From South Africa in the nineteenth century to Hong Kong today, nations around the world, including the United States, have turned to guestworker programs to manage migration. These temporary labor ...
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From South Africa in the nineteenth century to Hong Kong today, nations around the world, including the United States, have turned to guestworker programs to manage migration. These temporary labor recruitment systems represented a state-brokered compromise between employers who wanted foreign workers and those who feared rising numbers of immigrants. Unlike immigrants, guestworkers could not settle, bring their families, or become citizens, and they had few rights. Indeed, instead of creating a manageable form of migration, guestworker programs created an especially vulnerable class of labor. Based on a vast array of sources from U.S., Jamaican, and English archives, as well as interviews, this book tells the history of the American “H2” program, the world's second oldest guestworker program. Since World War II, the H2 program has brought hundreds of thousands of mostly Jamaican men to the United States to do some of the nation's dirtiest and most dangerous farmwork for some of its biggest and most powerful agricultural corporations, companies that had the power to import and deport workers from abroad. Jamaican guestworkers occupied a no man's land between nations, protected neither by their home government nor by the United States. The workers complained, went on strike, and sued their employers in class action lawsuits, but their protests had little impact because they could be repatriated and replaced in a matter of hours. The book puts Jamaican guestworkers' experiences in the context of the global history of this fast-growing and perilous form of labor migration.Less
From South Africa in the nineteenth century to Hong Kong today, nations around the world, including the United States, have turned to guestworker programs to manage migration. These temporary labor recruitment systems represented a state-brokered compromise between employers who wanted foreign workers and those who feared rising numbers of immigrants. Unlike immigrants, guestworkers could not settle, bring their families, or become citizens, and they had few rights. Indeed, instead of creating a manageable form of migration, guestworker programs created an especially vulnerable class of labor. Based on a vast array of sources from U.S., Jamaican, and English archives, as well as interviews, this book tells the history of the American “H2” program, the world's second oldest guestworker program. Since World War II, the H2 program has brought hundreds of thousands of mostly Jamaican men to the United States to do some of the nation's dirtiest and most dangerous farmwork for some of its biggest and most powerful agricultural corporations, companies that had the power to import and deport workers from abroad. Jamaican guestworkers occupied a no man's land between nations, protected neither by their home government nor by the United States. The workers complained, went on strike, and sued their employers in class action lawsuits, but their protests had little impact because they could be repatriated and replaced in a matter of hours. The book puts Jamaican guestworkers' experiences in the context of the global history of this fast-growing and perilous form of labor migration.
JoAnna Poblete
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252038297
- eISBN:
- 9780252096471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252038297.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the labor recruitment and retention strategies developed by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association (HSPA) specifically for Filipino U.S. colonials. Learning from the mistakes ...
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This chapter examines the labor recruitment and retention strategies developed by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association (HSPA) specifically for Filipino U.S. colonials. Learning from the mistakes of Puerto Rican recruitment, the HSPA successfully attracted legally mobile Filipinos to Hawaiʻi through a variety of programs, such as predominantly male migration, free return passage after three years of work, family reunions, and the payment of transport for workers' wives and children to join them in Hawaiʻi. With access to and support for open colonial mobility, intra-colonial Filipino laborers willingly moved to work on sugar plantations in the islands. The chapter shows that the recruitment of Filipinos prevented what could have been grave labor shortages in local plantations. It explains how the HSPA's flexible programs gave Filipinos a range of mobility choices that Puerto Rican intra-colonials did not have.Less
This chapter examines the labor recruitment and retention strategies developed by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association (HSPA) specifically for Filipino U.S. colonials. Learning from the mistakes of Puerto Rican recruitment, the HSPA successfully attracted legally mobile Filipinos to Hawaiʻi through a variety of programs, such as predominantly male migration, free return passage after three years of work, family reunions, and the payment of transport for workers' wives and children to join them in Hawaiʻi. With access to and support for open colonial mobility, intra-colonial Filipino laborers willingly moved to work on sugar plantations in the islands. The chapter shows that the recruitment of Filipinos prevented what could have been grave labor shortages in local plantations. It explains how the HSPA's flexible programs gave Filipinos a range of mobility choices that Puerto Rican intra-colonials did not have.
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804757041
- eISBN:
- 9780804784603
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804757041.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
The Indian tribute labor system in Guatemala gradually disintegrated in the eighteenth century. As elsewhere in Spanish America, this was a transition not only from draft labor to free labor but also ...
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The Indian tribute labor system in Guatemala gradually disintegrated in the eighteenth century. As elsewhere in Spanish America, this was a transition not only from draft labor to free labor but also from state-mediated labor procurement to private arrangement. That is, labor recruitment by colonial administration and by native community governments gave way to informal contracting between workers and employers themselves. This chapter examines these changes, comparing them to findings on Mexico and adding a new consideration of ethnic identities, gender, and family structures. It shows that the transition from tribute labor to individual arrangements increasingly drew entire families, as well as women and children alone, into migratory wage work. Women's work was central in the shift to free labor and in the lengthening duration of Indian migrants' sojourns in the Hispanic world.Less
The Indian tribute labor system in Guatemala gradually disintegrated in the eighteenth century. As elsewhere in Spanish America, this was a transition not only from draft labor to free labor but also from state-mediated labor procurement to private arrangement. That is, labor recruitment by colonial administration and by native community governments gave way to informal contracting between workers and employers themselves. This chapter examines these changes, comparing them to findings on Mexico and adding a new consideration of ethnic identities, gender, and family structures. It shows that the transition from tribute labor to individual arrangements increasingly drew entire families, as well as women and children alone, into migratory wage work. Women's work was central in the shift to free labor and in the lengthening duration of Indian migrants' sojourns in the Hispanic world.
JoAnna Poblete
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252038297
- eISBN:
- 9780252096471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252038297.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the ground-level experiences of early Puerto Rican colonial migrants to Hawaiʻi, including the labor recruitment process and daily circumstances, as well as reactions to these ...
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This chapter examines the ground-level experiences of early Puerto Rican colonial migrants to Hawaiʻi, including the labor recruitment process and daily circumstances, as well as reactions to these policies. It describes how independent labor companies used promises of higher wages and better living conditions to entice legally mobile Puerto Ricans to leave for Hawaiʻi and fill the vast labor needs of the islands. The chapter begins with a discussion of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association's recruitment process for Puerto Rican laborers, along with the Puerto Ricans' intra-colonial journey to Hawaiʻi. It then considers the conditions that Puerto Ricans found upon their arrival in Hawaiʻi and how the islands' plantation management worked hard to positively portray life on sugar plantations to maintain access to laborers. It also explores the Puerto Rican government's protests against Hawaiʻi's recruitment policies and the conflicts among the U.S. imperial bureaucracy over the issue of recruitment.Less
This chapter examines the ground-level experiences of early Puerto Rican colonial migrants to Hawaiʻi, including the labor recruitment process and daily circumstances, as well as reactions to these policies. It describes how independent labor companies used promises of higher wages and better living conditions to entice legally mobile Puerto Ricans to leave for Hawaiʻi and fill the vast labor needs of the islands. The chapter begins with a discussion of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association's recruitment process for Puerto Rican laborers, along with the Puerto Ricans' intra-colonial journey to Hawaiʻi. It then considers the conditions that Puerto Ricans found upon their arrival in Hawaiʻi and how the islands' plantation management worked hard to positively portray life on sugar plantations to maintain access to laborers. It also explores the Puerto Rican government's protests against Hawaiʻi's recruitment policies and the conflicts among the U.S. imperial bureaucracy over the issue of recruitment.
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226026114
- eISBN:
- 9780226026138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226026138.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the impact of German imperialism on slavery in the Cameroon Grassfields. It suggests that the German presence in the Grassfields not only increased the taking of slaves under ...
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This chapter examines the impact of German imperialism on slavery in the Cameroon Grassfields. It suggests that the German presence in the Grassfields not only increased the taking of slaves under the guise of labor recruitment but also seriously destabilized the region. The chapter also contends that the cannibal witchcraft discourse doubles the violence and uncertainty of life in postcolonial Cameroon. It argues that the silences imposed by the extreme violence and political polarization of the Grassfields have given rise not only to veiled discourses and oral practices of remembering which link the past to a doubled and fractured present, but also to a nondiscursive phenomenon that equally addresses the experiences of both the slave trade and forced labor.Less
This chapter examines the impact of German imperialism on slavery in the Cameroon Grassfields. It suggests that the German presence in the Grassfields not only increased the taking of slaves under the guise of labor recruitment but also seriously destabilized the region. The chapter also contends that the cannibal witchcraft discourse doubles the violence and uncertainty of life in postcolonial Cameroon. It argues that the silences imposed by the extreme violence and political polarization of the Grassfields have given rise not only to veiled discourses and oral practices of remembering which link the past to a doubled and fractured present, but also to a nondiscursive phenomenon that equally addresses the experiences of both the slave trade and forced labor.
Jonathan Y. Okamura
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824839505
- eISBN:
- 9780824868444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824839505.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
This chapter explores themes of collective struggle and resistance and relate them to several major historical processes and events in which Japanese were involved during the period 1885–1945. These ...
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This chapter explores themes of collective struggle and resistance and relate them to several major historical processes and events in which Japanese were involved during the period 1885–1945. These processes include labor recruitment and immigration, plantation labor and life, and labor organizing. The chapter also situates Japanese American history within the larger political, economic, and cultural contexts of the anti-Japanese movement that sought to oppress and marginalize Japanese Americans after they became the largest ethnic group in Hawaiʻi and began to move off the plantations in hopes of advancing themselves economically. It shows how race undermined Japanese American resistance as it continued to be the paramount structural principle regulating social relations in Hawaiʻi.Less
This chapter explores themes of collective struggle and resistance and relate them to several major historical processes and events in which Japanese were involved during the period 1885–1945. These processes include labor recruitment and immigration, plantation labor and life, and labor organizing. The chapter also situates Japanese American history within the larger political, economic, and cultural contexts of the anti-Japanese movement that sought to oppress and marginalize Japanese Americans after they became the largest ethnic group in Hawaiʻi and began to move off the plantations in hopes of advancing themselves economically. It shows how race undermined Japanese American resistance as it continued to be the paramount structural principle regulating social relations in Hawaiʻi.
Michael K. Bess
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813037950
- eISBN:
- 9780813043111
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813037950.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter studies the development of Mexican working-class communities in Georgia from a transnational perspective. Job opportunities and economic crisis combined with social networks to produce ...
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This chapter studies the development of Mexican working-class communities in Georgia from a transnational perspective. Job opportunities and economic crisis combined with social networks to produce dynamic flows of people and information that tied Mexican states such as Guerrero, Veracruz, and Oaxaca to the U.S. Southeast. Beginning in 1970 as Georgia's economy grew, Mexican immigrant workers became an important source of labor for carpeting mills, poultry plants, and farms. The 1982 Mexican credit crisis, the collapse of Houston's oil economy, the 1994 peso devaluation, and the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta played major roles in contributing to the emergence of Georgia's Mexican working class community in the late twentieth century.Less
This chapter studies the development of Mexican working-class communities in Georgia from a transnational perspective. Job opportunities and economic crisis combined with social networks to produce dynamic flows of people and information that tied Mexican states such as Guerrero, Veracruz, and Oaxaca to the U.S. Southeast. Beginning in 1970 as Georgia's economy grew, Mexican immigrant workers became an important source of labor for carpeting mills, poultry plants, and farms. The 1982 Mexican credit crisis, the collapse of Houston's oil economy, the 1994 peso devaluation, and the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta played major roles in contributing to the emergence of Georgia's Mexican working class community in the late twentieth century.
Judith A. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832650
- eISBN:
- 9780824871369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832650.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
This chapter describes the extent of the labors rendered by the Pacific islanders for the war effort. Local laborers reduced expenditure for transport, training, upkeep, and pensions. Though colonial ...
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This chapter describes the extent of the labors rendered by the Pacific islanders for the war effort. Local laborers reduced expenditure for transport, training, upkeep, and pensions. Though colonial governments understood the military's need for labor, this did not constrain their long view of sustaining the islands' populations—many just recovering from considerable loss to introduced diseases in the previous 80 to 150 years. Thus, they sometimes competed with the military for directing labor though usually retaining responsibility for them. Several administrations perforce became recruiters, a role in peacetime that most eschewed. How labor was recruited and utilized varied, and was most contested in the operational area. How the parties involved viewed this also varied. Unlike other local resources exploited by the Allies, the human resources were less predictable and attached their own meaning to their experiences. That meaning remains diverse, but not immutable.Less
This chapter describes the extent of the labors rendered by the Pacific islanders for the war effort. Local laborers reduced expenditure for transport, training, upkeep, and pensions. Though colonial governments understood the military's need for labor, this did not constrain their long view of sustaining the islands' populations—many just recovering from considerable loss to introduced diseases in the previous 80 to 150 years. Thus, they sometimes competed with the military for directing labor though usually retaining responsibility for them. Several administrations perforce became recruiters, a role in peacetime that most eschewed. How labor was recruited and utilized varied, and was most contested in the operational area. How the parties involved viewed this also varied. Unlike other local resources exploited by the Allies, the human resources were less predictable and attached their own meaning to their experiences. That meaning remains diverse, but not immutable.