Peter A. Swenson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195142976
- eISBN:
- 9780199872190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195142977.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter develops an alternative theory about welfare state development, which posits that reformers try to root their legislation in cross‐class alliances intersecting the internally diverse ...
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This chapter develops an alternative theory about welfare state development, which posits that reformers try to root their legislation in cross‐class alliances intersecting the internally diverse interests of capital and labor. Reformers appeal to interests in progressive reform deriving from capitalists’ desire for regulation of markets. The theory about the politics of the welfare state draws on labor economics, arguing that macroeconomic shocks to systems of labor market governance (various forms of collective bargaining and managerial relations) create an opportunity for politicians to enlist capitalist support for regulatory assistance through social insurance and labor reform.Less
This chapter develops an alternative theory about welfare state development, which posits that reformers try to root their legislation in cross‐class alliances intersecting the internally diverse interests of capital and labor. Reformers appeal to interests in progressive reform deriving from capitalists’ desire for regulation of markets. The theory about the politics of the welfare state draws on labor economics, arguing that macroeconomic shocks to systems of labor market governance (various forms of collective bargaining and managerial relations) create an opportunity for politicians to enlist capitalist support for regulatory assistance through social insurance and labor reform.
Jacob Mincer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199211319
- eISBN:
- 9780191705748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211319.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter starts by making a brief portrait of labor economics in the decades preceding Mincer's work. When Jacob Mincer started his academic career, labor economics was finishing a long process ...
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This chapter starts by making a brief portrait of labor economics in the decades preceding Mincer's work. When Jacob Mincer started his academic career, labor economics was finishing a long process of change that marked the postwar years. This transformation, crucial for understanding the emergence of human capital theory, was generally characterized by the increasing pervasiveness of neoclassical economic theory in a field traditionally more attached to an empirical and institutionalist research agenda. Under the stimulus of some prominent labor researchers, Mincer became increasingly interested in labor issues, namely in labor supply behavior. This chapter analyzes some of his major pieces of research around the theme of labor supply and lifetime labor income, and the way these differed from previous labor research. This work is also presented in a way that shows the close links between Mincer's research on human capital and the long-term behavior of labor supply.Less
This chapter starts by making a brief portrait of labor economics in the decades preceding Mincer's work. When Jacob Mincer started his academic career, labor economics was finishing a long process of change that marked the postwar years. This transformation, crucial for understanding the emergence of human capital theory, was generally characterized by the increasing pervasiveness of neoclassical economic theory in a field traditionally more attached to an empirical and institutionalist research agenda. Under the stimulus of some prominent labor researchers, Mincer became increasingly interested in labor issues, namely in labor supply behavior. This chapter analyzes some of his major pieces of research around the theme of labor supply and lifetime labor income, and the way these differed from previous labor research. This work is also presented in a way that shows the close links between Mincer's research on human capital and the long-term behavior of labor supply.
Stephen Bazen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576791
- eISBN:
- 9780191731136
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576791.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This book provides a presentation of the standard statistical techniques used by labour economists. It emphasizes both the input and the output of empirical analysis and covers five major topics ...
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This book provides a presentation of the standard statistical techniques used by labour economists. It emphasizes both the input and the output of empirical analysis and covers five major topics concerning econometric methods used in labour economics: regression and related methods, choice modelling, selectivity issues, duration analysis, and policy evaluation techniques. Each of these is presented in terms of model specification, possible estimation problems, diagnostic checking, and interpretation of the output. The book aims to provide guidance to practitioners on how to use the techniques and how to make sense of the results that are produced. It covers methods that are considered to be ‘standard’ tools in labour economics, but which are often given only a brief and highly technical treatment in econometrics textbooks.Less
This book provides a presentation of the standard statistical techniques used by labour economists. It emphasizes both the input and the output of empirical analysis and covers five major topics concerning econometric methods used in labour economics: regression and related methods, choice modelling, selectivity issues, duration analysis, and policy evaluation techniques. Each of these is presented in terms of model specification, possible estimation problems, diagnostic checking, and interpretation of the output. The book aims to provide guidance to practitioners on how to use the techniques and how to make sense of the results that are produced. It covers methods that are considered to be ‘standard’ tools in labour economics, but which are often given only a brief and highly technical treatment in econometrics textbooks.
Stephen Bazen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576791
- eISBN:
- 9780191731136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576791.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. The aim of this book has been to present the main econometric techniques used by labour economists. It aims to serve as a platform for adapting ...
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This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. The aim of this book has been to present the main econometric techniques used by labour economists. It aims to serve as a platform for adapting material already encountered in econometrics classes and textbooks to the empirical analysis of labour market phenomena. There is no conventional wisdom on how to conduct empirical analysis in labour economics. Several approaches coexist, running from structural models with very tight links to economic theory, to so-called ‘model-free’ approaches based on emulating the experimental approach. In practice, most studies in empirical labour economics lie somewhere in between these two benchmarks, and consist of estimating models which are loosely based on theoretical reasoning and specified in a flexible manner so that the data can ‘talk’.Less
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts. The aim of this book has been to present the main econometric techniques used by labour economists. It aims to serve as a platform for adapting material already encountered in econometrics classes and textbooks to the empirical analysis of labour market phenomena. There is no conventional wisdom on how to conduct empirical analysis in labour economics. Several approaches coexist, running from structural models with very tight links to economic theory, to so-called ‘model-free’ approaches based on emulating the experimental approach. In practice, most studies in empirical labour economics lie somewhere in between these two benchmarks, and consist of estimating models which are loosely based on theoretical reasoning and specified in a flexible manner so that the data can ‘talk’.
Stephen Bazen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576791
- eISBN:
- 9780191731136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576791.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to provide a practical guide to understanding and applying the standard econometric tools that are used in labour economics. ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to provide a practical guide to understanding and applying the standard econometric tools that are used in labour economics. Emphasis is placed on both the input and the output of empirical analysis, rather than the understanding of the origins and properties of estimators and tests, topics which are more than adequately covered in recent textbooks on microeconometrics. The basic idea developed in this book is that linear regression is an important starting point for empirical analysis in labour economics.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to provide a practical guide to understanding and applying the standard econometric tools that are used in labour economics. Emphasis is placed on both the input and the output of empirical analysis, rather than the understanding of the origins and properties of estimators and tests, topics which are more than adequately covered in recent textbooks on microeconometrics. The basic idea developed in this book is that linear regression is an important starting point for empirical analysis in labour economics.
Jacob Mincer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199211319
- eISBN:
- 9780191705748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211319.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
The idea that education can provide benefits, even economic ones, is certainly an old one. At least by the late 18th century, some people started thinking about skilled individuals as a kind of ...
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The idea that education can provide benefits, even economic ones, is certainly an old one. At least by the late 18th century, some people started thinking about skilled individuals as a kind of expensive instrument and machine, a kind of capital whose long-term benefit would compensate the efforts and expenditures of years of early personal and intellectual development. These metaphors about the economic potential of education and training coalesced in the late 1950s becoming one of the most popular research programs of contemporary economics. It is nevertheless rather peculiar that it took so much time for economists to pick-up on those metaphors and turn them into a fully-fledged theoretical framework. Likewise, it is quite interesting to investigate the way prior resistances or lack of attention gave way to subsequent popularity within the discipline. This chapter analyzes the early lack of attention and the increasing attention in the postwar period to the economic value of education.Less
The idea that education can provide benefits, even economic ones, is certainly an old one. At least by the late 18th century, some people started thinking about skilled individuals as a kind of expensive instrument and machine, a kind of capital whose long-term benefit would compensate the efforts and expenditures of years of early personal and intellectual development. These metaphors about the economic potential of education and training coalesced in the late 1950s becoming one of the most popular research programs of contemporary economics. It is nevertheless rather peculiar that it took so much time for economists to pick-up on those metaphors and turn them into a fully-fledged theoretical framework. Likewise, it is quite interesting to investigate the way prior resistances or lack of attention gave way to subsequent popularity within the discipline. This chapter analyzes the early lack of attention and the increasing attention in the postwar period to the economic value of education.
E. Philip Davis
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198293040
- eISBN:
- 9780191684944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293040.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Public and Welfare
A defined-contribution fund is a pension fund that provides benefits that are determined by the returns on invested assets that are often based on the regular contribution of a salary of fixed ...
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A defined-contribution fund is a pension fund that provides benefits that are determined by the returns on invested assets that are often based on the regular contribution of a salary of fixed proportion. On the other hand, a defined-benefit fund is one that offers benefits that are determined by a formula that was previously fixed and whose basis usually relies on the years of service or the final or average salary. The economic effects brought about by the developments of pension funds rely on the types of fund and on both types of fund dominating only in particular areas. While the type of fund also influences the significance of major regulatory issues, this chapter attempts to look into and further investigate some of the fundamental economic issues regarding the choice of type of fund particularly in terms of capital markets, labour economics, agency, insurance, information, and corporate finance.Less
A defined-contribution fund is a pension fund that provides benefits that are determined by the returns on invested assets that are often based on the regular contribution of a salary of fixed proportion. On the other hand, a defined-benefit fund is one that offers benefits that are determined by a formula that was previously fixed and whose basis usually relies on the years of service or the final or average salary. The economic effects brought about by the developments of pension funds rely on the types of fund and on both types of fund dominating only in particular areas. While the type of fund also influences the significance of major regulatory issues, this chapter attempts to look into and further investigate some of the fundamental economic issues regarding the choice of type of fund particularly in terms of capital markets, labour economics, agency, insurance, information, and corporate finance.
Stephen Bazen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576791
- eISBN:
- 9780191731136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576791.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
While econometric techniques have become increasingly sophisticated, regression analysis in one form or another continues to be a major tool in empirical studies. Linear regression is also important ...
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While econometric techniques have become increasingly sophisticated, regression analysis in one form or another continues to be a major tool in empirical studies. Linear regression is also important in the way it serves as a reference for other techniques — it is usually the failure of the conditions that justify the application of linear regression that give rise to alternative methods. Furthermore, many more complicated techniques often contain elements of linear regression or modifications of it. This chapter discusses the use of linear regression and related methods in labour economics. It begins with a review of some useful results on the linear regression model. It then covers specification issues in the linear model and the Mincer earnings equation.Less
While econometric techniques have become increasingly sophisticated, regression analysis in one form or another continues to be a major tool in empirical studies. Linear regression is also important in the way it serves as a reference for other techniques — it is usually the failure of the conditions that justify the application of linear regression that give rise to alternative methods. Furthermore, many more complicated techniques often contain elements of linear regression or modifications of it. This chapter discusses the use of linear regression and related methods in labour economics. It begins with a review of some useful results on the linear regression model. It then covers specification issues in the linear model and the Mincer earnings equation.
Stephen Bazen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576791
- eISBN:
- 9780191731136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576791.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
In many countries, the rise and persistence of unemployment from the 1970s onwards led to labour economists paying special attention to the duration of a spell of unemployment. The econometric ...
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In many countries, the rise and persistence of unemployment from the 1970s onwards led to labour economists paying special attention to the duration of a spell of unemployment. The econometric analysis of spell durations is based on methods developed in other disciplines (especially biometrics and the analysis of survival times after surgery or medical treatment). Furthermore, while the focus was initially on unemployment duration, other issues in labour economics can be approached in a similar manner, such as job mobility, strike duration, and time out of the labour force for maternity leave. Essentially, the aim is to determine the factors that influence the length of a spell in a given state, and the likelihood of leaving that state for another. This chapter presents key elements in modelling durations relevant to empirical labour economics.Less
In many countries, the rise and persistence of unemployment from the 1970s onwards led to labour economists paying special attention to the duration of a spell of unemployment. The econometric analysis of spell durations is based on methods developed in other disciplines (especially biometrics and the analysis of survival times after surgery or medical treatment). Furthermore, while the focus was initially on unemployment duration, other issues in labour economics can be approached in a similar manner, such as job mobility, strike duration, and time out of the labour force for maternity leave. Essentially, the aim is to determine the factors that influence the length of a spell in a given state, and the likelihood of leaving that state for another. This chapter presents key elements in modelling durations relevant to empirical labour economics.
Stephen Bazen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576791
- eISBN:
- 9780191731136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576791.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
A large part of empirical analysis in labour economics continues to be based on non-experimental (that is, survey) data including studies seeking to estimate the impact of a programme or policy ...
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A large part of empirical analysis in labour economics continues to be based on non-experimental (that is, survey) data including studies seeking to estimate the impact of a programme or policy measure. Applying an experimental approach to estimating this impact will generally be made difficult on the one hand by self-selection mechanisms and on the other by the absence of a well-defined control group. This chapter presents different methods of undertaking policy evaluation using these kinds of situations. It first sets out the basic framework for analysing pure experimental data, since this provides the key to the popularity of such an approach. It shows how the experimental estimates obtained can be viewed as regression estimates, that is, comparing the mean outcomes for the treated group and the control group. This provides a link with material presented in earlier chapters as well as a means of adapting econometric tools in order undertake policy evaluation.Less
A large part of empirical analysis in labour economics continues to be based on non-experimental (that is, survey) data including studies seeking to estimate the impact of a programme or policy measure. Applying an experimental approach to estimating this impact will generally be made difficult on the one hand by self-selection mechanisms and on the other by the absence of a well-defined control group. This chapter presents different methods of undertaking policy evaluation using these kinds of situations. It first sets out the basic framework for analysing pure experimental data, since this provides the key to the popularity of such an approach. It shows how the experimental estimates obtained can be viewed as regression estimates, that is, comparing the mean outcomes for the treated group and the control group. This provides a link with material presented in earlier chapters as well as a means of adapting econometric tools in order undertake policy evaluation.
Stephen Bazen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576791
- eISBN:
- 9780191731136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576791.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
In many situations, the question addressed in labour economics is of a binary nature. An individual decides whether to participate or not in the labour force. He or she is either in or out. ...
More
In many situations, the question addressed in labour economics is of a binary nature. An individual decides whether to participate or not in the labour force. He or she is either in or out. Sometimes, due to the way in which a survey is undertaken, data are only available for discrete binary outcomes — we do not know how many hours a person works, but we know that it is either part-time or full-time. In these circumstances, the variable that is being modelled is dichotomous and it is customary to treat such a variable as a dummy variable, sometimes referred to as a ‘(0,1)-dummy’ or an indicator variable. In terms of the notation for the dependent variable (yi ) of the previous chapters, for each individual in the sample either yi = 0 or yi = 1. This type of data has given rise to the use of logit and probit models due to the discrete nature of the dependent variable. These are both nonlinear models and are estimated using maximum likelihood methods rather than by least squares. This chapter compares the results obtained by least squares and the logit/probit methods. It also examines how these methods can be adapted for use with more than two alternatives. In the latter context, there is an important distinction to be made between ordered alternatives and straightforward, non-hierarchical multinomial outcomes.Less
In many situations, the question addressed in labour economics is of a binary nature. An individual decides whether to participate or not in the labour force. He or she is either in or out. Sometimes, due to the way in which a survey is undertaken, data are only available for discrete binary outcomes — we do not know how many hours a person works, but we know that it is either part-time or full-time. In these circumstances, the variable that is being modelled is dichotomous and it is customary to treat such a variable as a dummy variable, sometimes referred to as a ‘(0,1)-dummy’ or an indicator variable. In terms of the notation for the dependent variable (yi ) of the previous chapters, for each individual in the sample either yi = 0 or yi = 1. This type of data has given rise to the use of logit and probit models due to the discrete nature of the dependent variable. These are both nonlinear models and are estimated using maximum likelihood methods rather than by least squares. This chapter compares the results obtained by least squares and the logit/probit methods. It also examines how these methods can be adapted for use with more than two alternatives. In the latter context, there is an important distinction to be made between ordered alternatives and straightforward, non-hierarchical multinomial outcomes.
Stephen Bazen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576791
- eISBN:
- 9780191731136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576791.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
Selection mechanisms and the bias they introduce into econometric estimation constitute one of the principal concerns in empirical labour economics. Economic behaviour is based to a large extent on ...
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Selection mechanisms and the bias they introduce into econometric estimation constitute one of the principal concerns in empirical labour economics. Economic behaviour is based to a large extent on incentives and the existence of comparative advantage. This means that individuals' labour force participation, job choice, enrolment in the labour market, and educational programmes and mobility will all be influenced by the potential gains that exist (or are thought to exist). People self-select into different situations and types of status. This chapter presents econometric approaches developed by econometricians specifically to analyse these features of labour market behaviour. The major worry associated with these methods is that the models are constructed on the basis that the unobserved characteristics and factors captured by the error terms are normally distributed.Less
Selection mechanisms and the bias they introduce into econometric estimation constitute one of the principal concerns in empirical labour economics. Economic behaviour is based to a large extent on incentives and the existence of comparative advantage. This means that individuals' labour force participation, job choice, enrolment in the labour market, and educational programmes and mobility will all be influenced by the potential gains that exist (or are thought to exist). People self-select into different situations and types of status. This chapter presents econometric approaches developed by econometricians specifically to analyse these features of labour market behaviour. The major worry associated with these methods is that the models are constructed on the basis that the unobserved characteristics and factors captured by the error terms are normally distributed.
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- June 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198737254
- eISBN:
- 9780191800733
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198737254.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The book is about labor market conditions in Egypt in the aftermath of the Arab uprisings. The text analyzes the results of the latest round of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey carried out in ...
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The book is about labor market conditions in Egypt in the aftermath of the Arab uprisings. The text analyzes the results of the latest round of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey carried out in early 2012. The chapters of the book cover topics that are essential to understanding the conditions leading to the Egyptian revolution of January 25th 2011, including the persistence of high youth unemployment, labor market segmentation and rigidity, growing informality, and the declining role of the state as an employer. The book contains the first research on the impact of the revolution and the ensuing economic crisis on the labor market, including issues such as earnings adjustments, increased insecurity of employment, declining female labor force participation, and the stagnation of micro and small enterprise growth. Comparisons are made to pre-revolution labor market conditions using previous rounds of the survey fielded in 1988, 1998, and 2006. The chapters in the book make use of this unique longitudinal data to provide a fresh analysis of the Egyptian labor market after the Arab Spring, an analysis that was simply not feasible with previously existing data.Less
The book is about labor market conditions in Egypt in the aftermath of the Arab uprisings. The text analyzes the results of the latest round of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey carried out in early 2012. The chapters of the book cover topics that are essential to understanding the conditions leading to the Egyptian revolution of January 25th 2011, including the persistence of high youth unemployment, labor market segmentation and rigidity, growing informality, and the declining role of the state as an employer. The book contains the first research on the impact of the revolution and the ensuing economic crisis on the labor market, including issues such as earnings adjustments, increased insecurity of employment, declining female labor force participation, and the stagnation of micro and small enterprise growth. Comparisons are made to pre-revolution labor market conditions using previous rounds of the survey fielded in 1988, 1998, and 2006. The chapters in the book make use of this unique longitudinal data to provide a fresh analysis of the Egyptian labor market after the Arab Spring, an analysis that was simply not feasible with previously existing data.
Leah Platt Boustan, Carola Frydman, and Robert A. Margo (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226163895
- eISBN:
- 9780226163925
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226163925.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This volume honors the contributions Claudia Goldin has made to scholarship and teaching in economic history and labor economics. The chapters address some closely integrated issues: the role of ...
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This volume honors the contributions Claudia Goldin has made to scholarship and teaching in economic history and labor economics. The chapters address some closely integrated issues: the role of human capital in the long-term development of the American economy, trends in fertility and marriage, and women’s participation in economic change. Specific topics include change over time in the relative demand for skilled labor and its relationship to technical progress; factors affecting the growth in the supply of high school graduates since World War Two; human capital investment in immigrant families; long-term changes in complementarities between investment in schooling and health; cross-country differences in the relationship between female labor force participation and economic development; the evolution of racial differences in female labor force participation from the end of the Civil War to today; changes in the relative costs and benefits of cohabitation versus marriage and their relationship to childbearing after mid-twentieth century; differences in the nature of fertility decline in the early versus the late twentieth century and implications for economic and social development; and changes in beliefs about women’s role in the economy and their impact on female labor force participation, occupational choice, and investment in human capital.Less
This volume honors the contributions Claudia Goldin has made to scholarship and teaching in economic history and labor economics. The chapters address some closely integrated issues: the role of human capital in the long-term development of the American economy, trends in fertility and marriage, and women’s participation in economic change. Specific topics include change over time in the relative demand for skilled labor and its relationship to technical progress; factors affecting the growth in the supply of high school graduates since World War Two; human capital investment in immigrant families; long-term changes in complementarities between investment in schooling and health; cross-country differences in the relationship between female labor force participation and economic development; the evolution of racial differences in female labor force participation from the end of the Civil War to today; changes in the relative costs and benefits of cohabitation versus marriage and their relationship to childbearing after mid-twentieth century; differences in the nature of fertility decline in the early versus the late twentieth century and implications for economic and social development; and changes in beliefs about women’s role in the economy and their impact on female labor force participation, occupational choice, and investment in human capital.
Seamus McGuinness, Adele Bergin, and Adele Whelan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190864798
- eISBN:
- 9780190864828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190864798.003.0018
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy, Communities and Organizations
Less favorable outcomes—such as overeducation—early in the careers of younger workers may impact negatively on future labor market success, so it is important to understand the incidence of youth ...
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Less favorable outcomes—such as overeducation—early in the careers of younger workers may impact negatively on future labor market success, so it is important to understand the incidence of youth overeducation, its evolution over time, and the drivers of youth labor market mismatch. Most research has focused on examining the incidence and impacts of overeducation. This chapter represents one of the few attempts to examine patterns of overeducation within countries, while the adoption of a time-series approach enables the identification of common trends across Europe. Overeducation rates in Europe are converging upward over time, and the general pattern of overeducation is linked across many countries, suggesting that the phenomenon responds in a similar way to external shocks and, consequently, may react in similar ways to appropriate policy interventions. This chapter finds that youth overeducation is driven by the composition of education provision, aggregate labor demand, and labor market flexibility.Less
Less favorable outcomes—such as overeducation—early in the careers of younger workers may impact negatively on future labor market success, so it is important to understand the incidence of youth overeducation, its evolution over time, and the drivers of youth labor market mismatch. Most research has focused on examining the incidence and impacts of overeducation. This chapter represents one of the few attempts to examine patterns of overeducation within countries, while the adoption of a time-series approach enables the identification of common trends across Europe. Overeducation rates in Europe are converging upward over time, and the general pattern of overeducation is linked across many countries, suggesting that the phenomenon responds in a similar way to external shocks and, consequently, may react in similar ways to appropriate policy interventions. This chapter finds that youth overeducation is driven by the composition of education provision, aggregate labor demand, and labor market flexibility.
Gordon Betcherman and Martin Rama
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198754848
- eISBN:
- 9780191816321
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754848.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
This chapter introduces the framework underlying the 2013 World Development Report: Jobs, explains how it extends traditional approaches to employment, and summarizes how it has been applied to the ...
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This chapter introduces the framework underlying the 2013 World Development Report: Jobs, explains how it extends traditional approaches to employment, and summarizes how it has been applied to the country cases in this volume. The innovation of the framework is to propose that the social value of jobs may differ from the value they have in terms of earnings or output. An analytical framework is presented to illustrate these spillovers, which can apply to living standards, aggregate productivity, and social cohesion. Summarizing some of the main messages from the case studies, the chapter illustrates how types of jobs that can have significant development payoffs differ depending on the particular challenges that countries face because of their level of development, demography, or institutions. The chapter also summarizes the range of policies that can encourage the creation of “good jobs for development,” depending on the country context.Less
This chapter introduces the framework underlying the 2013 World Development Report: Jobs, explains how it extends traditional approaches to employment, and summarizes how it has been applied to the country cases in this volume. The innovation of the framework is to propose that the social value of jobs may differ from the value they have in terms of earnings or output. An analytical framework is presented to illustrate these spillovers, which can apply to living standards, aggregate productivity, and social cohesion. Summarizing some of the main messages from the case studies, the chapter illustrates how types of jobs that can have significant development payoffs differ depending on the particular challenges that countries face because of their level of development, demography, or institutions. The chapter also summarizes the range of policies that can encourage the creation of “good jobs for development,” depending on the country context.
Edward P. Lazear and Kathryn L. Shaw (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226470504
- eISBN:
- 9780226470511
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226470511.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The distribution of income, the rate of pay raises, and the mobility of employees are crucial to understanding labor economics. Although research abounds on the distribution of wages across ...
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The distribution of income, the rate of pay raises, and the mobility of employees are crucial to understanding labor economics. Although research abounds on the distribution of wages across individuals in the economy, wage differentials within firms remain a mystery to economists. An effort to examine linked employer–employee data across countries, this book analyzes labor trends and their institutional background in the United States and eight European countries. A team of contributors reveal how a rising wage variance rewards star employees at a higher rate than ever before, how talent becomes concentrated in a few firms over time, and how outside market conditions affect wages in the twenty-first century. The book examines wage and income differences from a comparative perspective within and between countries such as Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands.Less
The distribution of income, the rate of pay raises, and the mobility of employees are crucial to understanding labor economics. Although research abounds on the distribution of wages across individuals in the economy, wage differentials within firms remain a mystery to economists. An effort to examine linked employer–employee data across countries, this book analyzes labor trends and their institutional background in the United States and eight European countries. A team of contributors reveal how a rising wage variance rewards star employees at a higher rate than ever before, how talent becomes concentrated in a few firms over time, and how outside market conditions affect wages in the twenty-first century. The book examines wage and income differences from a comparative perspective within and between countries such as Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands.
Gordon Betcherman and Martin Rama (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198754848
- eISBN:
- 9780191816321
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754848.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
This book is a sequel to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2013, Jobs. The central message of that report was that job creation is at the heart of development. Jobs raise living standards and ...
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This book is a sequel to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2013, Jobs. The central message of that report was that job creation is at the heart of development. Jobs raise living standards and lift people out of poverty, they contribute to gains in aggregate productivity, and they may even foster social cohesion. In doing so, jobs may have spillovers beyond the private returns they offer to those who hold them. Poverty reduction is arguably a public good, making everybody better off; higher productivity spreads across co-workers, clusters, and cities; and social cohesion improves the outcomes of collective decision-making. But which jobs make the greatest contribution to development and what policies can facilitate the creation of more of these jobs? There is no universal answer—it depends on the country’s level of development, demography, natural endowments, and institutions. This volume explores the diversity of jobs challenges and solutions through case studies of seven developing countries. These countries, drawn from four continents, represent seven different contexts—a small-island nation (St Lucia), a resource-rich country (Papua New Guinea), agrarian (Mozambique), urbanizing (Bangladesh), and formalizing (Mexico) economies, as well as young (Tunisia) and aging (Ukraine) populations. Using methods drawn from several branches of economics and the social sciences more broadly and analyzing a wide range of data, the authors show the different ways in which jobs have contributed to social and economic development in the countries they have studied and how they can contribute in the future. The policy priorities vary accordingly. They often extend well beyond traditional labor market instruments to include policy areas not typically considered in national growth strategies.Less
This book is a sequel to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2013, Jobs. The central message of that report was that job creation is at the heart of development. Jobs raise living standards and lift people out of poverty, they contribute to gains in aggregate productivity, and they may even foster social cohesion. In doing so, jobs may have spillovers beyond the private returns they offer to those who hold them. Poverty reduction is arguably a public good, making everybody better off; higher productivity spreads across co-workers, clusters, and cities; and social cohesion improves the outcomes of collective decision-making. But which jobs make the greatest contribution to development and what policies can facilitate the creation of more of these jobs? There is no universal answer—it depends on the country’s level of development, demography, natural endowments, and institutions. This volume explores the diversity of jobs challenges and solutions through case studies of seven developing countries. These countries, drawn from four continents, represent seven different contexts—a small-island nation (St Lucia), a resource-rich country (Papua New Guinea), agrarian (Mozambique), urbanizing (Bangladesh), and formalizing (Mexico) economies, as well as young (Tunisia) and aging (Ukraine) populations. Using methods drawn from several branches of economics and the social sciences more broadly and analyzing a wide range of data, the authors show the different ways in which jobs have contributed to social and economic development in the countries they have studied and how they can contribute in the future. The policy priorities vary accordingly. They often extend well beyond traditional labor market instruments to include policy areas not typically considered in national growth strategies.
Stefan Bender, Julia Lane, and Kathryn L. Shaw (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226042879
- eISBN:
- 9780226042893
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226042893.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
The long-term impact of globalization, outsourcing, and technological change on workers is increasingly being studied by economists. At the nexus of labor economics, industry studies, and industrial ...
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The long-term impact of globalization, outsourcing, and technological change on workers is increasingly being studied by economists. At the nexus of labor economics, industry studies, and industrial organization, this book presents new findings about these impacts by examining the interaction between the internal workings of businesses and outside influences from the market using data from countries around the globe. The result is enhanced insight into the dynamic interrelationship between firms and workers. The book examines the relationships between human resource practices and productivity, changing ownership and production methods, and expanding trade patterns and firm competitiveness.Less
The long-term impact of globalization, outsourcing, and technological change on workers is increasingly being studied by economists. At the nexus of labor economics, industry studies, and industrial organization, this book presents new findings about these impacts by examining the interaction between the internal workings of businesses and outside influences from the market using data from countries around the globe. The result is enhanced insight into the dynamic interrelationship between firms and workers. The book examines the relationships between human resource practices and productivity, changing ownership and production methods, and expanding trade patterns and firm competitiveness.
John Armstrong
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780986497308
- eISBN:
- 9781786944542
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497308.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter explores the employment conditions on British coastal ships between 1870 and 1914, focussing on the modern and industrial screw collier fleet on the east coast, which previous studies ...
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This chapter explores the employment conditions on British coastal ships between 1870 and 1914, focussing on the modern and industrial screw collier fleet on the east coast, which previous studies have traditionally overlooked. It uses data from British government censuses of seamen taken during the period and employment data from eighty Crew Agreements. In detail it discusses wage rates; methods of payment; recruitment stipulations; methods of maintaining crew morale; the hierarchy of promotion; and the way crew members expressed dissatisfaction with working conditions - such as through desertion. It determines that screw colliers received regular work, long-term employment opportunities, reasonable wages, and less hazardous employment conditions than other maritime career paths such as long-distance voyagers, and was thus a popular role.Less
This chapter explores the employment conditions on British coastal ships between 1870 and 1914, focussing on the modern and industrial screw collier fleet on the east coast, which previous studies have traditionally overlooked. It uses data from British government censuses of seamen taken during the period and employment data from eighty Crew Agreements. In detail it discusses wage rates; methods of payment; recruitment stipulations; methods of maintaining crew morale; the hierarchy of promotion; and the way crew members expressed dissatisfaction with working conditions - such as through desertion. It determines that screw colliers received regular work, long-term employment opportunities, reasonable wages, and less hazardous employment conditions than other maritime career paths such as long-distance voyagers, and was thus a popular role.
