Paul Weirich (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326864
- eISBN:
- 9780199870325
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326864.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Many countries, such as countries in the European Union, require that food labels announce genetically modified (GM) ingredients. The United States does not require such labeling. Which labeling ...
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Many countries, such as countries in the European Union, require that food labels announce genetically modified (GM) ingredients. The United States does not require such labeling. Which labeling policy is best? An answer must explore a complex web of topics including the science of genetic modification, the benefits of agbiotechnology, and labeling's effects on commerce. This book surveys various labeling policies and the cases for them. It is the first comprehensive, interdisciplinary treatment of the debate about labeling genetically modified food.When polled, consumers say that they want to know whether their food contains GM ingredients, just as many want to know whether their food is natural or organic. Informing consumers is a major motivation for labeling. Consumers who want GM-free products will pay a premium to support voluntary labeling. Labeling need not be mandatory.GM foods are tested to ensure safety and have been on the market for more than a decade. Still, many consumers, including some with food allergies, want to be cautious. Also, despite tests for environmental impact, some consumers may worry that GM crops will adversely effect the environment.GM food currently on the market comes primarily from plants. Meat and dairy products from GM animals are under development. These new foods make the welfare of animals an issue relevant to the debate about labeling. Labeling gives consumers an important voice concerning biotechnology's application to food production.Less
Many countries, such as countries in the European Union, require that food labels announce genetically modified (GM) ingredients. The United States does not require such labeling. Which labeling policy is best? An answer must explore a complex web of topics including the science of genetic modification, the benefits of agbiotechnology, and labeling's effects on commerce. This book surveys various labeling policies and the cases for them. It is the first comprehensive, interdisciplinary treatment of the debate about labeling genetically modified food.
When polled, consumers say that they want to know whether their food contains GM ingredients, just as many want to know whether their food is natural or organic. Informing consumers is a major motivation for labeling. Consumers who want GM-free products will pay a premium to support voluntary labeling. Labeling need not be mandatory.
GM foods are tested to ensure safety and have been on the market for more than a decade. Still, many consumers, including some with food allergies, want to be cautious. Also, despite tests for environmental impact, some consumers may worry that GM crops will adversely effect the environment.
GM food currently on the market comes primarily from plants. Meat and dairy products from GM animals are under development. These new foods make the welfare of animals an issue relevant to the debate about labeling. Labeling gives consumers an important voice concerning biotechnology's application to food production.
Roger W. Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328837
- eISBN:
- 9780199870165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328837.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This product liability case brought against a company that produced a ship cleaning product centered on the warning label for the cleaning product, which had caused a worker's brain damage. ...
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This product liability case brought against a company that produced a ship cleaning product centered on the warning label for the cleaning product, which had caused a worker's brain damage. Comparison was made between the industry safety standards for the precautionary labeling of industrial chemicals and the text on the cleaning product's container. The wording of the warning section on the container was not prominent to the potential danger of the product. The communication of the dangers that users might encounter were unclear, and the advice about what to do if users got into trouble using it were not conveyed explicitly. The discourse sequencing within the warnings placed the least crucial information before the most crucial and provided no information about what to do to avoid the hazards that the product contained. The plaintiff also rewrote the text of the container to show how it could have been user-friendly and to communicate useful information and prevent further harm.Less
This product liability case brought against a company that produced a ship cleaning product centered on the warning label for the cleaning product, which had caused a worker's brain damage. Comparison was made between the industry safety standards for the precautionary labeling of industrial chemicals and the text on the cleaning product's container. The wording of the warning section on the container was not prominent to the potential danger of the product. The communication of the dangers that users might encounter were unclear, and the advice about what to do if users got into trouble using it were not conveyed explicitly. The discourse sequencing within the warnings placed the least crucial information before the most crucial and provided no information about what to do to avoid the hazards that the product contained. The plaintiff also rewrote the text of the container to show how it could have been user-friendly and to communicate useful information and prevent further harm.
Susan Gal
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195327359
- eISBN:
- 9780199870639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327359.003.0019
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter discusses how naming or labeling a speech style and linking it to a social group is itself a political act, a creation of indexicality. As such, it allows for second orders of ...
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This chapter discusses how naming or labeling a speech style and linking it to a social group is itself a political act, a creation of indexicality. As such, it allows for second orders of indexicality to emerge, that is, characterizations of the kind of people who recognize and name such speech styles. The writing of this book is itself therefore a multiply performative and socially creative act. The chapter also highlights the importance of perspective ‐‐ such as insider vs. outsider ‐‐ in analyzing stereotypes and humor in the mass mediated messages discussed in the book.Less
This chapter discusses how naming or labeling a speech style and linking it to a social group is itself a political act, a creation of indexicality. As such, it allows for second orders of indexicality to emerge, that is, characterizations of the kind of people who recognize and name such speech styles. The writing of this book is itself therefore a multiply performative and socially creative act. The chapter also highlights the importance of perspective ‐‐ such as insider vs. outsider ‐‐ in analyzing stereotypes and humor in the mass mediated messages discussed in the book.
Michael Ostling
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199587902
- eISBN:
- 9780191731228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587902.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Social History
This conclusion reviews the themes of the book, in particular its notion of ‘imagining witchcraft’. Drawing on the work of Jonathan Z. Smith, it claims that witchcraft, like religion, is a ...
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This conclusion reviews the themes of the book, in particular its notion of ‘imagining witchcraft’. Drawing on the work of Jonathan Z. Smith, it claims that witchcraft, like religion, is a second-order category created by scholars for their own comparative purposes: accordingly scholars have the responsibility to use the category well. Drawing on the work of Clifford Geertz, the conclusion argues that we study not ‘The Other’ but others—real people and their own projects of self-imagination. Accused witches were caught in multiple layers of imaginative labeling—as criminals, Satanists, pagans, demoniacs. They also imagined themselves as Christians, wives, mothers. The task of this book has been to explore these multiple imaginations in an attempt to understand all the actors caught up in witch-trials: the accused, their accusers, magistrates, and alleged victims.Less
This conclusion reviews the themes of the book, in particular its notion of ‘imagining witchcraft’. Drawing on the work of Jonathan Z. Smith, it claims that witchcraft, like religion, is a second-order category created by scholars for their own comparative purposes: accordingly scholars have the responsibility to use the category well. Drawing on the work of Clifford Geertz, the conclusion argues that we study not ‘The Other’ but others—real people and their own projects of self-imagination. Accused witches were caught in multiple layers of imaginative labeling—as criminals, Satanists, pagans, demoniacs. They also imagined themselves as Christians, wives, mothers. The task of this book has been to explore these multiple imaginations in an attempt to understand all the actors caught up in witch-trials: the accused, their accusers, magistrates, and alleged victims.
LLOYD WHITESELL
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195307993
- eISBN:
- 9780199864003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307993.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
This chapter reflects on the significance of a high-profile collective tribute album released on the Nonesuch label in 2007.
This chapter reflects on the significance of a high-profile collective tribute album released on the Nonesuch label in 2007.
Damon J. Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150888
- eISBN:
- 9781400846481
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150888.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
There are over a million jazz recordings, but only a few hundred tunes have been recorded repeatedly. Why did a minority of songs become jazz standards? Why do some songs—and not others—get ...
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There are over a million jazz recordings, but only a few hundred tunes have been recorded repeatedly. Why did a minority of songs become jazz standards? Why do some songs—and not others—get re-recorded by many musicians? This book answers this question and more, exploring the underappreciated yet crucial roles played by initial production and markets—in particular, organizations and geography—in the development of early twentieth-century jazz. The book considers why places like New York played more important roles as engines of diffusion than as the sources of standards. It demonstrates why and when certain geographical references in tune and group titles were considered more desirable. It also explains why a place like Berlin, which produced jazz abundantly from the 1920s to early 1930s, is now on jazz's historical sidelines. The book shows the key influences of firms in the recording industry, including how record labels and their executives affected what music was recorded, and why major companies would re-release recordings under artistic pseudonyms. It indicates how a recording's appeal was related to the narrative around its creation, and how the identities of its firm and musicians influenced the tune's long-run popularity. Applying fascinating ideas about market emergence to a music's commercialization, the book offers a unique look at the origins of a groundbreaking art form.Less
There are over a million jazz recordings, but only a few hundred tunes have been recorded repeatedly. Why did a minority of songs become jazz standards? Why do some songs—and not others—get re-recorded by many musicians? This book answers this question and more, exploring the underappreciated yet crucial roles played by initial production and markets—in particular, organizations and geography—in the development of early twentieth-century jazz. The book considers why places like New York played more important roles as engines of diffusion than as the sources of standards. It demonstrates why and when certain geographical references in tune and group titles were considered more desirable. It also explains why a place like Berlin, which produced jazz abundantly from the 1920s to early 1930s, is now on jazz's historical sidelines. The book shows the key influences of firms in the recording industry, including how record labels and their executives affected what music was recorded, and why major companies would re-release recordings under artistic pseudonyms. It indicates how a recording's appeal was related to the narrative around its creation, and how the identities of its firm and musicians influenced the tune's long-run popularity. Applying fascinating ideas about market emergence to a music's commercialization, the book offers a unique look at the origins of a groundbreaking art form.
Walter Glannon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195307788
- eISBN:
- 9780199867431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307788.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter assesses the potential benefits and harms of actual and possible uses of psychopharmacological agents for prevention, therapy, and enhancement. These include using drugs to prevent or ...
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This chapter assesses the potential benefits and harms of actual and possible uses of psychopharmacological agents for prevention, therapy, and enhancement. These include using drugs to prevent or erase memories of fear-arousing events. They also include drugs that could alter the neural circuitry of violent offenders. Placebos as a psychological intervention and their effects on the brain and mind are considered, focusing on whether it can be ethical to give placebos to treat symptoms associated with different medical conditions. Finally, possible off-label uses of drugs for enhancing cognition and mood are discussed.Less
This chapter assesses the potential benefits and harms of actual and possible uses of psychopharmacological agents for prevention, therapy, and enhancement. These include using drugs to prevent or erase memories of fear-arousing events. They also include drugs that could alter the neural circuitry of violent offenders. Placebos as a psychological intervention and their effects on the brain and mind are considered, focusing on whether it can be ethical to give placebos to treat symptoms associated with different medical conditions. Finally, possible off-label uses of drugs for enhancing cognition and mood are discussed.
Fred H. Degnan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326864
- eISBN:
- 9780199870325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326864.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Should the food label serve to communicate required information about whether food is the product of biotechnology or contains ingredients that are produced using biotechnology? Unlike most other ...
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Should the food label serve to communicate required information about whether food is the product of biotechnology or contains ingredients that are produced using biotechnology? Unlike most other regulatory authorities throughout the whole world, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has resisted the urgings of interested parties to require such information to appear on a broad-scale basis. This position finds root in both science and law. Specifically, from a scientific perspective, FDA has concluded that there is nothing inherently unsafe or mysterious about food biotechnology. As a result of this conclusion, any effort by FDA to require biotechnology-related information to appear on the food label would be inconsistent with FDA's statutory authority and with the labeling policies and precedents that have derived from that authority. At the heart of these policies and precedents is the notion that to be required to appear on the food label, information must be essential and material to a consumer's ability to choose food wisely.Less
Should the food label serve to communicate required information about whether food is the product of biotechnology or contains ingredients that are produced using biotechnology? Unlike most other regulatory authorities throughout the whole world, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has resisted the urgings of interested parties to require such information to appear on a broad-scale basis. This position finds root in both science and law. Specifically, from a scientific perspective, FDA has concluded that there is nothing inherently unsafe or mysterious about food biotechnology. As a result of this conclusion, any effort by FDA to require biotechnology-related information to appear on the food label would be inconsistent with FDA's statutory authority and with the labeling policies and precedents that have derived from that authority. At the heart of these policies and precedents is the notion that to be required to appear on the food label, information must be essential and material to a consumer's ability to choose food wisely.
Philip G. Peters and Thomas A. Lambert
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326864
- eISBN:
- 9780199870325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326864.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Participants in the debate over the labeling of genetically modified foods have generally advocated either a liberal American approach, under which positive labeling is not required and negative ...
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Participants in the debate over the labeling of genetically modified foods have generally advocated either a liberal American approach, under which positive labeling is not required and negative labeling is regulated, or the more protective European approach, under which positive labeling is mandated. We argue that the optimal approach may occupy a middle ground under which positive labeling is not required (as it is under the European model) but negative voluntary labeling is not discouraged (as it is under the American model). Removing the barriers to consumer information that inhere in the American approach would permit markets to accommodate heterogeneous consumer preferences regarding genetic modification.Less
Participants in the debate over the labeling of genetically modified foods have generally advocated either a liberal American approach, under which positive labeling is not required and negative labeling is regulated, or the more protective European approach, under which positive labeling is mandated. We argue that the optimal approach may occupy a middle ground under which positive labeling is not required (as it is under the European model) but negative voluntary labeling is not discouraged (as it is under the American model). Removing the barriers to consumer information that inhere in the American approach would permit markets to accommodate heterogeneous consumer preferences regarding genetic modification.
Roger D. Roger and Miles A. Whittington
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195342796
- eISBN:
- 9780199776276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342796.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
Gap junctions are an evolutionarily ancient form of intercellular communication, present in a variety of tissues, and essential to life. A variety of types of experimental evidence indicates that gap ...
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Gap junctions are an evolutionarily ancient form of intercellular communication, present in a variety of tissues, and essential to life. A variety of types of experimental evidence indicates that gap junctions can occur on axons, and can (at least in some circumstances) permit the spread of action potentials from cell to cell. Very fast oscillations at ~200 Hz occur in hippocampal slices in conditions where chemical synapses are blocked, but requiring gap junctions.Less
Gap junctions are an evolutionarily ancient form of intercellular communication, present in a variety of tissues, and essential to life. A variety of types of experimental evidence indicates that gap junctions can occur on axons, and can (at least in some circumstances) permit the spread of action potentials from cell to cell. Very fast oscillations at ~200 Hz occur in hippocampal slices in conditions where chemical synapses are blocked, but requiring gap junctions.
Christel Lane and Jocelyn Probert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199214815
- eISBN:
- 9780191721779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214815.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter provides an investigation of the following questions: why power passed from producers to retailers; how retailers utilize their dominance in the chain; and whether this imbalance of ...
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This chapter provides an investigation of the following questions: why power passed from producers to retailers; how retailers utilize their dominance in the chain; and whether this imbalance of power may be found in all western clothing industries. To answer these questions, the chapter covers the following aspects of the German, UK, and US clothing retail sectors: their historical development and current structure, with a focus on the evolution of different retail channels; intensified competition and firms' responses of concentration and corporatization; the move to ‘private label’/store brands and the development of direct sourcing, i.e., sourcing without using domestic middleman firms; the strategy of increased market segmentation and the differing market positions, in interaction with consumption styles, adopted in each country; the development of ‘fast fashion’ and ‘just-in-time’ sourcing; and the internationalization of sales through foreign direct investment. The final section emphasises both the enduring divergences between national retail sectors and the differential degree of power retailers hold vis-à-vis domestic ‘manufacturers’ in each country but also points to some convergence tendencies.Less
This chapter provides an investigation of the following questions: why power passed from producers to retailers; how retailers utilize their dominance in the chain; and whether this imbalance of power may be found in all western clothing industries. To answer these questions, the chapter covers the following aspects of the German, UK, and US clothing retail sectors: their historical development and current structure, with a focus on the evolution of different retail channels; intensified competition and firms' responses of concentration and corporatization; the move to ‘private label’/store brands and the development of direct sourcing, i.e., sourcing without using domestic middleman firms; the strategy of increased market segmentation and the differing market positions, in interaction with consumption styles, adopted in each country; the development of ‘fast fashion’ and ‘just-in-time’ sourcing; and the internationalization of sales through foreign direct investment. The final section emphasises both the enduring divergences between national retail sectors and the differential degree of power retailers hold vis-à-vis domestic ‘manufacturers’ in each country but also points to some convergence tendencies.
Maria Gabriela de Brito-Sanchez, Nina Deisig, Jean-Christophe Sandoz, and Martin Giurfa
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216840
- eISBN:
- 9780191712043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216840.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Pheromones are chemical substances mediating intraspecific communication in a variety of behavioural contexts. Honeybees constitute a historic model for the study of pheromonal communication in ...
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Pheromones are chemical substances mediating intraspecific communication in a variety of behavioural contexts. Honeybees constitute a historic model for the study of pheromonal communication in insects so that much is known about the chemical structure of various pheromones, the context in which they are released, and the physiological effects they can exert on receiver bees of different castes. This chapter discusses the neurobiology of pheromone processing in the honeybee brain, from peripheral antennal detection, to central-level processing. It looks at modern electro- and opto-physiological recording techniques at different stages of the honeybee olfactory circuit and asks whether or not the traditional distinction between labeled-line and across-fiber pattern processing applies to pheromone processing as compared to non-pheromonal odors. Finally, new research avenues for stimulating future work in this area are proposed.Less
Pheromones are chemical substances mediating intraspecific communication in a variety of behavioural contexts. Honeybees constitute a historic model for the study of pheromonal communication in insects so that much is known about the chemical structure of various pheromones, the context in which they are released, and the physiological effects they can exert on receiver bees of different castes. This chapter discusses the neurobiology of pheromone processing in the honeybee brain, from peripheral antennal detection, to central-level processing. It looks at modern electro- and opto-physiological recording techniques at different stages of the honeybee olfactory circuit and asks whether or not the traditional distinction between labeled-line and across-fiber pattern processing applies to pheromone processing as compared to non-pheromonal odors. Finally, new research avenues for stimulating future work in this area are proposed.
Nils Ringe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572557
- eISBN:
- 9780191722431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572557.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Chapter 1 briefly introduces the book's core argument. When MEPs make decisions on issues outside their areas of expertise, they adopt the positions of their expert colleagues in the responsible ...
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Chapter 1 briefly introduces the book's core argument. When MEPs make decisions on issues outside their areas of expertise, they adopt the positions of their expert colleagues in the responsible committee whose preferences over political outcomes they believe most closely match their own. This is based on the assumption that these positions resemble what they would favor if they possessed the resources and expertise necessary to independently evaluate the policy proposal. The critical mechanism explaining policy choice is perceived preference coherence between expert and nonexpert legislators. Common party affiliation serves as a proxy for shared preferences, and therefore party positions are cohesive as long as a unified party line is achieved among party policy experts in committee. This chapter additionally outlines what is to come in the remainder of the book and provides background information on the European Parliament and EP decision-making.Less
Chapter 1 briefly introduces the book's core argument. When MEPs make decisions on issues outside their areas of expertise, they adopt the positions of their expert colleagues in the responsible committee whose preferences over political outcomes they believe most closely match their own. This is based on the assumption that these positions resemble what they would favor if they possessed the resources and expertise necessary to independently evaluate the policy proposal. The critical mechanism explaining policy choice is perceived preference coherence between expert and nonexpert legislators. Common party affiliation serves as a proxy for shared preferences, and therefore party positions are cohesive as long as a unified party line is achieved among party policy experts in committee. This chapter additionally outlines what is to come in the remainder of the book and provides background information on the European Parliament and EP decision-making.
Erich Vranes
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562787
- eISBN:
- 9780191705366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562787.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, EU Law
This chapter examines the legal relationship between WTO law and domestic climate protection measures that are taken in line with the international climate change regime, which is set up through the ...
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This chapter examines the legal relationship between WTO law and domestic climate protection measures that are taken in line with the international climate change regime, which is set up through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. It uses climate protection measures taken in EU law as practical examples for examining and illustrating the impact of WTO law on domestic climate protection measures. In particular, it addresses ecodesign requirements for energy-using products, voluntary life-cycle labelling (climate labelling), voluntary agreements with the industry, mandatory carbon-dioxide labelling, fiscal measures in the car sector (tax differentiation on the basis of CO2 emissions and fiscal promotion of biofuels). Correcting a frequent misunderstanding, this chapter submits inter alia that process-based (PPM-based) environmental labels are not per se prohibited under WTO law.Less
This chapter examines the legal relationship between WTO law and domestic climate protection measures that are taken in line with the international climate change regime, which is set up through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol. It uses climate protection measures taken in EU law as practical examples for examining and illustrating the impact of WTO law on domestic climate protection measures. In particular, it addresses ecodesign requirements for energy-using products, voluntary life-cycle labelling (climate labelling), voluntary agreements with the industry, mandatory carbon-dioxide labelling, fiscal measures in the car sector (tax differentiation on the basis of CO2 emissions and fiscal promotion of biofuels). Correcting a frequent misunderstanding, this chapter submits inter alia that process-based (PPM-based) environmental labels are not per se prohibited under WTO law.
Mandy J. Maguire and Guy O. Dove
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195188370
- eISBN:
- 9780199870462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188370.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter examines the difficulty facing children attempting to learn novel event labels. Children must overcome what has become known as the “packaging problem”: they must figure out which event ...
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This chapter examines the difficulty facing children attempting to learn novel event labels. Children must overcome what has become known as the “packaging problem”: they must figure out which event components among the many that co-occur are bundled, or “packaged”, together within the meaning of an event word. It argues that children initially use two main sources of information to help them learn event words. The first is prelinguistic universal concepts, which give them a toehold into abstracting and labeling important event features. The second is the use of perceptual similarity across same-labeled exemplars, which initially makes verb meanings quite conservative and situation-specific.Less
This chapter examines the difficulty facing children attempting to learn novel event labels. Children must overcome what has become known as the “packaging problem”: they must figure out which event components among the many that co-occur are bundled, or “packaged”, together within the meaning of an event word. It argues that children initially use two main sources of information to help them learn event words. The first is prelinguistic universal concepts, which give them a toehold into abstracting and labeling important event features. The second is the use of perceptual similarity across same-labeled exemplars, which initially makes verb meanings quite conservative and situation-specific.
Graham Bullock
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036429
- eISBN:
- 9780262340984
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036429.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
A debate has emerged recently about the role of information in environmental politics. Much of this debate has focused on the emergence and effectiveness of product eco-labels and corporate ...
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A debate has emerged recently about the role of information in environmental politics. Much of this debate has focused on the emergence and effectiveness of product eco-labels and corporate sustainability ratings as a new form of environmental governance. “Information optimists” believe that the provision of information can be an effective strategy to protect the environment, while “information pessimists” are concerned that information-based approaches serve as a distraction from more effective forms of governance that rely on the rule of law. This book advances a third position of “information realism,” which acknowledges both the contributions and limitations of information -based governance initiatives. It asserts that these initiatives must develop into more mature governance initiatives for them to overcome their current weaknesses and produce long-lasting and substantial environmental benefits.
The book uses a series of in-depth case studies and an original dataset on 245 cases of environmental certifications and ratings to discuss their contributions and limitations and highlight their best and worst practices. These include programs such as ENERGY STAR and USDA Organic, the Sustainable Forestry Initiative and the Forest Stewardship Council, and LEED and Green Globes. Each chapter is organized around a different component of the information value chain that is at the heart of these initiatives, and applies concepts such as legitimacy, validity, and usability to analyze how they are both constructed and perceived. The book concludes with a set of recommendations for policymakers, designers and users of these initiatives that can improve their long-term effectiveness as a form of environmental governance.Less
A debate has emerged recently about the role of information in environmental politics. Much of this debate has focused on the emergence and effectiveness of product eco-labels and corporate sustainability ratings as a new form of environmental governance. “Information optimists” believe that the provision of information can be an effective strategy to protect the environment, while “information pessimists” are concerned that information-based approaches serve as a distraction from more effective forms of governance that rely on the rule of law. This book advances a third position of “information realism,” which acknowledges both the contributions and limitations of information -based governance initiatives. It asserts that these initiatives must develop into more mature governance initiatives for them to overcome their current weaknesses and produce long-lasting and substantial environmental benefits.
The book uses a series of in-depth case studies and an original dataset on 245 cases of environmental certifications and ratings to discuss their contributions and limitations and highlight their best and worst practices. These include programs such as ENERGY STAR and USDA Organic, the Sustainable Forestry Initiative and the Forest Stewardship Council, and LEED and Green Globes. Each chapter is organized around a different component of the information value chain that is at the heart of these initiatives, and applies concepts such as legitimacy, validity, and usability to analyze how they are both constructed and perceived. The book concludes with a set of recommendations for policymakers, designers and users of these initiatives that can improve their long-term effectiveness as a form of environmental governance.
Roger W. Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328837
- eISBN:
- 9780199870165
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328837.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Everybody fights about something or other and language is usually at the very center of the conflict. We use language as we fight our battles, but when the dispute is over what is said or how it was ...
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Everybody fights about something or other and language is usually at the very center of the conflict. We use language as we fight our battles, but when the dispute is over what is said or how it was worded, language becomes the very cause of the battle. Although there are many arenas in which language disputes can be observed, civil law cases offer the most fertile examples of this warfare over words. What did the business contract actually say or mean? Was there evidence of deceptive language practice in its promotional materials? Can the warning label become part of a product liability charge? Did the company evidence age discrimination or race discrimination against its employees or customers? Was one company's trademark too similar to another's? Did the company engage in copyright infringement? Was it guilty of procurement fraud in its business proposal? This book is about the way linguistic analysis describes, exposes, and helps corporations analyze disputed meanings and practices in various types of civil cases where the central issues revolve around the way language was used in commerce. It also provides all of the language data that was practical to include so that others can do their own analyses.Less
Everybody fights about something or other and language is usually at the very center of the conflict. We use language as we fight our battles, but when the dispute is over what is said or how it was worded, language becomes the very cause of the battle. Although there are many arenas in which language disputes can be observed, civil law cases offer the most fertile examples of this warfare over words. What did the business contract actually say or mean? Was there evidence of deceptive language practice in its promotional materials? Can the warning label become part of a product liability charge? Did the company evidence age discrimination or race discrimination against its employees or customers? Was one company's trademark too similar to another's? Did the company engage in copyright infringement? Was it guilty of procurement fraud in its business proposal? This book is about the way linguistic analysis describes, exposes, and helps corporations analyze disputed meanings and practices in various types of civil cases where the central issues revolve around the way language was used in commerce. It also provides all of the language data that was practical to include so that others can do their own analyses.
Justin Grimmer, Sean J. Westwood, and Solomon Messing
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162614
- eISBN:
- 9781400852666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162614.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This concluding chapter provides more details about the classification of the nearly 170,000 House press releases used in this study as credit claiming or not. Making use of recent Text as Data ...
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This concluding chapter provides more details about the classification of the nearly 170,000 House press releases used in this study as credit claiming or not. Making use of recent Text as Data methods, the study begins with 800 triple-hand-coded documents, providing a label for each of the press releases. The idea is to learn a relationship between the hand-coded labels and the words in the texts. This relationship will then be used to predict the label for all the remaining documents. The result of the process is that all the press releases will be labeled. The chapter then presents a series of simplifying assumptions that make statistical modeling of the texts feasible.Less
This concluding chapter provides more details about the classification of the nearly 170,000 House press releases used in this study as credit claiming or not. Making use of recent Text as Data methods, the study begins with 800 triple-hand-coded documents, providing a label for each of the press releases. The idea is to learn a relationship between the hand-coded labels and the words in the texts. This relationship will then be used to predict the label for all the remaining documents. The result of the process is that all the press releases will be labeled. The chapter then presents a series of simplifying assumptions that make statistical modeling of the texts feasible.
Mark Tatham and Katherine Morton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199250677
- eISBN:
- 9780191719462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250677.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
This chapter emphasizes the notion that human speech is listener-centred; speech is intended to be heard and understood. Adding expressive and emotive content provides the listener with information ...
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This chapter emphasizes the notion that human speech is listener-centred; speech is intended to be heard and understood. Adding expressive and emotive content provides the listener with information about the speaker’s identity (gender, age, education, etc.), the speaker’s attitude and feelings toward the listener, and the nature of what is being said. Adding this to synthesis presents problems, including determining the most useful type of synthesizer, incorporating a proposed prosodic wrapper for speech, linking parameters of emotive content with acoustic parameters, and with underlying theory constructs such as category labels or parameters for driving the synthesizer. The relationship between high- and low-level synthesis, and how to incorporate a range of emotive content and voice quality are discussed.Less
This chapter emphasizes the notion that human speech is listener-centred; speech is intended to be heard and understood. Adding expressive and emotive content provides the listener with information about the speaker’s identity (gender, age, education, etc.), the speaker’s attitude and feelings toward the listener, and the nature of what is being said. Adding this to synthesis presents problems, including determining the most useful type of synthesizer, incorporating a proposed prosodic wrapper for speech, linking parameters of emotive content with acoustic parameters, and with underlying theory constructs such as category labels or parameters for driving the synthesizer. The relationship between high- and low-level synthesis, and how to incorporate a range of emotive content and voice quality are discussed.
Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes, Leonie A. Marks, and Steven S. Vickner
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326864
- eISBN:
- 9780199870325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326864.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter presents market data showing that consumers are not willing to pay a premium for non-GM food when given a choice between GM and non-GM food. Its data come from the Netherlands and China, ...
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This chapter presents market data showing that consumers are not willing to pay a premium for non-GM food when given a choice between GM and non-GM food. Its data come from the Netherlands and China, where GM and non-GM foods are labeled. In the Netherlands, consumers do not respond to labels on processed food with information about GM ingredients. In China, consumers do not respond to labels on soy oil that say it comes from GM soybeans. The authors believe that preferences consumers reveal in the marketplace are more significant than preferences consumers state in opinion surveys. They conclude that mandatory labeling does not bring benefits that justify its cost. Voluntary labeling can accommodate the minority who care about the difference between GM and non-GM foods.Less
This chapter presents market data showing that consumers are not willing to pay a premium for non-GM food when given a choice between GM and non-GM food. Its data come from the Netherlands and China, where GM and non-GM foods are labeled. In the Netherlands, consumers do not respond to labels on processed food with information about GM ingredients. In China, consumers do not respond to labels on soy oil that say it comes from GM soybeans. The authors believe that preferences consumers reveal in the marketplace are more significant than preferences consumers state in opinion surveys. They conclude that mandatory labeling does not bring benefits that justify its cost. Voluntary labeling can accommodate the minority who care about the difference between GM and non-GM foods.
