Keith Pavitt
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269426
- eISBN:
- 9780191710179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269426.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
This chapter gives renewed attention to Adam Smith's insights into knowledge production as crucially important for understanding the contemporary problems of managing innovating firms. Products and ...
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This chapter gives renewed attention to Adam Smith's insights into knowledge production as crucially important for understanding the contemporary problems of managing innovating firms. Products and firms are based on an increasing range of fields of specialized technological understanding. Competition is not based on technological diversity, but on diversity and experimentation in products. Firms rarely fail because of an inability to master a new field of technology, but because they do not succeed in matching the firm's systems of coordination and control to the nature of the available technological opportunities.Less
This chapter gives renewed attention to Adam Smith's insights into knowledge production as crucially important for understanding the contemporary problems of managing innovating firms. Products and firms are based on an increasing range of fields of specialized technological understanding. Competition is not based on technological diversity, but on diversity and experimentation in products. Firms rarely fail because of an inability to master a new field of technology, but because they do not succeed in matching the firm's systems of coordination and control to the nature of the available technological opportunities.
Walter D. Mignolo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691156095
- eISBN:
- 9781400845064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691156095.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter brings border thinking into conversation with postcoloniality through the colonial difference. Postcoloniality, and its equivalents—beyond Eurocentrism and Occidentalism—is both a ...
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This chapter brings border thinking into conversation with postcoloniality through the colonial difference. Postcoloniality, and its equivalents—beyond Eurocentrism and Occidentalism—is both a critical discourse that brings to the foreground the colonial side of the “modern world system” and the coloniality of power imbedded in modernity itself, as well as a discourse that relocates the ratio between geohistorical locations and knowledge production. The reordering of the geopolitics of knowledge manifests itself in two different but complementary directions. The first is the critique of the subalternization from the perspective of subaltern knowledges. The second is the emergence of border thinking as a new epistemological modality at the intersection of Western and the diversity of categories that were suppressed under Occidentalism, Orientalism, and area studies.Less
This chapter brings border thinking into conversation with postcoloniality through the colonial difference. Postcoloniality, and its equivalents—beyond Eurocentrism and Occidentalism—is both a critical discourse that brings to the foreground the colonial side of the “modern world system” and the coloniality of power imbedded in modernity itself, as well as a discourse that relocates the ratio between geohistorical locations and knowledge production. The reordering of the geopolitics of knowledge manifests itself in two different but complementary directions. The first is the critique of the subalternization from the perspective of subaltern knowledges. The second is the emergence of border thinking as a new epistemological modality at the intersection of Western and the diversity of categories that were suppressed under Occidentalism, Orientalism, and area studies.
Alnoor Bhimani
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199260386
- eISBN:
- 9780191601231
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260389.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter develops an accounting-based concept of the knowledge production process. The process is rooted in the relational capital element of intellectual capital, and based on assumptions of ...
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This chapter develops an accounting-based concept of the knowledge production process. The process is rooted in the relational capital element of intellectual capital, and based on assumptions of connectivity, and of experience of sharing and knowledge transfer. The accounting implications of the process are two-fold: the management accounting technology and its related toolbox must be reconsidered on the basis of connectivity, and the management accounting orientation would need a shift towards issues of interactive control models.Less
This chapter develops an accounting-based concept of the knowledge production process. The process is rooted in the relational capital element of intellectual capital, and based on assumptions of connectivity, and of experience of sharing and knowledge transfer. The accounting implications of the process are two-fold: the management accounting technology and its related toolbox must be reconsidered on the basis of connectivity, and the management accounting orientation would need a shift towards issues of interactive control models.
DANNY QUAH
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199243983
- eISBN:
- 9780191697319
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199243983.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
While the notion that knowledge plays no small part in economic growth may be perceived to be both old and new, this chapter encounters a seemingly different claim that asserts how knowledge is ...
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While the notion that knowledge plays no small part in economic growth may be perceived to be both old and new, this chapter encounters a seemingly different claim that asserts how knowledge is important not only in terms of science, R&D, and education, but because the national income has experienced significant increases through knowledge products which entail the delivery of goods and services through the internet, and the development of electronic databases, new media, and computer software. These products are called so not because of how their production is knowledge-intensive but because their physical properties are similar to those of knowledge. This chapter demonstrates how knowledge products are not without a certain reliance in the demand for their continuous growth, and also for how they improve economic development since they lessen the ‘distance’ between consumers and knowledge-based production.Less
While the notion that knowledge plays no small part in economic growth may be perceived to be both old and new, this chapter encounters a seemingly different claim that asserts how knowledge is important not only in terms of science, R&D, and education, but because the national income has experienced significant increases through knowledge products which entail the delivery of goods and services through the internet, and the development of electronic databases, new media, and computer software. These products are called so not because of how their production is knowledge-intensive but because their physical properties are similar to those of knowledge. This chapter demonstrates how knowledge products are not without a certain reliance in the demand for their continuous growth, and also for how they improve economic development since they lessen the ‘distance’ between consumers and knowledge-based production.
Zoltan Acs
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646685
- eISBN:
- 9780191748998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646685.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The purpose of this chapter is to catalogue the contribution of Jaffe Feldman Varga that simultaneously and independently sparked a search for the mechanism of knowledge spillovers. Building on the ...
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The purpose of this chapter is to catalogue the contribution of Jaffe Feldman Varga that simultaneously and independently sparked a search for the mechanism of knowledge spillovers. Building on the work of Griliches Adam Jaffe was the first to identify the extent to which university research spills over into the generation of commercial activity. Building on Jaffe’s work, Maryann Feldman at Carnegie Mellon University expanded the knowledge production function to innovative activity and incorporated aspects of the regional knowledge infrastructure. Attila Varga at West Virginia University extends the Jaffe-Feldman approach by focusing on a more precise measure of local geographic spillovers. Varga approaches the issue of knowledge spillovers from an explicit spatial econometric perspective. The Jaffe-Feldman-Varga spillovers take us a long way toward understanding the role of knowledge spillovers in technological change. Building on this foundation the model has been recently extended to identify entrepreneurship as a conduit through which knowledge spillovers contribute to economic growth.Less
The purpose of this chapter is to catalogue the contribution of Jaffe Feldman Varga that simultaneously and independently sparked a search for the mechanism of knowledge spillovers. Building on the work of Griliches Adam Jaffe was the first to identify the extent to which university research spills over into the generation of commercial activity. Building on Jaffe’s work, Maryann Feldman at Carnegie Mellon University expanded the knowledge production function to innovative activity and incorporated aspects of the regional knowledge infrastructure. Attila Varga at West Virginia University extends the Jaffe-Feldman approach by focusing on a more precise measure of local geographic spillovers. Varga approaches the issue of knowledge spillovers from an explicit spatial econometric perspective. The Jaffe-Feldman-Varga spillovers take us a long way toward understanding the role of knowledge spillovers in technological change. Building on this foundation the model has been recently extended to identify entrepreneurship as a conduit through which knowledge spillovers contribute to economic growth.
Chloe Silverman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150468
- eISBN:
- 9781400840397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150468.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This conclusion returns to the question of love as both a subject and a method for research on autism. Many researchers now agree with parents that although autism is a useful term for describing a ...
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This conclusion returns to the question of love as both a subject and a method for research on autism. Many researchers now agree with parents that although autism is a useful term for describing a common behavioral syndrome, it is one that offers few insights into the particular biology of individual children. It may say even less about adults because, in addition to the biological and cognitive diffrences among them, they have been shaped by experiences over a lifetime. This conclusion reviews the evidence for love's centrality to the work of producing knowledge about autism and in particular the importance of parents' caring as a source of insights about autistic children. It also considers the issues that these arguments raise about knowledge production in the field of science studies. Finally, it explains how we can move forward from here to include other neglected voices in autism research, in particular people on the autism spectrum.Less
This conclusion returns to the question of love as both a subject and a method for research on autism. Many researchers now agree with parents that although autism is a useful term for describing a common behavioral syndrome, it is one that offers few insights into the particular biology of individual children. It may say even less about adults because, in addition to the biological and cognitive diffrences among them, they have been shaped by experiences over a lifetime. This conclusion reviews the evidence for love's centrality to the work of producing knowledge about autism and in particular the importance of parents' caring as a source of insights about autistic children. It also considers the issues that these arguments raise about knowledge production in the field of science studies. Finally, it explains how we can move forward from here to include other neglected voices in autism research, in particular people on the autism spectrum.
Jacques Mairesse and Stephane Robin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199646685
- eISBN:
- 9780191748998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646685.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter examines the effect of innovation on labour productivity in France, using a general framework that accounts for research activities and for both product and process innovation. To ...
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This chapter examines the effect of innovation on labour productivity in France, using a general framework that accounts for research activities and for both product and process innovation. To control for selection and endogeneity effects, the chapter estimates a nonlinear multiple-equations econometric model. This model is estimated on the third and fourth waves of the French component of the Community Innovation Survey, using a three-step and a two-step estimation procedure. The chapter identifies process innovation as the main driver of labour productivity in the manufacturing industry, but the results are less consistent in the services industry. Sensitivity analyses actually suggest that our two indicators of innovations both tend simply to measure overall innovation. When a single indicator is used, the chapter finds a positive effect of innovation in all industries and in all periods. The chapter concludes with some cautionary words relating to the joint modelling of the impacts of product and process innovation on productivity.Less
This chapter examines the effect of innovation on labour productivity in France, using a general framework that accounts for research activities and for both product and process innovation. To control for selection and endogeneity effects, the chapter estimates a nonlinear multiple-equations econometric model. This model is estimated on the third and fourth waves of the French component of the Community Innovation Survey, using a three-step and a two-step estimation procedure. The chapter identifies process innovation as the main driver of labour productivity in the manufacturing industry, but the results are less consistent in the services industry. Sensitivity analyses actually suggest that our two indicators of innovations both tend simply to measure overall innovation. When a single indicator is used, the chapter finds a positive effect of innovation in all industries and in all periods. The chapter concludes with some cautionary words relating to the joint modelling of the impacts of product and process innovation on productivity.
Tom Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447341895
- eISBN:
- 9781447341970
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447341895.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter discusses the ‘virtual archives’ of community spaces and their potentials for collaborative, community-based knowledge production. It evaluates and problematises concepts of virtual ...
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This chapter discusses the ‘virtual archives’ of community spaces and their potentials for collaborative, community-based knowledge production. It evaluates and problematises concepts of virtual archive engagement using a specific virtual archive project and a specific community as an illustrative case study. Experience Temple Works is a multisensory and participatory virtual archive of a Grade I listed building in South Leeds. It was intended to facilitate an analysis of the relationships between the vivid sensory experience of the building and the creative and cultural activities taking place within it. However, as this chapter attests, the project came to attain much greater social and academic impact through its later reconfiguration as a community-orientated platform for collaborative knowledge production. The overarching intention here is to explicate how new forms of virtual archive might challenge the power relationships historically associated with archives as privileged spaces of knowledge production, while simultaneously avoiding the many pitfalls associated with digitally mediated forms of experience and participation, both of which are well documented within the academic disciplines of new and digital media.Less
This chapter discusses the ‘virtual archives’ of community spaces and their potentials for collaborative, community-based knowledge production. It evaluates and problematises concepts of virtual archive engagement using a specific virtual archive project and a specific community as an illustrative case study. Experience Temple Works is a multisensory and participatory virtual archive of a Grade I listed building in South Leeds. It was intended to facilitate an analysis of the relationships between the vivid sensory experience of the building and the creative and cultural activities taking place within it. However, as this chapter attests, the project came to attain much greater social and academic impact through its later reconfiguration as a community-orientated platform for collaborative knowledge production. The overarching intention here is to explicate how new forms of virtual archive might challenge the power relationships historically associated with archives as privileged spaces of knowledge production, while simultaneously avoiding the many pitfalls associated with digitally mediated forms of experience and participation, both of which are well documented within the academic disciplines of new and digital media.
Helen Manchester and Jenny Barke
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447348016
- eISBN:
- 9781447348061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447348016.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter tells the story of a research project that aimed to develop more equitable and inclusive ‘regulatory systems’ around the production of knowledge concerning the isolation and loneliness ...
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This chapter tells the story of a research project that aimed to develop more equitable and inclusive ‘regulatory systems’ around the production of knowledge concerning the isolation and loneliness of older people. As such, this is a chapter about regulation in, and of, research programmes that is intended to highlight the way in which ‘top-down’ regulation, embedded in university ethical processes, funder requirements, and forms of accountability around research, create particular relations between universities and publics. This chapter draws attention to alternative regulatory systems for knowledge production emerging from a co-produced research process that draws particularly on feminist concerns centred on an ethic of care. The chapter labels this ‘care-ful’ research. In order to explore these alternative regulatory systems, the chapter examines how we ‘care-fully’ co-produced regulatory structures during research with older people around an increasingly ‘publicly’ discussed issue of the loneliness of older people.Less
This chapter tells the story of a research project that aimed to develop more equitable and inclusive ‘regulatory systems’ around the production of knowledge concerning the isolation and loneliness of older people. As such, this is a chapter about regulation in, and of, research programmes that is intended to highlight the way in which ‘top-down’ regulation, embedded in university ethical processes, funder requirements, and forms of accountability around research, create particular relations between universities and publics. This chapter draws attention to alternative regulatory systems for knowledge production emerging from a co-produced research process that draws particularly on feminist concerns centred on an ethic of care. The chapter labels this ‘care-ful’ research. In order to explore these alternative regulatory systems, the chapter examines how we ‘care-fully’ co-produced regulatory structures during research with older people around an increasingly ‘publicly’ discussed issue of the loneliness of older people.
Judah Schept
- Published in print:
- 1942
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479810710
- eISBN:
- 9781479802821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479810710.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Chapter 6 is devoted entirely to a close examination of the substantial history of national and state corrections consultants in the county, paying particular attention to the two consultants whose ...
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Chapter 6 is devoted entirely to a close examination of the substantial history of national and state corrections consultants in the county, paying particular attention to the two consultants whose work was instrumental in shaping the expansion projects that receive the most attention in the book. Both chapters 5 and 6 engage debates about exclusionary languages and practices of late modernity and map them onto ethnographic examples of policy discussions that abstracted human lives into penological concerns with management and control and that privileged experts at the expense of alternative-and very real-understandings of incarceration. In examining consultants’ official reports, practitioners’ testimonies, and editorials and news stories in the media, these chapters trace the epistemological processes by which local carceral politics came to embrace and resemble the carceral state, even as many people in the community claimed a certain degree of knowledge about mass incarceration that absolved them of any complicity in its local replication.Less
Chapter 6 is devoted entirely to a close examination of the substantial history of national and state corrections consultants in the county, paying particular attention to the two consultants whose work was instrumental in shaping the expansion projects that receive the most attention in the book. Both chapters 5 and 6 engage debates about exclusionary languages and practices of late modernity and map them onto ethnographic examples of policy discussions that abstracted human lives into penological concerns with management and control and that privileged experts at the expense of alternative-and very real-understandings of incarceration. In examining consultants’ official reports, practitioners’ testimonies, and editorials and news stories in the media, these chapters trace the epistemological processes by which local carceral politics came to embrace and resemble the carceral state, even as many people in the community claimed a certain degree of knowledge about mass incarceration that absolved them of any complicity in its local replication.
Rajan Gurukkal
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199490363
- eISBN:
- 9780199095810
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199490363.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
It is the introductory chapter that seeks to explain the need to theorize the history of knowledge production through an overview of the compelling features that necessitate theorization. It points ...
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It is the introductory chapter that seeks to explain the need to theorize the history of knowledge production through an overview of the compelling features that necessitate theorization. It points out the landmarks in the history of knowledge production during the hoary past. A brief discussion of the methodological preoccupation, the theory of social formation as the central framework, and a chapter-wise outline is given.Less
It is the introductory chapter that seeks to explain the need to theorize the history of knowledge production through an overview of the compelling features that necessitate theorization. It points out the landmarks in the history of knowledge production during the hoary past. A brief discussion of the methodological preoccupation, the theory of social formation as the central framework, and a chapter-wise outline is given.
Helen Gunter
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847427670
- eISBN:
- 9781447305606
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427670.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
Western politicians consider leadership to be essential for the delivery of educational reform. Everyone in a school — including children — need to identify as a leader, have the word ‘leader’ in ...
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Western politicians consider leadership to be essential for the delivery of educational reform. Everyone in a school — including children — need to identify as a leader, have the word ‘leader’ in their job title and role description, and be enthusiastic about this shift in their identity. This book examines how leaders, leading and leadership became the dominant theme in education. The book asks questions about knowledge production and school leadership: what types of knowledge are used; which ways of knowing are preferred; and who are regarded as the trusted knowers? These questions uncover the assumed hierarchy of knowledge and demonstrate how successive governments have favoured functional types of knowledge, ways of knowing that aim to measure impact and knowers from particular research networks.Less
Western politicians consider leadership to be essential for the delivery of educational reform. Everyone in a school — including children — need to identify as a leader, have the word ‘leader’ in their job title and role description, and be enthusiastic about this shift in their identity. This book examines how leaders, leading and leadership became the dominant theme in education. The book asks questions about knowledge production and school leadership: what types of knowledge are used; which ways of knowing are preferred; and who are regarded as the trusted knowers? These questions uncover the assumed hierarchy of knowledge and demonstrate how successive governments have favoured functional types of knowledge, ways of knowing that aim to measure impact and knowers from particular research networks.
Rajan Gurukkal
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199490363
- eISBN:
- 9780199095810
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199490363.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This book seeks to provide an introductory outline of the history and theory of knowledge production, notwithstanding the vastness of the subject. It is to try and do a history of intellectual ...
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This book seeks to provide an introductory outline of the history and theory of knowledge production, notwithstanding the vastness of the subject. It is to try and do a history of intellectual formation or history of ideas. One can see it as a textbook of historical epistemology, which in spatio-temporal terms historicizes knowledge production and contextualizes methodological development. It addresses itself as the historical process of the social constitution of knowledge, that is, the social history of the making of knowledge. Its objective is to make researchers of knowledge knowledgeable about the significant elements that underlie the history of knowledge. These elements constitute contemporary compulsions that make, shape, and regulate knowledge. Understanding what they mean and how they work is essential to prepare researchers as self-consciously realistic about the socio-economic and cultural process of knowledge production. What forces engender knowledge, how certain forms of it acquire precedence over the rest, and why are questions examined. Who decides what knowledge means or what should be recognized as knowledge becomes important here. We confine the discussion of knowledge systems to the broad heads, namely, the non-European, specifically the Indian and the European. Examining the process of the rise of science and new science, the book ends up reviewing speculative thoughts and imagination about the dynamics of subatomic micro-universe as well as the mechanics of the galactic macro-universe.Less
This book seeks to provide an introductory outline of the history and theory of knowledge production, notwithstanding the vastness of the subject. It is to try and do a history of intellectual formation or history of ideas. One can see it as a textbook of historical epistemology, which in spatio-temporal terms historicizes knowledge production and contextualizes methodological development. It addresses itself as the historical process of the social constitution of knowledge, that is, the social history of the making of knowledge. Its objective is to make researchers of knowledge knowledgeable about the significant elements that underlie the history of knowledge. These elements constitute contemporary compulsions that make, shape, and regulate knowledge. Understanding what they mean and how they work is essential to prepare researchers as self-consciously realistic about the socio-economic and cultural process of knowledge production. What forces engender knowledge, how certain forms of it acquire precedence over the rest, and why are questions examined. Who decides what knowledge means or what should be recognized as knowledge becomes important here. We confine the discussion of knowledge systems to the broad heads, namely, the non-European, specifically the Indian and the European. Examining the process of the rise of science and new science, the book ends up reviewing speculative thoughts and imagination about the dynamics of subatomic micro-universe as well as the mechanics of the galactic macro-universe.
Martha Garrett Russell
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195062526
- eISBN:
- 9780199854905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195062526.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management
This section points at the rational and practical production of educational research, the relationship between graduate studies and research, and the impact of interdisciplinary inquiry on ...
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This section points at the rational and practical production of educational research, the relationship between graduate studies and research, and the impact of interdisciplinary inquiry on university-based projects, specifically in the departmental/disciplinary context. Instances of these illustrations are cited from the University of Minnesota's Microelectronic and Information Sciences Center. Differences between cross-disciplinary activities from disciplinary tasks include goals, limitations on topics, and stages of the process. Interestingly, the advantages of the former method offset those of the latter. Departmental production process is enhanced by interdisciplinary effects such as improved availability and accessibility of human and physical resources, detailed specification of problems, more interactive discourses, enhanced processes to achieve goals, and refinement of interpersonal relations not only with other researchers, but also with other industries or disciplines.Less
This section points at the rational and practical production of educational research, the relationship between graduate studies and research, and the impact of interdisciplinary inquiry on university-based projects, specifically in the departmental/disciplinary context. Instances of these illustrations are cited from the University of Minnesota's Microelectronic and Information Sciences Center. Differences between cross-disciplinary activities from disciplinary tasks include goals, limitations on topics, and stages of the process. Interestingly, the advantages of the former method offset those of the latter. Departmental production process is enhanced by interdisciplinary effects such as improved availability and accessibility of human and physical resources, detailed specification of problems, more interactive discourses, enhanced processes to achieve goals, and refinement of interpersonal relations not only with other researchers, but also with other industries or disciplines.
Joseph E. Stiglitz and Bruce C. Greenwald
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231152143
- eISBN:
- 9780231525541
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231152143.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter describes the ways in which markets fail to allocate resources efficiently toward innovation and, more broadly, fail in creating as dynamic a “learning” society as they might. It first ...
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This chapter describes the ways in which markets fail to allocate resources efficiently toward innovation and, more broadly, fail in creating as dynamic a “learning” society as they might. It first examines the distinctive properties of knowledge—why the production of knowledge is different from the production of steel and why, as a result, while there is some presumption that markets make the “correct” decisions about the level of production of steel, the same is not true for the production of knowledge. It then delves further into several of the key market failures—why social and private returns to learning and R&D are likely to differ markedly. Next, it asks whether innovation is always welfare enhancing and looks at the innovation process in broader, evolutionary terms. The final section makes some more general observations about innovation and the nature of our society.Less
This chapter describes the ways in which markets fail to allocate resources efficiently toward innovation and, more broadly, fail in creating as dynamic a “learning” society as they might. It first examines the distinctive properties of knowledge—why the production of knowledge is different from the production of steel and why, as a result, while there is some presumption that markets make the “correct” decisions about the level of production of steel, the same is not true for the production of knowledge. It then delves further into several of the key market failures—why social and private returns to learning and R&D are likely to differ markedly. Next, it asks whether innovation is always welfare enhancing and looks at the innovation process in broader, evolutionary terms. The final section makes some more general observations about innovation and the nature of our society.
Ajay Agrawal, John McHale, and Alexander Oettl
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226613338
- eISBN:
- 9780226613475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226613475.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
There has been an explosion in data availability under the rubric of "big data" and computer-based advances in capabilities to discover and process those data. We can view these technologies in part ...
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There has been an explosion in data availability under the rubric of "big data" and computer-based advances in capabilities to discover and process those data. We can view these technologies in part as "meta technologies"-technologies for the production of new knowledge. Innovation is often predicated on discovering useful new combinations of existing knowledge in highly complex knowledge spaces. These needle-in-a-haystack type problems are pervasive in fields like genomics, drug discovery, materials science, and particle physics. We develop a combinatorial-based knowledge production function and embed it in the classic Jones growth model (1995) to explore how breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) that dramatically improve prediction accuracy about which combinations have the highest potential could enhance discovery rates and consequently economic growth. This production function is a generalization (and reinterpretation) of the Romer/Jones knowledge production function. Separate parameters control the extent of individual-researcher knowledge access, the effects of fishing out/complexity, and the ease of forming research teams.Less
There has been an explosion in data availability under the rubric of "big data" and computer-based advances in capabilities to discover and process those data. We can view these technologies in part as "meta technologies"-technologies for the production of new knowledge. Innovation is often predicated on discovering useful new combinations of existing knowledge in highly complex knowledge spaces. These needle-in-a-haystack type problems are pervasive in fields like genomics, drug discovery, materials science, and particle physics. We develop a combinatorial-based knowledge production function and embed it in the classic Jones growth model (1995) to explore how breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) that dramatically improve prediction accuracy about which combinations have the highest potential could enhance discovery rates and consequently economic growth. This production function is a generalization (and reinterpretation) of the Romer/Jones knowledge production function. Separate parameters control the extent of individual-researcher knowledge access, the effects of fishing out/complexity, and the ease of forming research teams.
Howard Marchitello
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199608058
- eISBN:
- 9780191729492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608058.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature, Shakespeare Studies
The Introduction offers an overview of the history of science as it impacts on the study of early modern literature and culture. This history has two general phases. The first begins in the 1930s and ...
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The Introduction offers an overview of the history of science as it impacts on the study of early modern literature and culture. This history has two general phases. The first begins in the 1930s and lasts into the 1980s and is dedicated to demonstrating the influence of science on literary texts. The second phase emerges in the 1980s and 1990s and develops in response to a certain revolution in science studies, a term meant to designate the multidisciplinary study of science as both a socially and a historically embedded set of practices and habits of thought. This revolution is also therefore part of the story this chapter tells about early modernity, science, and literary culture. The most significant consequence of the new science and literature criticism is its understanding of the ways in which both the scientific and the literary are equally (though differently) engaged in the knowledge production.Less
The Introduction offers an overview of the history of science as it impacts on the study of early modern literature and culture. This history has two general phases. The first begins in the 1930s and lasts into the 1980s and is dedicated to demonstrating the influence of science on literary texts. The second phase emerges in the 1980s and 1990s and develops in response to a certain revolution in science studies, a term meant to designate the multidisciplinary study of science as both a socially and a historically embedded set of practices and habits of thought. This revolution is also therefore part of the story this chapter tells about early modernity, science, and literary culture. The most significant consequence of the new science and literature criticism is its understanding of the ways in which both the scientific and the literary are equally (though differently) engaged in the knowledge production.
Johannes Fabian
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520221222
- eISBN:
- 9780520923935
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520221222.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
What happened in the land of friendship took the discussion to the center of Africa, and to the core of this endeavor to map the field of tensions and contradictions in which we seek the beginnings ...
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What happened in the land of friendship took the discussion to the center of Africa, and to the core of this endeavor to map the field of tensions and contradictions in which we seek the beginnings of African ethnography. This chapter turns to a more systematic inquiry into the production of knowledge about Africa, with an awareness that the search for a system in the history of European exploration will be in vain. It considers the rationality of the enterprise by concentrating on what sources tell us about methods of investigation and about the meaning explorers gave to their findings. The chapter examines whether travelers report about how they made knowledge out of experiences, and what kind of knowledge they were after, and considers experience, observation, measuring, and collecting.Less
What happened in the land of friendship took the discussion to the center of Africa, and to the core of this endeavor to map the field of tensions and contradictions in which we seek the beginnings of African ethnography. This chapter turns to a more systematic inquiry into the production of knowledge about Africa, with an awareness that the search for a system in the history of European exploration will be in vain. It considers the rationality of the enterprise by concentrating on what sources tell us about methods of investigation and about the meaning explorers gave to their findings. The chapter examines whether travelers report about how they made knowledge out of experiences, and what kind of knowledge they were after, and considers experience, observation, measuring, and collecting.
Howard Marchitello
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199608058
- eISBN:
- 9780191729492
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608058.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature, Shakespeare Studies
The reassessment of the ‘two cultures’ of art and science has been one of the most urgent areas of research in literary and historical studies over the last fifteen years. The early modern period is ...
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The reassessment of the ‘two cultures’ of art and science has been one of the most urgent areas of research in literary and historical studies over the last fifteen years. The early modern period is an ideal site for such an investigation precisely because of the pre-disciplinary nature of its science. The central focus of this book falls upon the wide-ranging practices of what will come to be called “science” prior to its separation into a realm of its own, one of the legacies of the renaissance and its encounter with modernity. This book offers a new critical examination of the complex and mutually-sustaining relationship between literature and science—and, more broadly, art and nature—in the early modern period. Redefining literature and art as knowledge-producing practices and, at the same time, recasting the practices of emergent science as imaginative and creative and literary, this book argues for a more complex understanding of early modern culture in which the scientific can be said to produce the literary and the literary can be said to produce the scientific. Drawing upon recent work in the field of science studies and focusing on selected works of major writers of the period—including Bacon, Donne, Galileo, and Shakespeare, among others—this book recovers a range of early modern discursive and cultural practices for a new account of the linked histories of science and literature.Less
The reassessment of the ‘two cultures’ of art and science has been one of the most urgent areas of research in literary and historical studies over the last fifteen years. The early modern period is an ideal site for such an investigation precisely because of the pre-disciplinary nature of its science. The central focus of this book falls upon the wide-ranging practices of what will come to be called “science” prior to its separation into a realm of its own, one of the legacies of the renaissance and its encounter with modernity. This book offers a new critical examination of the complex and mutually-sustaining relationship between literature and science—and, more broadly, art and nature—in the early modern period. Redefining literature and art as knowledge-producing practices and, at the same time, recasting the practices of emergent science as imaginative and creative and literary, this book argues for a more complex understanding of early modern culture in which the scientific can be said to produce the literary and the literary can be said to produce the scientific. Drawing upon recent work in the field of science studies and focusing on selected works of major writers of the period—including Bacon, Donne, Galileo, and Shakespeare, among others—this book recovers a range of early modern discursive and cultural practices for a new account of the linked histories of science and literature.
Judah Schept
- Published in print:
- 1942
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479810710
- eISBN:
- 9781479802821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479810710.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Chapter 7 examines some of the governmental and nongovernmental bodies, processes, and relationships in the county to better understand the political contexts in which the production of carceral ...
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Chapter 7 examines some of the governmental and nongovernmental bodies, processes, and relationships in the county to better understand the political contexts in which the production of carceral knowledge and conversations about expansion occurred. The chapter also looks at some of the contradictions between rhetorical embraces of consensus and practices of exclusion. There was a fluidity of individuals between county and city government bodies, criminal justice institutions, civic leaders, and the nonprofit sector. Frequently, all of them worked together with the mission of making policy and practice more humane and efficient, yet their collaboration had the consequence, whether intended or not, of ensuring that their voices remained dominant in the meaning-making processes of county discourse and the decision-making processes of county politics. The chapter focuses on the structuring of political spaces and discourses so that narratives of expansion were reinforced and insulated while appearing to be open to contestation.Less
Chapter 7 examines some of the governmental and nongovernmental bodies, processes, and relationships in the county to better understand the political contexts in which the production of carceral knowledge and conversations about expansion occurred. The chapter also looks at some of the contradictions between rhetorical embraces of consensus and practices of exclusion. There was a fluidity of individuals between county and city government bodies, criminal justice institutions, civic leaders, and the nonprofit sector. Frequently, all of them worked together with the mission of making policy and practice more humane and efficient, yet their collaboration had the consequence, whether intended or not, of ensuring that their voices remained dominant in the meaning-making processes of county discourse and the decision-making processes of county politics. The chapter focuses on the structuring of political spaces and discourses so that narratives of expansion were reinforced and insulated while appearing to be open to contestation.
