Harvey R. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199275830
- eISBN:
- 9780191603914
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199275831.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This book explores the nature of the distinction at the heart of Einstein's 1905 formulation of his special theory of relativity: that between kinematics and dynamics. Einstein himself became ...
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This book explores the nature of the distinction at the heart of Einstein's 1905 formulation of his special theory of relativity: that between kinematics and dynamics. Einstein himself became increasingly uncomfortable with this distinction, and with the limitations of what he called the ‘principle theory’ approach inspired by the logic of thermodynamics. A handful of physicists and philosophers have over the last century likewise expressed doubts about Einstein's treatment of the relativistic behaviour of rigid bodies and clocks in motion in the kinematical part of his great paper, and suggested that the dynamical understanding of length contraction and time dilation intimated by the immediate precursors of Einstein is more fundamental. This book both examines and extends these arguments (which support a more ‘constructive’ approach to relativistic effects in Einstein's terminology), after giving a careful analysis of key features of the pre-history of relativity theory. It argues furthermore that the geometrization of the theory by Minkowski in 1908 brought illumination, but not a causal explanation of relativistic effects. Finally, the book tries to show that the dynamical interpretation of special relativity defended in the book is consistent with the role this theory must play as a limiting case of Einstein's 1915 theory of gravity: the general theory of relativity.Less
This book explores the nature of the distinction at the heart of Einstein's 1905 formulation of his special theory of relativity: that between kinematics and dynamics. Einstein himself became increasingly uncomfortable with this distinction, and with the limitations of what he called the ‘principle theory’ approach inspired by the logic of thermodynamics. A handful of physicists and philosophers have over the last century likewise expressed doubts about Einstein's treatment of the relativistic behaviour of rigid bodies and clocks in motion in the kinematical part of his great paper, and suggested that the dynamical understanding of length contraction and time dilation intimated by the immediate precursors of Einstein is more fundamental. This book both examines and extends these arguments (which support a more ‘constructive’ approach to relativistic effects in Einstein's terminology), after giving a careful analysis of key features of the pre-history of relativity theory. It argues furthermore that the geometrization of the theory by Minkowski in 1908 brought illumination, but not a causal explanation of relativistic effects. Finally, the book tries to show that the dynamical interpretation of special relativity defended in the book is consistent with the role this theory must play as a limiting case of Einstein's 1915 theory of gravity: the general theory of relativity.
Martin Schöneld
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195132182
- eISBN:
- 9780199786336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195132181.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter explores the text and contentions of Kant’s first book, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (1747). Section 1 describes how Kant’s debut turned into a debacle. Section 2 ...
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This chapter explores the text and contentions of Kant’s first book, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (1747). Section 1 describes how Kant’s debut turned into a debacle. Section 2 discusses Kant’s dynamic ontology, such as his ideas on substantial interaction and energetic space. Section 3 analyzes Kant’s experimental and kinematic appraisals, which form the bulk of his first book. Section 4 describes Kant’s proposed synthesis of Cartesian momentum and Leibnizian energy as “true estimation” of force.Less
This chapter explores the text and contentions of Kant’s first book, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (1747). Section 1 describes how Kant’s debut turned into a debacle. Section 2 discusses Kant’s dynamic ontology, such as his ideas on substantial interaction and energetic space. Section 3 analyzes Kant’s experimental and kinematic appraisals, which form the bulk of his first book. Section 4 describes Kant’s proposed synthesis of Cartesian momentum and Leibnizian energy as “true estimation” of force.
Harvey R. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199275830
- eISBN:
- 9780191603914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199275831.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter argues that Albert Einstein was not the first to use the relativity principle (RP) as a postulate in the treatment of a problem in physics. Christian Huygens had done so over two hundred ...
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This chapter argues that Albert Einstein was not the first to use the relativity principle (RP) as a postulate in the treatment of a problem in physics. Christian Huygens had done so over two hundred years earlier in his treatment of collisions. It is shown that even Newton in his pre-Principia writings viewed the RP as having the same axiomatic status as his laws. But the prominent role played by the principle in Einstein's 1905 paper on moving bodies in electrodynamics marked the beginning of a new attitude concerning the foundational status of symmetries in physics.Less
This chapter argues that Albert Einstein was not the first to use the relativity principle (RP) as a postulate in the treatment of a problem in physics. Christian Huygens had done so over two hundred years earlier in his treatment of collisions. It is shown that even Newton in his pre-Principia writings viewed the RP as having the same axiomatic status as his laws. But the prominent role played by the principle in Einstein's 1905 paper on moving bodies in electrodynamics marked the beginning of a new attitude concerning the foundational status of symmetries in physics.
Eduard Feireisl
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528388
- eISBN:
- 9780191713590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528388.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter is devoted to a review on the underlying physical theory. Besides the basic notions of reference configurations, kinematics, constitutive equations, and balance laws, this part includes ...
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This chapter is devoted to a review on the underlying physical theory. Besides the basic notions of reference configurations, kinematics, constitutive equations, and balance laws, this part includes mention of the general pressure-density temperature state equation, in particular which arises in low energy nuclear physics and astrophysics. In particular, some examples of non-monotone pressure-density constitutive laws are presented.Less
This chapter is devoted to a review on the underlying physical theory. Besides the basic notions of reference configurations, kinematics, constitutive equations, and balance laws, this part includes mention of the general pressure-density temperature state equation, in particular which arises in low energy nuclear physics and astrophysics. In particular, some examples of non-monotone pressure-density constitutive laws are presented.
John J. Videler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199299928
- eISBN:
- 9780191714924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299928.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
Birds are pilot and aircraft in one. Experiments using kestrels kept as falconry birds and flown under controlled conditions indoors to investigate flight strategies are discussed. The effects of ...
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Birds are pilot and aircraft in one. Experiments using kestrels kept as falconry birds and flown under controlled conditions indoors to investigate flight strategies are discussed. The effects of distance and body mass on the flight plan and kinematics from take-off, through cruising stage to landing, are shown. Separate paragraphs treat average wing beat kinematics during steady flight in 3-D and provide details occurring during single wing beats. The existence of general kinematic rules applicable to birds is disputed. Hovering and windhovering techniques are described in detail. Energy saving flight modes (intermittent and formation flight, hang-gliding, dynamic-, gust- and thermal-soaring, sweeping flight) are explained and discussed. The limited detailed knowledge of manoeuvring flight is summarized. The airspeeds of free flying birds are difficult to estimate, most species cruise between 6 and 16 m/s; speeds are not dominated by size.Less
Birds are pilot and aircraft in one. Experiments using kestrels kept as falconry birds and flown under controlled conditions indoors to investigate flight strategies are discussed. The effects of distance and body mass on the flight plan and kinematics from take-off, through cruising stage to landing, are shown. Separate paragraphs treat average wing beat kinematics during steady flight in 3-D and provide details occurring during single wing beats. The existence of general kinematic rules applicable to birds is disputed. Hovering and windhovering techniques are described in detail. Energy saving flight modes (intermittent and formation flight, hang-gliding, dynamic-, gust- and thermal-soaring, sweeping flight) are explained and discussed. The limited detailed knowledge of manoeuvring flight is summarized. The airspeeds of free flying birds are difficult to estimate, most species cruise between 6 and 16 m/s; speeds are not dominated by size.
Mark L. Latash
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333169
- eISBN:
- 9780199864195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333169.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
The fifth part of this book overviews a large number of synergies that have been studied. It starts with a review of kinematic synergies during such actions as quiet standing, sit-to-stand action, ...
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The fifth part of this book overviews a large number of synergies that have been studied. It starts with a review of kinematic synergies during such actions as quiet standing, sit-to-stand action, reaching, multi-joint poiting, and even quick-draw pistol shooting. Another Digression is presented on optimization methods in motor control. Further, kinetic synergies are discussed, in particular those involved in multi-digit action of the human hand. Such issues as the emergence and disappearance of synergies and the role of timing errors in synergy indices are touched upon. Later, the phenomenon of anticipatory synergy adjustments is introduced as a method of turning off unwanted synergies in preparation to a quick action. Synergies in prehensile tasks are discussed with particular attention paid to phenomena of chain effects and the principle of superposition in human hand action. The last portion of this Part deals with multi-muscle synergies involved in whole-body tasks performed by a standing person such as swaying the body, manipulating external objects, and making a step.Less
The fifth part of this book overviews a large number of synergies that have been studied. It starts with a review of kinematic synergies during such actions as quiet standing, sit-to-stand action, reaching, multi-joint poiting, and even quick-draw pistol shooting. Another Digression is presented on optimization methods in motor control. Further, kinetic synergies are discussed, in particular those involved in multi-digit action of the human hand. Such issues as the emergence and disappearance of synergies and the role of timing errors in synergy indices are touched upon. Later, the phenomenon of anticipatory synergy adjustments is introduced as a method of turning off unwanted synergies in preparation to a quick action. Synergies in prehensile tasks are discussed with particular attention paid to phenomena of chain effects and the principle of superposition in human hand action. The last portion of this Part deals with multi-muscle synergies involved in whole-body tasks performed by a standing person such as swaying the body, manipulating external objects, and making a step.
Ian Hinckfuss
- Published in print:
- 1975
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198245193
- eISBN:
- 9780191680854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198245193.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter examines many different properties of space. It specifically presents the electrical, optical, and electromagnetic properties of space; the kinematic and dynamic properties of space; the ...
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This chapter examines many different properties of space. It specifically presents the electrical, optical, and electromagnetic properties of space; the kinematic and dynamic properties of space; the metrical, topological, and geometrical properties of space; and miscellaneous. The chapter then demonstrates the kind of difficulties to be met in attempting to reduce the statements in one of the senses previously explained to a statement that does not use the term ‘space’. The conductivity of space is also explained. A relationalist reduction of the statement that space has a permittivity of 8.55 × 10−12 farads per metre is developed, but it is shown that this reduction is unsatisfactory when paired with a similar reduction for the statement that space has a magnetic permeability of 4π × 10−7 henrys per metre. In addition, the chapter considers the speed of electromagnetic radiation in empty space.Less
This chapter examines many different properties of space. It specifically presents the electrical, optical, and electromagnetic properties of space; the kinematic and dynamic properties of space; the metrical, topological, and geometrical properties of space; and miscellaneous. The chapter then demonstrates the kind of difficulties to be met in attempting to reduce the statements in one of the senses previously explained to a statement that does not use the term ‘space’. The conductivity of space is also explained. A relationalist reduction of the statement that space has a permittivity of 8.55 × 10−12 farads per metre is developed, but it is shown that this reduction is unsatisfactory when paired with a similar reduction for the statement that space has a magnetic permeability of 4π × 10−7 henrys per metre. In addition, the chapter considers the speed of electromagnetic radiation in empty space.
Michael J. White
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198239529
- eISBN:
- 9780191679940
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198239529.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter focuses on Aristotle's formal, structural analysis of spatial magnitude and locomotion. It analyses spatial magnitude and motion in terms of their geometrical or topological properties. ...
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This chapter focuses on Aristotle's formal, structural analysis of spatial magnitude and locomotion. It analyses spatial magnitude and motion in terms of their geometrical or topological properties. The first section discusses spatial magnitude. The second section is concerned with the rational kinematics in Aristotle's Physics. The last section of this chapter studies three kinematic mistakes: reversed rectilinear motion, the impossibility of affecting a limited motion in infinite time, and the claim that what is indivisible cannot move ‘in itself’.Less
This chapter focuses on Aristotle's formal, structural analysis of spatial magnitude and locomotion. It analyses spatial magnitude and motion in terms of their geometrical or topological properties. The first section discusses spatial magnitude. The second section is concerned with the rational kinematics in Aristotle's Physics. The last section of this chapter studies three kinematic mistakes: reversed rectilinear motion, the impossibility of affecting a limited motion in infinite time, and the claim that what is indivisible cannot move ‘in itself’.
Bas C. van Fraassen
- Published in print:
- 1989
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198248606
- eISBN:
- 9780191597459
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198248601.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
While it was argued earlier in the book that no rule‐governed notion of rational opinion change could be adequate, there are certainly patterns of normal opinion change (updating in response to new ...
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While it was argued earlier in the book that no rule‐governed notion of rational opinion change could be adequate, there are certainly patterns of normal opinion change (updating in response to new data or new constraints accepted in response to experience), which have a rule‐following form. The basic example is Simple Conditionalization (often characterized as the application of Bayes's rule or Bayes's theorem, sometimes called Bayesian Conditionalization, and sometimes accepted as the sole admissible form of opinion change), but more advanced patterns (beginning with Jeffrey Conditionalization) have been described in the literature, as well as challenged there, e.g. by Isaac Levi. The question of what can justify such rules is addressed using symmetry arguments, and the (hidden or explicit) premises of such arguments analysed. Probability kinematics, as formulated initially by Richard Jeffrey, is the general theory of rules for changing a (‘prior’) probability function, subject to given or imposed constraints, into a new (‘updated’, ‘posterior’) function. Such constraints can take various forms, and the rules offered for them can be limited by symmetry considerations but may not be uniquely determined.Less
While it was argued earlier in the book that no rule‐governed notion of rational opinion change could be adequate, there are certainly patterns of normal opinion change (updating in response to new data or new constraints accepted in response to experience), which have a rule‐following form. The basic example is Simple Conditionalization (often characterized as the application of Bayes's rule or Bayes's theorem, sometimes called Bayesian Conditionalization, and sometimes accepted as the sole admissible form of opinion change), but more advanced patterns (beginning with Jeffrey Conditionalization) have been described in the literature, as well as challenged there, e.g. by Isaac Levi. The question of what can justify such rules is addressed using symmetry arguments, and the (hidden or explicit) premises of such arguments analysed. Probability kinematics, as formulated initially by Richard Jeffrey, is the general theory of rules for changing a (‘prior’) probability function, subject to given or imposed constraints, into a new (‘updated’, ‘posterior’) function. Such constraints can take various forms, and the rules offered for them can be limited by symmetry considerations but may not be uniquely determined.
Alvin Plantinga
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195078626
- eISBN:
- 9780199833559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195078624.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
In this chapter, I outline the essentials of Bayesianism (also known as Bayesian Coherentism) and ask whether it contributes to a satisfying account of warrant. From the perspective of my overall ...
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In this chapter, I outline the essentials of Bayesianism (also known as Bayesian Coherentism) and ask whether it contributes to a satisfying account of warrant. From the perspective of my overall project in Warrant: The Current Debate, Bayesianism can be seen as essentially suggesting conditions for a rational or reasonable set of partial beliefs, where a partial belief of an agent S is any belief that S accepts to some degree or another, no matter how small. Although Bayesians tend to speak not of warrant but of rationality, I consider in this chapter the relationship between Bayesianism and warrant. I conclude that the conditions for rationality proposed by Bayesians (e.g., coherence, strict coherence, changing belief by conditionalization or Jeffrey's “Probability Kinematics,” van Fraassen's Reflection) are neither severally necessary nor jointly sufficient conditions for warrant. Taken as a theory of warrant, Bayesianism is incomplete in that (1) it says nothing about the sort of relation between belief and experience required for warrant, and (2) it provides no account of evidence or evidential support.Less
In this chapter, I outline the essentials of Bayesianism (also known as Bayesian Coherentism) and ask whether it contributes to a satisfying account of warrant. From the perspective of my overall project in Warrant: The Current Debate, Bayesianism can be seen as essentially suggesting conditions for a rational or reasonable set of partial beliefs, where a partial belief of an agent S is any belief that S accepts to some degree or another, no matter how small. Although Bayesians tend to speak not of warrant but of rationality, I consider in this chapter the relationship between Bayesianism and warrant. I conclude that the conditions for rationality proposed by Bayesians (e.g., coherence, strict coherence, changing belief by conditionalization or Jeffrey's “Probability Kinematics,” van Fraassen's Reflection) are neither severally necessary nor jointly sufficient conditions for warrant. Taken as a theory of warrant, Bayesianism is incomplete in that (1) it says nothing about the sort of relation between belief and experience required for warrant, and (2) it provides no account of evidence or evidential support.
Alvin Plantinga
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195078626
- eISBN:
- 9780199833559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195078624.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Rationality, although distinct from warrant, is a notion both interesting in its own right and important for a solid understanding of warrant. In this chapter, I first disambiguate at least five ...
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Rationality, although distinct from warrant, is a notion both interesting in its own right and important for a solid understanding of warrant. In this chapter, I first disambiguate at least five different forms of rationality, and, second, examine the relationship between Bayesianism and rationality (in its different forms or senses). Bayesians often claim that conformity to Bayesian constraints (such as coherence, changing belief by conditionalization or probability kinematics, or van Fraassen's Reflection) is necessary for rationality. Against this view, I argue that (1) none of the forms of rationality I distinguished requires coherence, and some of them in fact require incoherence, and that (2) changing belief by conditionalization (or by probability kinematics) is neither a sensible ideal for human cognizers nor a requirement for rationality. Finally, after a somewhat extended look at Reflection, I argue that (3) while van Fraassen surely has important and probably true things to say about what rational integrity requires with respect to one's commitments and intentions about belief change, it is nonetheless the case that rationality does not require that I conform to Reflection.Less
Rationality, although distinct from warrant, is a notion both interesting in its own right and important for a solid understanding of warrant. In this chapter, I first disambiguate at least five different forms of rationality, and, second, examine the relationship between Bayesianism and rationality (in its different forms or senses). Bayesians often claim that conformity to Bayesian constraints (such as coherence, changing belief by conditionalization or probability kinematics, or van Fraassen's Reflection) is necessary for rationality. Against this view, I argue that (1) none of the forms of rationality I distinguished requires coherence, and some of them in fact require incoherence, and that (2) changing belief by conditionalization (or by probability kinematics) is neither a sensible ideal for human cognizers nor a requirement for rationality. Finally, after a somewhat extended look at Reflection, I argue that (3) while van Fraassen surely has important and probably true things to say about what rational integrity requires with respect to one's commitments and intentions about belief change, it is nonetheless the case that rationality does not require that I conform to Reflection.
JESPER LÜTZEN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567370
- eISBN:
- 9780191717925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567370.003.0010
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter examines some unmistakably Kantian features of Heinrich Hertz's Principles of Mechanics and argues that Hertz initially took over a widespread Kantian distinction between an a-priori ...
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This chapter examines some unmistakably Kantian features of Heinrich Hertz's Principles of Mechanics and argues that Hertz initially took over a widespread Kantian distinction between an a-priori kinematics and an empirical dynamics. The properties of permissibility, correctness, and appropriateness were somehow interconnected in Hertz's discussion of the three images of mechanics. Still, he insisted that in a scientific representation of an image one, should distinguish clearly between them. Immanuel Kant had argued that in addition to a-priori intuitions of time and space, a rational mathematical science of nature requires a basic purely philosophical analysis of the concept of matter. This ‘metaphysics of corporeal nature’ should not be based on any particular experience but only on the empirical notion of matter as a concept of nature pertaining to the pure intuitions of time and space. When combined with the empirical laws of nature it would lead to the science of physics.Less
This chapter examines some unmistakably Kantian features of Heinrich Hertz's Principles of Mechanics and argues that Hertz initially took over a widespread Kantian distinction between an a-priori kinematics and an empirical dynamics. The properties of permissibility, correctness, and appropriateness were somehow interconnected in Hertz's discussion of the three images of mechanics. Still, he insisted that in a scientific representation of an image one, should distinguish clearly between them. Immanuel Kant had argued that in addition to a-priori intuitions of time and space, a rational mathematical science of nature requires a basic purely philosophical analysis of the concept of matter. This ‘metaphysics of corporeal nature’ should not be based on any particular experience but only on the empirical notion of matter as a concept of nature pertaining to the pure intuitions of time and space. When combined with the empirical laws of nature it would lead to the science of physics.
JESPER LÜTZEN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567370
- eISBN:
- 9780191717925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567370.003.0014
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
Mechanics is not only about geometric displacements, but also about concepts of kinematics involving time, such as velocity, momentum, and acceleration. In order to deal with such quantities, ...
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Mechanics is not only about geometric displacements, but also about concepts of kinematics involving time, such as velocity, momentum, and acceleration. In order to deal with such quantities, Heinrich Hertz introduced the general concept of a vector quantity with respect to a mechanical system, as well as the covariant components of a vector to use the modern language of tensor analysis. Hertz's geometric interpretation of the generalised momenta reveals the real strength and intuitive appeal of his geometry of systems of points. This chapter argues that Hertz's introduction of the reduced components of a displacement was partly or entirely a result of the role his geometry of systems of points was intended to play in the presentation of mechanics, in particular, in connection with the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms. Before turning to the origin of Hertz's concept of vector quantities and their components, the chapter summarises how their definitions and most important properties appear in his book Principles of Mechanics. The interaction between physical content and mathematical form is also discussed.Less
Mechanics is not only about geometric displacements, but also about concepts of kinematics involving time, such as velocity, momentum, and acceleration. In order to deal with such quantities, Heinrich Hertz introduced the general concept of a vector quantity with respect to a mechanical system, as well as the covariant components of a vector to use the modern language of tensor analysis. Hertz's geometric interpretation of the generalised momenta reveals the real strength and intuitive appeal of his geometry of systems of points. This chapter argues that Hertz's introduction of the reduced components of a displacement was partly or entirely a result of the role his geometry of systems of points was intended to play in the presentation of mechanics, in particular, in connection with the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms. Before turning to the origin of Hertz's concept of vector quantities and their components, the chapter summarises how their definitions and most important properties appear in his book Principles of Mechanics. The interaction between physical content and mathematical form is also discussed.
J. N. REDDY
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525295
- eISBN:
- 9780191711671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525295.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
Simple two-dimensional plate and shell theories can be developed to study the deformation and stresses in plate structures undergoing small strains, small to moderate rotations, and large ...
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Simple two-dimensional plate and shell theories can be developed to study the deformation and stresses in plate structures undergoing small strains, small to moderate rotations, and large displacements. In this chapter, governing equations of the classical and first-order theories of elastic plates and shells with the von Kármán strains are derived, and their displacement finite element models are developed. The principle of virtual displacements is used to derive the weak forms, and the displacement finite element models are developed using the weak forms. The classical plate theory is discussed along with the assumptions of the underlying kinematics, variational formulation of the classical plate theory, equilibrium equations, boundary conditions, and computer implementation of the process.Less
Simple two-dimensional plate and shell theories can be developed to study the deformation and stresses in plate structures undergoing small strains, small to moderate rotations, and large displacements. In this chapter, governing equations of the classical and first-order theories of elastic plates and shells with the von Kármán strains are derived, and their displacement finite element models are developed. The principle of virtual displacements is used to derive the weak forms, and the displacement finite element models are developed using the weak forms. The classical plate theory is discussed along with the assumptions of the underlying kinematics, variational formulation of the classical plate theory, equilibrium equations, boundary conditions, and computer implementation of the process.
Robin Devenish and Amanda Cooper-Sarkar
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198506713
- eISBN:
- 9780191709562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506713.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter begins by covering: kinematics for fixed target and HERA collider experiments; essential features of DIS experiments and detectors; and how DIS events are selected and the raw data ...
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This chapter begins by covering: kinematics for fixed target and HERA collider experiments; essential features of DIS experiments and detectors; and how DIS events are selected and the raw data corrected to give cross-sections. It then summarizes nucleon structure function data from the classic DIS experiments, including some early HERA data. The next topics covered are measurement of the longitudinal structure function and the contribution of heavy flavours (particularly charm) to the proton structure function. The chapter ends with a brief account of structure function data — viewed as virtual-photon proton cross-sections — in the ‘transition region’ between photoproduction and deep inelastic scattering.Less
This chapter begins by covering: kinematics for fixed target and HERA collider experiments; essential features of DIS experiments and detectors; and how DIS events are selected and the raw data corrected to give cross-sections. It then summarizes nucleon structure function data from the classic DIS experiments, including some early HERA data. The next topics covered are measurement of the longitudinal structure function and the contribution of heavy flavours (particularly charm) to the proton structure function. The chapter ends with a brief account of structure function data — viewed as virtual-photon proton cross-sections — in the ‘transition region’ between photoproduction and deep inelastic scattering.
Brian Skyrms
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199652808
- eISBN:
- 9780191745829
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199652808.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The first objective of the essay was to separate issues that were sometimes confused, to clarify the subject, and to delineate those kinds of higher-order probabilities that should really be ...
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The first objective of the essay was to separate issues that were sometimes confused, to clarify the subject, and to delineate those kinds of higher-order probabilities that should really be non-controversial. The second objective was to present a way in which Richard Jeffrey’s probability kinematics could be derived by conditioning in a framework of higher order probabilities.Less
The first objective of the essay was to separate issues that were sometimes confused, to clarify the subject, and to delineate those kinds of higher-order probabilities that should really be non-controversial. The second objective was to present a way in which Richard Jeffrey’s probability kinematics could be derived by conditioning in a framework of higher order probabilities.
Brian Skyrms
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199652808
- eISBN:
- 9780191745829
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199652808.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This shows how to give a Dutch Book theorem for Richard Jeffrey’s belief change by probability kinematics within the appropriate epistemic model
This shows how to give a Dutch Book theorem for Richard Jeffrey’s belief change by probability kinematics within the appropriate epistemic model
Oliver Johns
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567264
- eISBN:
- 9780191717987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567264.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter deals with techniques needed to define the location and orientation of a moving rigid body. Rigid bodies are characterised and the center of mass of a rigid body is discussed along with ...
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This chapter deals with techniques needed to define the location and orientation of a moving rigid body. Rigid bodies are characterised and the center of mass of a rigid body is discussed along with rotation operators, rotation matrices, some properties of rotation operators, proper and improper rotation operators, rotation group, kinematics of a rigid body, differentiation of a rotation operator, angular velocity vector, velocities of the masses of a rigid body, Savio’s theorem, infinitesimal rotation, addition of angular velocities, fundamental generators of rotations, rotation with a fixed axis, expansion of fixed-axis rotation, eigenvectors of the fixed-axis rotation operator, Euler theorem, rotation of operators, rotation of the fundamental generators, rotation of a fixed-axis rotation, parameterisation of rotation operators, differentiation of parameterised operator, Euler angles, fixed-axis rotation from Euler angles, time derivative of a product, angular velocity from Euler angles, active and passive rotations, passive transformation of vector components, passive transformation of matrix elements, body derivative, passive rotations and rigid bodies, and passive use of Euler angles.Less
This chapter deals with techniques needed to define the location and orientation of a moving rigid body. Rigid bodies are characterised and the center of mass of a rigid body is discussed along with rotation operators, rotation matrices, some properties of rotation operators, proper and improper rotation operators, rotation group, kinematics of a rigid body, differentiation of a rotation operator, angular velocity vector, velocities of the masses of a rigid body, Savio’s theorem, infinitesimal rotation, addition of angular velocities, fundamental generators of rotations, rotation with a fixed axis, expansion of fixed-axis rotation, eigenvectors of the fixed-axis rotation operator, Euler theorem, rotation of operators, rotation of the fundamental generators, rotation of a fixed-axis rotation, parameterisation of rotation operators, differentiation of parameterised operator, Euler angles, fixed-axis rotation from Euler angles, time derivative of a product, angular velocity from Euler angles, active and passive rotations, passive transformation of vector components, passive transformation of matrix elements, body derivative, passive rotations and rigid bodies, and passive use of Euler angles.
Robrecht P. R. D. van der Wel, Natalie Sebanz, and Günther Knoblich
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195393705
- eISBN:
- 9780199979271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393705.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter provides an overview of the evidence suggesting that action perception depends upon the interplay of perceptual and motor processes and discusses the implications of such ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the evidence suggesting that action perception depends upon the interplay of perceptual and motor processes and discusses the implications of such perception–action coupling. The existence of the mirror neuron system, the impact of motor expertise on action perception, and the influence of motor constraints on action perception are discussed as support for the common coding hypothesis. The coupling of the perception and action systems also allows observers to accurately predict the actions of others and to differentiate self-generated from other-generated actions.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the evidence suggesting that action perception depends upon the interplay of perceptual and motor processes and discusses the implications of such perception–action coupling. The existence of the mirror neuron system, the impact of motor expertise on action perception, and the influence of motor constraints on action perception are discussed as support for the common coding hypothesis. The coupling of the perception and action systems also allows observers to accurately predict the actions of others and to differentiate self-generated from other-generated actions.
John A. Pyles and Emily D. Grossman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195393705
- eISBN:
- 9780199979271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393705.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews neuroimaging evidence that reveals several unique brain states associated with the recognition of agents engaged in biological motion. A key brain area, the human superior ...
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This chapter reviews neuroimaging evidence that reveals several unique brain states associated with the recognition of agents engaged in biological motion. A key brain area, the human superior temporal sulcus (STS), is most strongly driven by dynamic, articulating human bodies. The STS also supports the perception of animacy, social interactions, and multimodal cues to human actions.Less
This chapter reviews neuroimaging evidence that reveals several unique brain states associated with the recognition of agents engaged in biological motion. A key brain area, the human superior temporal sulcus (STS), is most strongly driven by dynamic, articulating human bodies. The STS also supports the perception of animacy, social interactions, and multimodal cues to human actions.
