Gary Alan Fine and Bill Ellis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199736317
- eISBN:
- 9780199866458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736317.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Rumors about the theft of human body parts have enormous symbolic potency. Residents of third‐world countries realize that industrial nations exploit their resources and labor. In a world where human ...
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Rumors about the theft of human body parts have enormous symbolic potency. Residents of third‐world countries realize that industrial nations exploit their resources and labor. In a world where human tissue also has monetary value, a black market in organs for transplant is plausible, and the kidnapping of babies and children for their organs is a genuine fear. Rumors about the kidney thefts have circulated in Western countries, but the third‐world analogs are distinctive, focusing on agents of the wealthy who travel in distinctive vehicles. These stories express genuine rage over the futures of children taken away for adoption by agents of the rich or left vulnerable by government indifference. Such rhetorical “weapons of the weak” can effectively protest against dominant political structures, but they also lead to mob action that can kill or seriously injure innocent tourists from industrial nations.Less
Rumors about the theft of human body parts have enormous symbolic potency. Residents of third‐world countries realize that industrial nations exploit their resources and labor. In a world where human tissue also has monetary value, a black market in organs for transplant is plausible, and the kidnapping of babies and children for their organs is a genuine fear. Rumors about the kidney thefts have circulated in Western countries, but the third‐world analogs are distinctive, focusing on agents of the wealthy who travel in distinctive vehicles. These stories express genuine rage over the futures of children taken away for adoption by agents of the rich or left vulnerable by government indifference. Such rhetorical “weapons of the weak” can effectively protest against dominant political structures, but they also lead to mob action that can kill or seriously injure innocent tourists from industrial nations.
Ken Farrington and E Joanna Chambers
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199560035
- eISBN:
- 9780191730139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560035.003.0017
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter discusses end-of-life issues as they relate to patients with advanced kidney failure. It focuses mainly on those patients whose kidney failure is being treated by dialysis or by ...
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This chapter discusses end-of-life issues as they relate to patients with advanced kidney failure. It focuses mainly on those patients whose kidney failure is being treated by dialysis or by conservative means. The chapter also provides the characteristics of the advanced renal failure population, how to diagnose impending death, and providing care in the last days of a patient's life.Less
This chapter discusses end-of-life issues as they relate to patients with advanced kidney failure. It focuses mainly on those patients whose kidney failure is being treated by dialysis or by conservative means. The chapter also provides the characteristics of the advanced renal failure population, how to diagnose impending death, and providing care in the last days of a patient's life.
Marie-Andrée Jacob
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199580910
- eISBN:
- 9780191723025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580910.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
This chapter examines the kidney swap or kidney paired donation, which is both a method shaped by the medical professions and computer technologies, and a practice shared by patients. It occurs when ...
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This chapter examines the kidney swap or kidney paired donation, which is both a method shaped by the medical professions and computer technologies, and a practice shared by patients. It occurs when a pair of relatives (one potential recipient and one want-to-be-donor) who are not compatible by blood, are ‘matched’ with another pair who are also not compatible together. It begins by presenting some ethnographic and secondary data about the practices, functions, and epistemologies of the organ swap. It argues that these make visible both anthropological concepts and legal doctrine. The chapter examines in detail how the swap both confuses established categories on the one hand, and makes their terms explicit on the other. It mobilizes both the contract law theory of consideration and ethnographic observations in order to refine the legal and anthropological study of swaps, the current fascination they bring about in the medical milieu, and the proliferation of their underlying logic. It aims to show how old legal objects drawn from doctrine can be used doubly: they can remain intriguing artefacts for anthropological analysis, and they can bring fresh theoretical perspective to the anthropological examination of an artefact. The chapter finally asks what this means for future legal—anthropological inquiries in swap and barter.Less
This chapter examines the kidney swap or kidney paired donation, which is both a method shaped by the medical professions and computer technologies, and a practice shared by patients. It occurs when a pair of relatives (one potential recipient and one want-to-be-donor) who are not compatible by blood, are ‘matched’ with another pair who are also not compatible together. It begins by presenting some ethnographic and secondary data about the practices, functions, and epistemologies of the organ swap. It argues that these make visible both anthropological concepts and legal doctrine. The chapter examines in detail how the swap both confuses established categories on the one hand, and makes their terms explicit on the other. It mobilizes both the contract law theory of consideration and ethnographic observations in order to refine the legal and anthropological study of swaps, the current fascination they bring about in the medical milieu, and the proliferation of their underlying logic. It aims to show how old legal objects drawn from doctrine can be used doubly: they can remain intriguing artefacts for anthropological analysis, and they can bring fresh theoretical perspective to the anthropological examination of an artefact. The chapter finally asks what this means for future legal—anthropological inquiries in swap and barter.
Timothy J. Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198569961
- eISBN:
- 9780191728273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569961.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Terrestrial animals face extremely large gradients for the activity of water between their bodily fluids and the dry atmosphere that surrounds them. The capacity of air to hold water vapour varies ...
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Terrestrial animals face extremely large gradients for the activity of water between their bodily fluids and the dry atmosphere that surrounds them. The capacity of air to hold water vapour varies substantially with temperature. As a result, warm dry air produces the largest gradients for the activity of water faced by any animals. For many terrestrial animals, resistance to dry air requires mechanisms for making the integument more impermeable to water. In most vertebrates, this involves keratinized skin, while in insects and some frogs, waxes are used to make the integument less permeable to water. Adaptation to a terrestrial environment also requires the capacity to produce hyperosmotic urine. The specialized organs for producing concentrated urine are described for both vertebrates and insects, the two phylogenetic groups that have been most successful in the colonizing terrestrial niches. Some arthropods have the capacity to take up water vapour from subsaturated air.Less
Terrestrial animals face extremely large gradients for the activity of water between their bodily fluids and the dry atmosphere that surrounds them. The capacity of air to hold water vapour varies substantially with temperature. As a result, warm dry air produces the largest gradients for the activity of water faced by any animals. For many terrestrial animals, resistance to dry air requires mechanisms for making the integument more impermeable to water. In most vertebrates, this involves keratinized skin, while in insects and some frogs, waxes are used to make the integument less permeable to water. Adaptation to a terrestrial environment also requires the capacity to produce hyperosmotic urine. The specialized organs for producing concentrated urine are described for both vertebrates and insects, the two phylogenetic groups that have been most successful in the colonizing terrestrial niches. Some arthropods have the capacity to take up water vapour from subsaturated air.
Debra Satz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195311594
- eISBN:
- 9780199870714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311594.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines the values at stake in the debate about organ markets drawing on the framework developed in chapter 4. But the chapter also raises a distinct consideration that is relevant to ...
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This chapter examines the values at stake in the debate about organ markets drawing on the framework developed in chapter 4. But the chapter also raises a distinct consideration that is relevant to these markets: the link between markets and motives. Unlike the cases of child labor, bonded labor, sex, and surrogacy, we have an interest in motivating people to act in ways that increase supply.Less
This chapter examines the values at stake in the debate about organ markets drawing on the framework developed in chapter 4. But the chapter also raises a distinct consideration that is relevant to these markets: the link between markets and motives. Unlike the cases of child labor, bonded labor, sex, and surrogacy, we have an interest in motivating people to act in ways that increase supply.
Meda E. Pavkov, Nilka R. Burrows, William C. Knowler, Robert L. Hanson, and Robert G. Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes the frequency, course, and risk factors for diabetic kidney disease (CKD). It reviews current management strategies and discusses the impact of management on the progression of ...
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This chapter describes the frequency, course, and risk factors for diabetic kidney disease (CKD). It reviews current management strategies and discusses the impact of management on the progression of kidney disease. It concludes with a description of public health programs under development at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to address diabetes and CKD.Less
This chapter describes the frequency, course, and risk factors for diabetic kidney disease (CKD). It reviews current management strategies and discusses the impact of management on the progression of kidney disease. It concludes with a description of public health programs under development at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to address diabetes and CKD.
Janet Radcliffe Richards
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335149
- eISBN:
- 9780199866335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335149.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter examines the bearing of financial inducements on consent, focusing on the issue of selling kidneys for transplantation. How can it be considered unethical to sell kidneys if it is ...
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This chapter examines the bearing of financial inducements on consent, focusing on the issue of selling kidneys for transplantation. How can it be considered unethical to sell kidneys if it is ethical to donate them? It is argued that concerns about the validity of consent to sell kidneys cannot withstand critical scrutiny.Less
This chapter examines the bearing of financial inducements on consent, focusing on the issue of selling kidneys for transplantation. How can it be considered unethical to sell kidneys if it is ethical to donate them? It is argued that concerns about the validity of consent to sell kidneys cannot withstand critical scrutiny.
Martha Gershun and John D., MD Lantos
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501755439
- eISBN:
- 9781501755453
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501755439.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This book tells the story of the author's decision to donate a kidney to a stranger. The book takes readers through the complex process by which such donors are vetted to ensure that they are ...
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This book tells the story of the author's decision to donate a kidney to a stranger. The book takes readers through the complex process by which such donors are vetted to ensure that they are physically and psychologically fit to take the risk of a major operation. The story is also placed in the larger context of the history of kidney transplantation and the ethical controversies that surround living donors. The book helps readers understand the discoveries that made transplantation relatively safe and effective as well as the legal, ethical, and economic policies that make it feasible. The book explores the steps involved in recovering and allocating organs. It analyzes the differences that arise depending on whether the organ comes from a living donor or one who has died. It observes the expertise — and the shortcomings — of doctors, nurses, and other professionals and describes the burdens that we place on people who are willing to donate. It asks us to consider just how far society should go in using one person's healthy body parts in order to save another person. The book provides an account of organ donation that is both personal and analytical. A combination of perspectives leads to a profound and compelling exploration of a largely opaque practice. The book pulls back the curtain to offer readers a more transparent view of the fascinating world of organ donation.Less
This book tells the story of the author's decision to donate a kidney to a stranger. The book takes readers through the complex process by which such donors are vetted to ensure that they are physically and psychologically fit to take the risk of a major operation. The story is also placed in the larger context of the history of kidney transplantation and the ethical controversies that surround living donors. The book helps readers understand the discoveries that made transplantation relatively safe and effective as well as the legal, ethical, and economic policies that make it feasible. The book explores the steps involved in recovering and allocating organs. It analyzes the differences that arise depending on whether the organ comes from a living donor or one who has died. It observes the expertise — and the shortcomings — of doctors, nurses, and other professionals and describes the burdens that we place on people who are willing to donate. It asks us to consider just how far society should go in using one person's healthy body parts in order to save another person. The book provides an account of organ donation that is both personal and analytical. A combination of perspectives leads to a profound and compelling exploration of a largely opaque practice. The book pulls back the curtain to offer readers a more transparent view of the fascinating world of organ donation.
Franco Mantero and Nora Albiger
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198529415
- eISBN:
- 9780191730344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529415.003.0024
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter presents a case for a patient with an overactive adrenal gland. The adrenal gland can be the site of hormonally active or inactive lesions, benign or malignant tumors, metastases, and ...
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This chapter presents a case for a patient with an overactive adrenal gland. The adrenal gland can be the site of hormonally active or inactive lesions, benign or malignant tumors, metastases, and infections. The prognosis in patients having an adrenal abnormality depends not only on the benign or malignant character of the lesion but also on its hormonal activity. For example, patients with primary aldosteronism can suffer from resistant hypertension with its chronic complications, patients with phaeochromocytoma can present in a hypertensive crisis that can be fatal and patients with Cushing's syndrome have high risks of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and osteoporosis. These situations can often be prevented or reversed by an accurate assessment including careful evaluation of clinical, biochemical, and morphological features. Matching the optimal therapy with the cause can usually often produce a definitive solution.Less
This chapter presents a case for a patient with an overactive adrenal gland. The adrenal gland can be the site of hormonally active or inactive lesions, benign or malignant tumors, metastases, and infections. The prognosis in patients having an adrenal abnormality depends not only on the benign or malignant character of the lesion but also on its hormonal activity. For example, patients with primary aldosteronism can suffer from resistant hypertension with its chronic complications, patients with phaeochromocytoma can present in a hypertensive crisis that can be fatal and patients with Cushing's syndrome have high risks of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and osteoporosis. These situations can often be prevented or reversed by an accurate assessment including careful evaluation of clinical, biochemical, and morphological features. Matching the optimal therapy with the cause can usually often produce a definitive solution.
Hans-Göran Tiselius
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198529415
- eISBN:
- 9780191730344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529415.003.0025
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Patients with frequently recurring urinary stones have benefited over the last few decades from the many technological advances that have been made to facilitate the acute management of a symptomatic ...
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Patients with frequently recurring urinary stones have benefited over the last few decades from the many technological advances that have been made to facilitate the acute management of a symptomatic stone in a safe and minimally invasive manner. However, this does not exempt the health-care professionals from seeking out potential causes for the stone formation and developing a strategy to help reduce the risk of reoccurrence. Information regarding stone composition and predisposing diseases, work environments, medication, or anatomical abnormalities as well the results of blood tests, fluid, and dietary records and twenty-four-hour urinary risk factor excretions are pivotal. It is important to have strong support from the laboratory and X-ray department plus a knowledgeable and interested nutritionist. If a well-developed increased fluid intake and dietary modification plan does not work, or cannot be adhered to, pharmacological treatment should be instituted and targeted toward correcting abnormal urinary variables.Less
Patients with frequently recurring urinary stones have benefited over the last few decades from the many technological advances that have been made to facilitate the acute management of a symptomatic stone in a safe and minimally invasive manner. However, this does not exempt the health-care professionals from seeking out potential causes for the stone formation and developing a strategy to help reduce the risk of reoccurrence. Information regarding stone composition and predisposing diseases, work environments, medication, or anatomical abnormalities as well the results of blood tests, fluid, and dietary records and twenty-four-hour urinary risk factor excretions are pivotal. It is important to have strong support from the laboratory and X-ray department plus a knowledgeable and interested nutritionist. If a well-developed increased fluid intake and dietary modification plan does not work, or cannot be adhered to, pharmacological treatment should be instituted and targeted toward correcting abnormal urinary variables.
Fredric O Finkelstein and Susan H Finkelstein
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199560035
- eISBN:
- 9780191730139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560035.003.0007
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Based on the definition provided by the World Health Organization, quality of life is an individual's perception of their position in life placed in the context of the culture and value systems in ...
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Based on the definition provided by the World Health Organization, quality of life is an individual's perception of their position in life placed in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, standards, concerns, and expectations. This chapter discusses the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which has slowly been attracting interest over the years. The discussion views the four overlapping concepts of HRQOL in the context of a person's emotional, cultural, and social environment.Less
Based on the definition provided by the World Health Organization, quality of life is an individual's perception of their position in life placed in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, standards, concerns, and expectations. This chapter discusses the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of a patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which has slowly been attracting interest over the years. The discussion views the four overlapping concepts of HRQOL in the context of a person's emotional, cultural, and social environment.
Stanley S. Hillman, Philip C. Withers, Robert C. Drewes, and Stanley D. Hillyard
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198570325
- eISBN:
- 9780191728259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570325.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter delineates the specialized physiological characteristics of amphibians, including anatomy and physiology of physiological processes of amphibians that have served as unique and powerful ...
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This chapter delineates the specialized physiological characteristics of amphibians, including anatomy and physiology of physiological processes of amphibians that have served as unique and powerful model systems for other vertebrates. It first describes how the skin and urinary bladder have been models for water and solute transport, in both water and air, followed by an analysis of the physiological mechanisms involved in the remarkable capacity of amphibians to withstand dehydration. The biology and physiology of thermoregulation is then explored, followed by an analysis of the range and limitations of temperature to activity metabolism, both aerobic and anaerobic. The diverse range of nitrogen excretory products of amphibians, along with their varied kidney physiology, is then described. Finally, the benefits of developmental plasticity are explored as a model.Less
This chapter delineates the specialized physiological characteristics of amphibians, including anatomy and physiology of physiological processes of amphibians that have served as unique and powerful model systems for other vertebrates. It first describes how the skin and urinary bladder have been models for water and solute transport, in both water and air, followed by an analysis of the physiological mechanisms involved in the remarkable capacity of amphibians to withstand dehydration. The biology and physiology of thermoregulation is then explored, followed by an analysis of the range and limitations of temperature to activity metabolism, both aerobic and anaerobic. The diverse range of nitrogen excretory products of amphibians, along with their varied kidney physiology, is then described. Finally, the benefits of developmental plasticity are explored as a model.
Daniel Cukor, Eileen M Farrell, Lewis M Cohen, and Paul L Kimmel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199560035
- eISBN:
- 9780191730139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560035.003.0010
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter discusses the major psychological reactions to a chronic condition such as ESRD. It suggests an approach that would help provide optimum holistic patient care and provides a summary of ...
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This chapter discusses the major psychological reactions to a chronic condition such as ESRD. It suggests an approach that would help provide optimum holistic patient care and provides a summary of treatment issues in the management of common co-morbid psychiatric disorders in patients with kidney disease. The chapter begins with a detailed case report before mentioning a number of co-morbid mental health issues and some patients' fears of sexual dysfunction.Less
This chapter discusses the major psychological reactions to a chronic condition such as ESRD. It suggests an approach that would help provide optimum holistic patient care and provides a summary of treatment issues in the management of common co-morbid psychiatric disorders in patients with kidney disease. The chapter begins with a detailed case report before mentioning a number of co-morbid mental health issues and some patients' fears of sexual dysfunction.
Fliss Murtagh and Neil Sheerin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199560035
- eISBN:
- 9780191730139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560035.003.0015
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
It is known that kidney failure always leads to death. Patients with renal disease can use dialysis treatment, which helps sustain the life of these patients. This chapter discusses the patients who ...
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It is known that kidney failure always leads to death. Patients with renal disease can use dialysis treatment, which helps sustain the life of these patients. This chapter discusses the patients who opt not to have dialysis due to either preference or necessity, and instead are managed conservatively.Less
It is known that kidney failure always leads to death. Patients with renal disease can use dialysis treatment, which helps sustain the life of these patients. This chapter discusses the patients who opt not to have dialysis due to either preference or necessity, and instead are managed conservatively.
Lainie Friedman and J. Richard Thistlethwaite, Jr
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- December 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197618202
- eISBN:
- 9780197618233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197618202.003.0012
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Medical Ethics
The original living kidney paired exchanges (KPE) involved two donors who were ABO- or crossmatch incompatible with their intended recipients but were compatible with the other’s recipient such that ...
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The original living kidney paired exchanges (KPE) involved two donors who were ABO- or crossmatch incompatible with their intended recipients but were compatible with the other’s recipient such that they could “swap” kidneys. This chapter examines the ethical issues raised by two novel expansions of KPE: bi-organ (also known as trans-organ) exchange involving a living liver donor (donor-L)-kidney recipient (recipient-K) and a living kidney donor (donor-K)-liver recipient (recipient-L), and global kidney exchange (GKE) between a living kidney donor-recipient pair from a low to middle income country and living kidney donor-recipient pair(s) from a high income country. Although this chapter describes a case report of an ethical bi-organ exchange, bi-organ exchanges and GKE are usually unjust because they challenge the fair selection of donors. Bi-organ exchanges and GKE also raise significant deferential and infrastructural vulnerability challenges that threaten the donor’s ability (autonomy) to provide a voluntary and informed consent.Less
The original living kidney paired exchanges (KPE) involved two donors who were ABO- or crossmatch incompatible with their intended recipients but were compatible with the other’s recipient such that they could “swap” kidneys. This chapter examines the ethical issues raised by two novel expansions of KPE: bi-organ (also known as trans-organ) exchange involving a living liver donor (donor-L)-kidney recipient (recipient-K) and a living kidney donor (donor-K)-liver recipient (recipient-L), and global kidney exchange (GKE) between a living kidney donor-recipient pair from a low to middle income country and living kidney donor-recipient pair(s) from a high income country. Although this chapter describes a case report of an ethical bi-organ exchange, bi-organ exchanges and GKE are usually unjust because they challenge the fair selection of donors. Bi-organ exchanges and GKE also raise significant deferential and infrastructural vulnerability challenges that threaten the donor’s ability (autonomy) to provide a voluntary and informed consent.
Anne Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691150864
- eISBN:
- 9781400846368
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691150864.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter moves on to markets in body tissues and parts, focusing on the trade in live kidneys. Given the risks to vendors, and the significant number of patients dying each year while waiting for ...
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This chapter moves on to markets in body tissues and parts, focusing on the trade in live kidneys. Given the risks to vendors, and the significant number of patients dying each year while waiting for a transplant, why not make the transactions more open? Why not allow people to sell nonvital parts of their body while they are still alive? If we allow them to donate, we presumably do not consider the health risks prohibitive. Why not also allow them to sell? It is argued that the kidney trade relies on and undermines our status as equals. The chapter also returns to claims about property as protection, restating and developing reservations about those who favor more body property as a means to resist excessive marketization.Less
This chapter moves on to markets in body tissues and parts, focusing on the trade in live kidneys. Given the risks to vendors, and the significant number of patients dying each year while waiting for a transplant, why not make the transactions more open? Why not allow people to sell nonvital parts of their body while they are still alive? If we allow them to donate, we presumably do not consider the health risks prohibitive. Why not also allow them to sell? It is argued that the kidney trade relies on and undermines our status as equals. The chapter also returns to claims about property as protection, restating and developing reservations about those who favor more body property as a means to resist excessive marketization.
Tayfun SÖnmez and Utku M. Ünver
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199570515
- eISBN:
- 9780191765957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570515.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter begins by summarizing the mechanics governing kidney donations. There are two sources of donation: deceased donors and living donors. It then analyzes the kidney exchange problem as a ...
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This chapter begins by summarizing the mechanics governing kidney donations. There are two sources of donation: deceased donors and living donors. It then analyzes the kidney exchange problem as a dynamic problem in which patients arrive over time under a stochastic distribution. It proposes efficient mechanisms that maximize the total discounted number of patients matched under different institutional restrictions. It also discusses computational issues involved in solving the optimization problems with the mechanism design approach. Finally, the chapter considers other paradigms in kidney exchange, such as list exchange, altruistic donor exchange, and altruistic donor chains, and how these are incorporated in the market design paradigm.Less
This chapter begins by summarizing the mechanics governing kidney donations. There are two sources of donation: deceased donors and living donors. It then analyzes the kidney exchange problem as a dynamic problem in which patients arrive over time under a stochastic distribution. It proposes efficient mechanisms that maximize the total discounted number of patients matched under different institutional restrictions. It also discusses computational issues involved in solving the optimization problems with the mechanism design approach. Finally, the chapter considers other paradigms in kidney exchange, such as list exchange, altruistic donor exchange, and altruistic donor chains, and how these are incorporated in the market design paradigm.
JOSEPH K. MCLAUGHLIN, LOREN LIPWORTH, ROBERT E. TARONE, and WILLIAM J. BLOT
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149616
- eISBN:
- 9780199865062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0057
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Malignant tumors of the kidney account for about 2% of all new cancer cases in the United States and worldwide, with 38,890 cases and 12,840 deaths estimated for 2006 in the United States. This ...
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Malignant tumors of the kidney account for about 2% of all new cancer cases in the United States and worldwide, with 38,890 cases and 12,840 deaths estimated for 2006 in the United States. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of renal cancer. Demographic patterns and risk factors are discussed.Less
Malignant tumors of the kidney account for about 2% of all new cancer cases in the United States and worldwide, with 38,890 cases and 12,840 deaths estimated for 2006 in the United States. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of renal cancer. Demographic patterns and risk factors are discussed.
Kenneth Douglas
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- June 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190943547
- eISBN:
- 9780197558164
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190943547.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biotechnology
Abstract: This book describes how bioprinting emerged from 3D printing and details the accomplishments and challenges in bioprinting tissues of cartilage, skin, bone, muscle, neuromuscular junctions, ...
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Abstract: This book describes how bioprinting emerged from 3D printing and details the accomplishments and challenges in bioprinting tissues of cartilage, skin, bone, muscle, neuromuscular junctions, liver, heart, lung, and kidney. It explains how scientists are attempting to provide these bioprinted tissues with a blood supply and the ability to carry nerve signals so that the tissues might be used for transplantation into persons with diseased or damaged organs. The book presents all the common terms in the bioprinting field and clarifies their meaning using plain language. Readers will learn about bioink—a bioprinting material containing living cells and supportive biomaterials. In addition, readers will become at ease with concepts such as fugitive inks (sacrificial inks used to make channels for blood flow), extracellular matrices (the biological environment surrounding cells), decellularization (the process of isolating cells from their native environment), hydrogels (water-based substances that can substitute for the extracellular matrix), rheology (the flow properties of a bioink), and bioreactors (containers to provide the environment cells need to thrive and multiply). Further vocabulary that will become familiar includes diffusion (passive movement of oxygen and nutrients from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration), stem cells (cells with the potential to develop into different bodily cell types), progenitor cells (early descendants of stem cells), gene expression (the process by which proteins develop from instructions in our DNA), and growth factors (substances—often proteins—that stimulate cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation). The book contains an extensive glossary for quick reference.Less
Abstract: This book describes how bioprinting emerged from 3D printing and details the accomplishments and challenges in bioprinting tissues of cartilage, skin, bone, muscle, neuromuscular junctions, liver, heart, lung, and kidney. It explains how scientists are attempting to provide these bioprinted tissues with a blood supply and the ability to carry nerve signals so that the tissues might be used for transplantation into persons with diseased or damaged organs. The book presents all the common terms in the bioprinting field and clarifies their meaning using plain language. Readers will learn about bioink—a bioprinting material containing living cells and supportive biomaterials. In addition, readers will become at ease with concepts such as fugitive inks (sacrificial inks used to make channels for blood flow), extracellular matrices (the biological environment surrounding cells), decellularization (the process of isolating cells from their native environment), hydrogels (water-based substances that can substitute for the extracellular matrix), rheology (the flow properties of a bioink), and bioreactors (containers to provide the environment cells need to thrive and multiply). Further vocabulary that will become familiar includes diffusion (passive movement of oxygen and nutrients from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration), stem cells (cells with the potential to develop into different bodily cell types), progenitor cells (early descendants of stem cells), gene expression (the process by which proteins develop from instructions in our DNA), and growth factors (substances—often proteins—that stimulate cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation). The book contains an extensive glossary for quick reference.
Virginia M. Weaver, Bernard G. Jaar, and Jeffrey J. Fadrowski
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190662677
- eISBN:
- 9780190662707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0031
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter describes kidney disorders related to occupational and environmental exposures and addresses prevention and control. Sections address assessment of kidney function, acute kidney injury, ...
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This chapter describes kidney disorders related to occupational and environmental exposures and addresses prevention and control. Sections address assessment of kidney function, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney disease from acute, high-level exposures as well as lower level exposures in combination with other CKD risk factors are considered. Established nephrotoxicants, including aristolochic acid, arsenic, cadmium, lead, melamine, mercury, silica, and solvents, are discussed. The limited data available on other agents, such as perfluorooctanoic acid and fine particulate matter, are also presented. The potential for kidney function to impact biomarker levels is considered. A final section addresses a current epidemic of CKD of unknown etiology in agricultural workers in specific countries.Less
This chapter describes kidney disorders related to occupational and environmental exposures and addresses prevention and control. Sections address assessment of kidney function, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Kidney disease from acute, high-level exposures as well as lower level exposures in combination with other CKD risk factors are considered. Established nephrotoxicants, including aristolochic acid, arsenic, cadmium, lead, melamine, mercury, silica, and solvents, are discussed. The limited data available on other agents, such as perfluorooctanoic acid and fine particulate matter, are also presented. The potential for kidney function to impact biomarker levels is considered. A final section addresses a current epidemic of CKD of unknown etiology in agricultural workers in specific countries.
