Rolf Loeber, David P. Farrington, James C. Howell, and Machteld Hoeve
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Section I of this chapter summarizes the most important points of Chapters 2 to 5 and relevant portions of Chapter 10 (which concerns European issues) by addressing key findings that are relevant for ...
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Section I of this chapter summarizes the most important points of Chapters 2 to 5 and relevant portions of Chapter 10 (which concerns European issues) by addressing key findings that are relevant for juveniles’ transition of offending from adolescence (up to age 18) into adulthood. Section I focuses on: (1) criminal careers, including criminal careers of special categories of offenders (e.g., drug dealers, homicide offenders); (2) explanations of persistence and desistance across adolescence and early adulthood; (3) vulnerable populations. Section II deals with practical issues and covers Chapters 6 to 9 and relevant portions of Chapter 10. The section focuses on six topics: (1) prediction and risk assessments to ascertain the risk of recidivism during the transition period between adolescence and adulthood; (2) legal boundaries between adolescence and adulthood and whether they need to be changed; (3) responses of the justice systems for juveniles and young adults; (4) preventive and remedial interventions outside of the justice system; (5) gender issues; and (6) ethnicity issues. Finally, Section III of this chapter contains the headline conclusions and recommendations for ways to move forward. Special sentencing and treatment provisions for young adult offenders and immaturity as mitigating factors are discussed.Less
Section I of this chapter summarizes the most important points of Chapters 2 to 5 and relevant portions of Chapter 10 (which concerns European issues) by addressing key findings that are relevant for juveniles’ transition of offending from adolescence (up to age 18) into adulthood. Section I focuses on: (1) criminal careers, including criminal careers of special categories of offenders (e.g., drug dealers, homicide offenders); (2) explanations of persistence and desistance across adolescence and early adulthood; (3) vulnerable populations. Section II deals with practical issues and covers Chapters 6 to 9 and relevant portions of Chapter 10. The section focuses on six topics: (1) prediction and risk assessments to ascertain the risk of recidivism during the transition period between adolescence and adulthood; (2) legal boundaries between adolescence and adulthood and whether they need to be changed; (3) responses of the justice systems for juveniles and young adults; (4) preventive and remedial interventions outside of the justice system; (5) gender issues; and (6) ethnicity issues. Finally, Section III of this chapter contains the headline conclusions and recommendations for ways to move forward. Special sentencing and treatment provisions for young adult offenders and immaturity as mitigating factors are discussed.
Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident ...
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Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident since the late 1960s, when federal authority was divided between health and justice agencies. A 1974 law created a federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to take charge. The law set progressive standards, but the administration of Ronald Reagan tried to kill the agency in the early 1980s and downgraded it after Congress refused to end funding. The Reagan Justice Department did forge an alliance with the MacArthur Foundation to start a long‐term study of juvenile crime's causes. Meanwhile, a steady increase in arrests of juveniles prompted to require that more teen suspects be tried in adult courts, even when studies showed the tactic ineffective in preventing repeat criminality. Congressional Republicans helped enact a large “juvenile accountability” program designed to provide federal aid to programs that got tough on young lawbreakers. Some measures failed on a broad scale, such as ‘boot camps’ aimed at instilling more discipline in delinquents. Despite many promising crime prevention programs, the Congress under Republicans control starting in 1995 generally refused to fund them. Juvenile crime arrests declined sharply since the mid‐1990s, but there was no solid proof of what caused the change, whether government programs, the improved economy, or a lower number of teens in the population.Less
Violent crime is committed disproportionately by young men, but government never has conducted a coherent, aggressive campaign against serious juvenile delinquency. The fragmentation has been evident since the late 1960s, when federal authority was divided between health and justice agencies. A 1974 law created a federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to take charge. The law set progressive standards, but the administration of Ronald Reagan tried to kill the agency in the early 1980s and downgraded it after Congress refused to end funding. The Reagan Justice Department did forge an alliance with the MacArthur Foundation to start a long‐term study of juvenile crime's causes. Meanwhile, a steady increase in arrests of juveniles prompted to require that more teen suspects be tried in adult courts, even when studies showed the tactic ineffective in preventing repeat criminality. Congressional Republicans helped enact a large “juvenile accountability” program designed to provide federal aid to programs that got tough on young lawbreakers. Some measures failed on a broad scale, such as ‘boot camps’ aimed at instilling more discipline in delinquents. Despite many promising crime prevention programs, the Congress under Republicans control starting in 1995 generally refused to fund them. Juvenile crime arrests declined sharply since the mid‐1990s, but there was no solid proof of what caused the change, whether government programs, the improved economy, or a lower number of teens in the population.
Ellen D. Wu
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157825
- eISBN:
- 9781400848874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157825.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines how a a national panic over a perceived escalation in youth criminality surfaced in the early 1940s, which was triggered by the social transformations of wartime. For Chinese in ...
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This chapter examines how a a national panic over a perceived escalation in youth criminality surfaced in the early 1940s, which was triggered by the social transformations of wartime. For Chinese in the United States, the issue of juvenile delinquency became an important means through which to stipulate their race and citizenship imperatives after World War II. Chinatown leaders adopted a bifurcated strategy that reflected the ongoing tension between sameness and difference under racial liberalism. In one direction, community managers argued that juvenile delinquency was as much a problem for the Chinese as for other Americans. They stressed their right to state resources to stamp out youth crime as equal and deserving members of the polity.Less
This chapter examines how a a national panic over a perceived escalation in youth criminality surfaced in the early 1940s, which was triggered by the social transformations of wartime. For Chinese in the United States, the issue of juvenile delinquency became an important means through which to stipulate their race and citizenship imperatives after World War II. Chinatown leaders adopted a bifurcated strategy that reflected the ongoing tension between sameness and difference under racial liberalism. In one direction, community managers argued that juvenile delinquency was as much a problem for the Chinese as for other Americans. They stressed their right to state resources to stamp out youth crime as equal and deserving members of the polity.
David Ambaras
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520245792
- eISBN:
- 9780520932203
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520245792.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
A study of the political, social, and cultural history of juvenile delinquency in modern Japan, this book treats the policing of urban youth as a crucial site for the development of new state ...
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A study of the political, social, and cultural history of juvenile delinquency in modern Japan, this book treats the policing of urban youth as a crucial site for the development of new state structures and new forms of social power. Focusing on the years of rapid industrialization and imperialist expansion (1895 to 1945), it challenges widely held conceptions of a Japan that did not, until recently, experience delinquency and related youth problems. The author reconstructs numerous individual life stories in the worlds of home, school, work, and the streets, and relates the changes that took place during this time of social transformation to the broader processes of capitalist development, nation-state formation, and imperialism.Less
A study of the political, social, and cultural history of juvenile delinquency in modern Japan, this book treats the policing of urban youth as a crucial site for the development of new state structures and new forms of social power. Focusing on the years of rapid industrialization and imperialist expansion (1895 to 1945), it challenges widely held conceptions of a Japan that did not, until recently, experience delinquency and related youth problems. The author reconstructs numerous individual life stories in the worlds of home, school, work, and the streets, and relates the changes that took place during this time of social transformation to the broader processes of capitalist development, nation-state formation, and imperialism.
Lisa L. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331684
- eISBN:
- 9780199867967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331684.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Drawing on three datasets of congressional hearings on crime, this chapter offers a picture of the interest group environment at the national level that is decidedly skewed toward government ...
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Drawing on three datasets of congressional hearings on crime, this chapter offers a picture of the interest group environment at the national level that is decidedly skewed toward government bureaucracies, particularly criminal justice agents, and narrow, highly mobilized single-issue citizen groups, for example gun rights advocates and opponents, the National Organization for Women, and the American Civil Liberties Union. The interest group environment is highly delocalized in character and voice, with very few groups representing low-income minorities or the urban poor. This chapter pays particular attention to drugs, crime prevention, juvenile delinquency, and policing as key crime and justice issues that are of particular importance to those most at risk of victimization and finds that urban minorities are largely absent from these policy debates, replaced by police and prosecutors and narrow single-issue citizen groups.Less
Drawing on three datasets of congressional hearings on crime, this chapter offers a picture of the interest group environment at the national level that is decidedly skewed toward government bureaucracies, particularly criminal justice agents, and narrow, highly mobilized single-issue citizen groups, for example gun rights advocates and opponents, the National Organization for Women, and the American Civil Liberties Union. The interest group environment is highly delocalized in character and voice, with very few groups representing low-income minorities or the urban poor. This chapter pays particular attention to drugs, crime prevention, juvenile delinquency, and policing as key crime and justice issues that are of particular importance to those most at risk of victimization and finds that urban minorities are largely absent from these policy debates, replaced by police and prosecutors and narrow single-issue citizen groups.
Carl Suddler
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479847624
- eISBN:
- 9781479812691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479847624.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter dissects the effectiveness of antidelinquency efforts—from national to local levels. In the 1950s, the decade of delinquency, the United States committed fully to curbing juvenile ...
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This chapter dissects the effectiveness of antidelinquency efforts—from national to local levels. In the 1950s, the decade of delinquency, the United States committed fully to curbing juvenile delinquency in a way comparable to the Progressive-era child-saving efforts, which led to the establishment of the juvenile court system. Shifts in youth behaviors dominated popular discourse at midcentury, and youth crime emerged to the forefront. Considering that youth criminality intersected race, class, gender, and region, as confirmed by the United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency in 1953, many people took interest in prevention efforts. In New York City, various agencies and organizations, both formal and informal, put forth efforts to combat youth crime as they saw fit—some more successfully than others—and they ranged from large institutional endeavors, such as the Harlem YMCA, to on-the-ground organizing by the youths themselves, such as the Harlem Young Citizens Council. Even with all the crime and delinquency prevention efforts that emerged, the number of youths arrested, especially black youths, continued to rise, and although this pointed to a function of policy and practice as opposed to changes in behaviors, it reestablished race as the basis of youth criminality.Less
This chapter dissects the effectiveness of antidelinquency efforts—from national to local levels. In the 1950s, the decade of delinquency, the United States committed fully to curbing juvenile delinquency in a way comparable to the Progressive-era child-saving efforts, which led to the establishment of the juvenile court system. Shifts in youth behaviors dominated popular discourse at midcentury, and youth crime emerged to the forefront. Considering that youth criminality intersected race, class, gender, and region, as confirmed by the United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency in 1953, many people took interest in prevention efforts. In New York City, various agencies and organizations, both formal and informal, put forth efforts to combat youth crime as they saw fit—some more successfully than others—and they ranged from large institutional endeavors, such as the Harlem YMCA, to on-the-ground organizing by the youths themselves, such as the Harlem Young Citizens Council. Even with all the crime and delinquency prevention efforts that emerged, the number of youths arrested, especially black youths, continued to rise, and although this pointed to a function of policy and practice as opposed to changes in behaviors, it reestablished race as the basis of youth criminality.
Carole Holohan
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786941237
- eISBN:
- 9781789629279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781786941237.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
After the Second World War increased political and economic interconnectedness in the West further promoted the transnational exchange of expertise and ideas of best practice, resulting in the ...
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After the Second World War increased political and economic interconnectedness in the West further promoted the transnational exchange of expertise and ideas of best practice, resulting in the emergence of common frameworks across jurisdictions. This chapter focuses on how religious, civic and official bodies responded to youth in the sixties, giving particular attention to international ideas around youth services and associations. It examines so-called ‘problem youths’. It identifies how debates on juvenile delinquency, which were directly connected with new manifestations of youth culture internationally, featured in an Irish context and explores how these debates contributed to a reframing of what were considered appropriate responses to young offenders and to children and young people who, for a variety of reasons, were housed in residential institutions.Less
After the Second World War increased political and economic interconnectedness in the West further promoted the transnational exchange of expertise and ideas of best practice, resulting in the emergence of common frameworks across jurisdictions. This chapter focuses on how religious, civic and official bodies responded to youth in the sixties, giving particular attention to international ideas around youth services and associations. It examines so-called ‘problem youths’. It identifies how debates on juvenile delinquency, which were directly connected with new manifestations of youth culture internationally, featured in an Irish context and explores how these debates contributed to a reframing of what were considered appropriate responses to young offenders and to children and young people who, for a variety of reasons, were housed in residential institutions.
Elizabeth Harvey
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204145
- eISBN:
- 9780191676123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204145.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Social History
The problem of the deprived and delinquent adolescent was by no means a discovery of the Weimar period. Under the Republic, a more favourable context arose for reforming the youth welfare and ...
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The problem of the deprived and delinquent adolescent was by no means a discovery of the Weimar period. Under the Republic, a more favourable context arose for reforming the youth welfare and juvenile justice system in line with these principles. Increasing child neglect and juvenile delinquency were, in the eyes of contemporaries, a sign of the social dislocation which the war and its aftermath had produced. The sense of social crisis assisted the youth welfare lobby in its efforts. In Imperial Germany, the youth welfare and juvenile justice lobby had been dominated by middle-class social reforming groups of professional experts and committed campaigners. Increasing numbers of young men and women from the youth movement trained as professional social workers, focusing particularly on the field of youth welfare.Less
The problem of the deprived and delinquent adolescent was by no means a discovery of the Weimar period. Under the Republic, a more favourable context arose for reforming the youth welfare and juvenile justice system in line with these principles. Increasing child neglect and juvenile delinquency were, in the eyes of contemporaries, a sign of the social dislocation which the war and its aftermath had produced. The sense of social crisis assisted the youth welfare lobby in its efforts. In Imperial Germany, the youth welfare and juvenile justice lobby had been dominated by middle-class social reforming groups of professional experts and committed campaigners. Increasing numbers of young men and women from the youth movement trained as professional social workers, focusing particularly on the field of youth welfare.
David E. Brandt, Ph.D
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300108941
- eISBN:
- 9780300127775
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300108941.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This book examines the legal, psychological, and cultural issues relevant to understanding antisocial behavior in adolescence. Based on personal research and a broad analysis of recent work in the ...
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This book examines the legal, psychological, and cultural issues relevant to understanding antisocial behavior in adolescence. Based on personal research and a broad analysis of recent work in the field, the book identifies the factors that are common in cases of delinquency. The discussion considers the long-term effects of social issues such as poverty as well as psychological issues such as the high levels of stress and anxiety suffered during childhood by many delinquents. The book shows how a failure to meet the developmental needs of children—at both the family level and at a broader social and political level—is at the core of the problem of juvenile delinquency. It concludes with an inquiry into how best to prevent delinquency, arguing that programs that address the developmental needs of children are more effective than policing, juvenile courts, or incarceration.Less
This book examines the legal, psychological, and cultural issues relevant to understanding antisocial behavior in adolescence. Based on personal research and a broad analysis of recent work in the field, the book identifies the factors that are common in cases of delinquency. The discussion considers the long-term effects of social issues such as poverty as well as psychological issues such as the high levels of stress and anxiety suffered during childhood by many delinquents. The book shows how a failure to meet the developmental needs of children—at both the family level and at a broader social and political level—is at the core of the problem of juvenile delinquency. It concludes with an inquiry into how best to prevent delinquency, arguing that programs that address the developmental needs of children are more effective than policing, juvenile courts, or incarceration.
David S. Tanenhaus
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195306507
- eISBN:
- 9780199850587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306507.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter discusses the medicalization of juvenile delinquency (i.e., treating youthful offending as a mental condition that should be adjusted through individualized treatment plans). Although ...
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This chapter discusses the medicalization of juvenile delinquency (i.e., treating youthful offending as a mental condition that should be adjusted through individualized treatment plans). Although the earliest political battles waged over the juvenile court focused on its handling of dependency cases, progressive child savers were also concerned that high recidivism rates in delinquency cases, if unchecked, threatened to undermine the system's legitimacy. To prevent this from happening, Judge Merritt Pinckney assembled a research committee to investigate the problem of recidivism, which recommended that the juvenile court install a clinic to study these persistent offenders. The subsequent opening in 1909 of the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute, the world's first such institute dedicated to studying the causes of delinquency, not only transformed the administration of juvenile justice in Chicago but also helped to mold popular understandings of child development and rearing. The child savers' response to the problem of recidivism thus paved the way for intensive scrutiny of the emotional needs of the nation's children and youth, the vast majority of whom never entered a juvenile court.Less
This chapter discusses the medicalization of juvenile delinquency (i.e., treating youthful offending as a mental condition that should be adjusted through individualized treatment plans). Although the earliest political battles waged over the juvenile court focused on its handling of dependency cases, progressive child savers were also concerned that high recidivism rates in delinquency cases, if unchecked, threatened to undermine the system's legitimacy. To prevent this from happening, Judge Merritt Pinckney assembled a research committee to investigate the problem of recidivism, which recommended that the juvenile court install a clinic to study these persistent offenders. The subsequent opening in 1909 of the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute, the world's first such institute dedicated to studying the causes of delinquency, not only transformed the administration of juvenile justice in Chicago but also helped to mold popular understandings of child development and rearing. The child savers' response to the problem of recidivism thus paved the way for intensive scrutiny of the emotional needs of the nation's children and youth, the vast majority of whom never entered a juvenile court.
Joy G. Dryfoos and Carol Barkin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195179613
- eISBN:
- 9780199847358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179613.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Statistics seem to indicate that teen violence in the United States is a growing epidemic, an impression given further validity by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which now identify teen ...
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Statistics seem to indicate that teen violence in the United States is a growing epidemic, an impression given further validity by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which now identify teen violence as a major public health problem. Using self-reported data from several different surveys, this chapter examines the current incidence of behaviors that fall under the broadly defined category of teen violence and juvenile delinquency. Weapon carrying, including guns and knives, and fighting are significant indicators of the violent environment in which some young people live. Bullying is a negative behavior that is often a marker of deeper trouble within. Gambling is not physically threatening but is an example of an illegal activity that flourishes without much attention from law enforcement. This chapter reviews the predictors or antecedents of violence-related behaviors among teenagers to determine not only who does what but also how best to prevent destructive behaviors and encourage positive ones. It also sets the stage for an appraisal of prevention programs.Less
Statistics seem to indicate that teen violence in the United States is a growing epidemic, an impression given further validity by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which now identify teen violence as a major public health problem. Using self-reported data from several different surveys, this chapter examines the current incidence of behaviors that fall under the broadly defined category of teen violence and juvenile delinquency. Weapon carrying, including guns and knives, and fighting are significant indicators of the violent environment in which some young people live. Bullying is a negative behavior that is often a marker of deeper trouble within. Gambling is not physically threatening but is an example of an illegal activity that flourishes without much attention from law enforcement. This chapter reviews the predictors or antecedents of violence-related behaviors among teenagers to determine not only who does what but also how best to prevent destructive behaviors and encourage positive ones. It also sets the stage for an appraisal of prevention programs.
David S. Tanenhaus
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195306507
- eISBN:
- 9780199850587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306507.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter discusses the organization of community programs aimed at preventing juvenile delinquency. The 1930s witnessed both imaginative efforts to prevent juvenile delinquency at the local level ...
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This chapter discusses the organization of community programs aimed at preventing juvenile delinquency. The 1930s witnessed both imaginative efforts to prevent juvenile delinquency at the local level as well as more punitive treatment of serious and violent juvenile offenders. A child growing up in a high-crime area in Depression-era Chicago might be able to participate in many community-run social programs, but also faced the prospect of being tried as an adult if he or she committed a crime.Less
This chapter discusses the organization of community programs aimed at preventing juvenile delinquency. The 1930s witnessed both imaginative efforts to prevent juvenile delinquency at the local level as well as more punitive treatment of serious and violent juvenile offenders. A child growing up in a high-crime area in Depression-era Chicago might be able to participate in many community-run social programs, but also faced the prospect of being tried as an adult if he or she committed a crime.
Rolf Loeber and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter intrudes the key elements of this volume. This volume focuses on the age period between mid adolescence and early adulthood (roughly ages 15-29) and it addresses what we know about ...
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This chapter intrudes the key elements of this volume. This volume focuses on the age period between mid adolescence and early adulthood (roughly ages 15-29) and it addresses what we know about offending careers from the juvenile to the adult years. The volume draws on studies in North America and Europe and focuses on four key groups of young people: Juveniles whose offending persists from adolescence into early adulthood (and perhaps later); juvenile offenders who desisted during adolescence and do not continue to offend in early adulthood; adult-onset offenders who did not offend during adolescence but who became offenders during early adulthood; and, lastly, non-offenders who do not offend either in adolescence or early adulthood. Many juvenile delinquents tend to stop offending in late adolescence and early adulthood and this decrease is accompanied by a decrease in their impulsive behavior and an increase in their self-control. In most states in the U.S. the legal transition between adolescence and adulthood takes place at age 18. However, this age demarcation maps poorly onto maturational processes; research shows that many young people by age 18 do not yet have full control over their behavior and that brain maturation is not yet complete at that age. The implications of these findings for juvenile and adult justice are profound. Preventive and remedial interventions in and outside the justice system often shorten delinquency careers and reduce recidivism in adulthood.Less
This chapter intrudes the key elements of this volume. This volume focuses on the age period between mid adolescence and early adulthood (roughly ages 15-29) and it addresses what we know about offending careers from the juvenile to the adult years. The volume draws on studies in North America and Europe and focuses on four key groups of young people: Juveniles whose offending persists from adolescence into early adulthood (and perhaps later); juvenile offenders who desisted during adolescence and do not continue to offend in early adulthood; adult-onset offenders who did not offend during adolescence but who became offenders during early adulthood; and, lastly, non-offenders who do not offend either in adolescence or early adulthood. Many juvenile delinquents tend to stop offending in late adolescence and early adulthood and this decrease is accompanied by a decrease in their impulsive behavior and an increase in their self-control. In most states in the U.S. the legal transition between adolescence and adulthood takes place at age 18. However, this age demarcation maps poorly onto maturational processes; research shows that many young people by age 18 do not yet have full control over their behavior and that brain maturation is not yet complete at that age. The implications of these findings for juvenile and adult justice are profound. Preventive and remedial interventions in and outside the justice system often shorten delinquency careers and reduce recidivism in adulthood.
Francis Wing-lin Lee
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028801
- eISBN:
- 9789882207226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028801.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
The interactionist perspective encompasses examining delinquency and crime as a result of the interaction between law enforcement entities and those subject to their labeling and control process, as ...
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The interactionist perspective encompasses examining delinquency and crime as a result of the interaction between law enforcement entities and those subject to their labeling and control process, as well as a societal reaction to particular behavior types. The occurrence of crime in delinquency is said to have been affected by the stereotyping and compounding process for deviation concepts. This chapter presents two different studies. The first study, Encounters between Police and “Unattached Youth” and the Occurrence of Juvenile Delinquency, looks into the extent that this process is evident in Hong Kong. The second study aids in furthering the understanding of how young people in Hong Kong engage in substance abuse.Less
The interactionist perspective encompasses examining delinquency and crime as a result of the interaction between law enforcement entities and those subject to their labeling and control process, as well as a societal reaction to particular behavior types. The occurrence of crime in delinquency is said to have been affected by the stereotyping and compounding process for deviation concepts. This chapter presents two different studies. The first study, Encounters between Police and “Unattached Youth” and the Occurrence of Juvenile Delinquency, looks into the extent that this process is evident in Hong Kong. The second study aids in furthering the understanding of how young people in Hong Kong engage in substance abuse.
Chloe Campbell
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719071607
- eISBN:
- 9781781700686
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719071607.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter explores the effects of biological thinking on attitudes towards African development and social policy in Kenya using juvenile delinquency, intelligence testing and mental health as ...
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This chapter explores the effects of biological thinking on attitudes towards African development and social policy in Kenya using juvenile delinquency, intelligence testing and mental health as examples. Debates about juvenile delinquency and criminal insanity were domestic aspects of a wider eugenic debate about African educability and social progress, but the colony also fed into an international circuit interested in race and intelligence through research conducted under the auspices of the Carnegie Corporation. The treatment of juvenile delinquency in the discourse on African development provides an insight into the role of eugenic thinking in social policy in Kenya. The juvenile delinquent in Kenya came to represent the problems of urban poverty and social breakdown induced by developments imposed by the colonial state. Eugenics was essentially the application of biological solutions to social problems; Gordon's attitude to mental health and to brain and intelligence both complied with this modern approach.Less
This chapter explores the effects of biological thinking on attitudes towards African development and social policy in Kenya using juvenile delinquency, intelligence testing and mental health as examples. Debates about juvenile delinquency and criminal insanity were domestic aspects of a wider eugenic debate about African educability and social progress, but the colony also fed into an international circuit interested in race and intelligence through research conducted under the auspices of the Carnegie Corporation. The treatment of juvenile delinquency in the discourse on African development provides an insight into the role of eugenic thinking in social policy in Kenya. The juvenile delinquent in Kenya came to represent the problems of urban poverty and social breakdown induced by developments imposed by the colonial state. Eugenics was essentially the application of biological solutions to social problems; Gordon's attitude to mental health and to brain and intelligence both complied with this modern approach.
Alice Boardman Smuts
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300108972
- eISBN:
- 9780300128475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300108972.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter describes how the Hull House residents and Chicago clubwomen led the campaign to establish the first juvenile court in the nation in 1899. Ten years later they arranged for an ...
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This chapter describes how the Hull House residents and Chicago clubwomen led the campaign to establish the first juvenile court in the nation in 1899. Ten years later they arranged for an investigation into the causes of juvenile delinquency by neurologist William Healy, who conducted a five-year clinical study of 823 children and youth referred to the Chicago court. Healy's research, supported by Chicago philanthropist Ethel Dummer, was published as The Individual Delinquent. As David Rothman has commented, it is hard to imagine a title more expressive of progressive thinking. A classic in its own time, The Individual Delinquent helped launch the child guidance movement of the 1920s, which led ultimately to the emergence of a unique American child psychiatry.Less
This chapter describes how the Hull House residents and Chicago clubwomen led the campaign to establish the first juvenile court in the nation in 1899. Ten years later they arranged for an investigation into the causes of juvenile delinquency by neurologist William Healy, who conducted a five-year clinical study of 823 children and youth referred to the Chicago court. Healy's research, supported by Chicago philanthropist Ethel Dummer, was published as The Individual Delinquent. As David Rothman has commented, it is hard to imagine a title more expressive of progressive thinking. A classic in its own time, The Individual Delinquent helped launch the child guidance movement of the 1920s, which led ultimately to the emergence of a unique American child psychiatry.
David Brandt
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300108941
- eISBN:
- 9780300127775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300108941.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Social responses to juvenile delinquency depend on four variables: the state and jurisdiction in which the offense was committed; the types of programs that are available; the laws affecting juvenile ...
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Social responses to juvenile delinquency depend on four variables: the state and jurisdiction in which the offense was committed; the types of programs that are available; the laws affecting juvenile offenders; and the decisions made at intake by the court workers and family court judges. This chapter provides an overview of the judicial/legal responses to juvenile delinquency. It discusses the basic process of the juvenile justice system and the psychological interventions that have been developed to modify delinquent behavior in adolescents. The purpose of the juvenile court is rehabilitation, not punishment. Even though many treatment protocols were designed for modifying the behavior of delinquents, only a few of them were highly effective.Less
Social responses to juvenile delinquency depend on four variables: the state and jurisdiction in which the offense was committed; the types of programs that are available; the laws affecting juvenile offenders; and the decisions made at intake by the court workers and family court judges. This chapter provides an overview of the judicial/legal responses to juvenile delinquency. It discusses the basic process of the juvenile justice system and the psychological interventions that have been developed to modify delinquent behavior in adolescents. The purpose of the juvenile court is rehabilitation, not punishment. Even though many treatment protocols were designed for modifying the behavior of delinquents, only a few of them were highly effective.
Holly M. Karibo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625201
- eISBN:
- 9781469625225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625201.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
In response to the visibility of vice, communities groups, activists, city residents, and government officials came together to fight what they saw as immoral industries destroying their cities. ...
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In response to the visibility of vice, communities groups, activists, city residents, and government officials came together to fight what they saw as immoral industries destroying their cities. Their efforts produced a complex process of moral regulation in which they sought to define the parameters of proper conduct and to provide solutions to illicit industries in the border cities. This took place through the deployment of three main themes, including urban renewal programs as distinctly anti-vice projects; a fear of transients; and juvenile delinquency. On both sides of the border these themes were formulated through particular class and racial perspectives, which tended to frame urban issues in terms of decay and decline while simultaneously promoting the growth of suburban living, middle-class consumption patterns, good health, and social order. In doing so, anti-vice activism worked to define productive citizenship and community belonging in the border cities.Less
In response to the visibility of vice, communities groups, activists, city residents, and government officials came together to fight what they saw as immoral industries destroying their cities. Their efforts produced a complex process of moral regulation in which they sought to define the parameters of proper conduct and to provide solutions to illicit industries in the border cities. This took place through the deployment of three main themes, including urban renewal programs as distinctly anti-vice projects; a fear of transients; and juvenile delinquency. On both sides of the border these themes were formulated through particular class and racial perspectives, which tended to frame urban issues in terms of decay and decline while simultaneously promoting the growth of suburban living, middle-class consumption patterns, good health, and social order. In doing so, anti-vice activism worked to define productive citizenship and community belonging in the border cities.
Anne E. Parsons
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469640631
- eISBN:
- 9781469640655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640631.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter traces how the number of people in mental health institutions began to decline in the 1950s. It examines Pennsylvania as a case study and finds that riots and scandals at mental ...
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This chapter traces how the number of people in mental health institutions began to decline in the 1950s. It examines Pennsylvania as a case study and finds that riots and scandals at mental hospitals there put pressure on policy makers to move away from the institutional model of treatment. Public officials and psychiatrists planned new outpatient facilities and psychiatric care in community hospitals. At the same time, the state government managed social deviance through criminal justice reform as it expanded the police and prisons, which were rife with racial discrimination. The reforms focused on rehabilitation as psychiatrists devised smaller, treatment-oriented programs to try to curb behaviors such as juvenile delinquency. This chapter charts how on the one hand the 1950s ushered in an era of anti-institutionalism and deinstitutionalization in mental health. But, on the other hand, the decade also brought about an expansion of the criminal justice system.Less
This chapter traces how the number of people in mental health institutions began to decline in the 1950s. It examines Pennsylvania as a case study and finds that riots and scandals at mental hospitals there put pressure on policy makers to move away from the institutional model of treatment. Public officials and psychiatrists planned new outpatient facilities and psychiatric care in community hospitals. At the same time, the state government managed social deviance through criminal justice reform as it expanded the police and prisons, which were rife with racial discrimination. The reforms focused on rehabilitation as psychiatrists devised smaller, treatment-oriented programs to try to curb behaviors such as juvenile delinquency. This chapter charts how on the one hand the 1950s ushered in an era of anti-institutionalism and deinstitutionalization in mental health. But, on the other hand, the decade also brought about an expansion of the criminal justice system.
Sarah-Anne Buckley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780719087660
- eISBN:
- 9781781706275
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087660.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Chapter Four looks specifically at the use of institutionalisation by the State and the NSPCC to ‘deal’ with children and families in poverty. It will show that, although industrial schools, ...
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Chapter Four looks specifically at the use of institutionalisation by the State and the NSPCC to ‘deal’ with children and families in poverty. It will show that, although industrial schools, reformatories and borstals were established in the nineteenth century in many countries, the continuation from the 1920s of a policy of institutionalising poor children for long periods was a particularly Irish phenomenon. Financial and religious concerns superseded the welfare of those children committed to industrial schools and reformatories, and the NSPCC was prominent in many of these committals. As discussions in parliament, in official reports, and by dissenting voices demonstrate, there was an acknowledgement of the problems in industrial schools, but they continued to be effectively unregulated by the State. The relationship between the NSPCC inspectors, the courts, the Gardaí and the religious orders shows the web of bureaucracy that maintained punitive, regimented institutions so akin to prisons in the public mind. Finally, the chapter looks at the experiences of those in the schools and the history of the schools up to the publication of the Kennedy Report in 1970.Less
Chapter Four looks specifically at the use of institutionalisation by the State and the NSPCC to ‘deal’ with children and families in poverty. It will show that, although industrial schools, reformatories and borstals were established in the nineteenth century in many countries, the continuation from the 1920s of a policy of institutionalising poor children for long periods was a particularly Irish phenomenon. Financial and religious concerns superseded the welfare of those children committed to industrial schools and reformatories, and the NSPCC was prominent in many of these committals. As discussions in parliament, in official reports, and by dissenting voices demonstrate, there was an acknowledgement of the problems in industrial schools, but they continued to be effectively unregulated by the State. The relationship between the NSPCC inspectors, the courts, the Gardaí and the religious orders shows the web of bureaucracy that maintained punitive, regimented institutions so akin to prisons in the public mind. Finally, the chapter looks at the experiences of those in the schools and the history of the schools up to the publication of the Kennedy Report in 1970.
